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The current study replicates the research conducted in Dewaele and Li ([2014a]. "Intra- and Inter-Individual Variation in Self-Reported Code-Switching Patterns of Adult Multilinguals." International Journal of Multilingualism 11 (2): 225–246; [2014b]. "Attitudes Towards Code-Switching among Adult Mono- and Multilingual Language Users." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35 (3): 235–251) and explores variation in attitudes towards codeswitching and the frequency of its usage among 391 multilinguals from different sociocultural contexts. The findings indicate that multilingual respondents who have lived abroad or grew up in an ethnically and linguistically diverse environment tend to code-switch more frequently. On the other side, the number of spoken languages and gender as well as personality traits, such as tolerance of ambiguity, cognitive empathy, social skills and emotional reactivity are significantly linked with more positive attitudes towards codeswitching. Further in-depth analysis has shown that the respondents generally code-switch more frequently with friends and colleagues than with family members. However, some inter-speaker variation exists in this respect too and females and high-school respondents tend to code-switch more frequently with friends than males and more highly-educated respondents, while males and respondents with a higher educational level code-switch more frequently with work colleagues and family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing intercultural effectiveness through the development of intercultural skills and competencies substantially contributes to establishing a more peaceful and tolerant society, which explains a considerable research interest it excites. The present study aims at investigating how study field, grade-point average (GPA), nationality, gender, university status, and grade level impact intercultural effectiveness of Bosnian university-level students. The research sample consisted of 184 students studying at the Departments of English Language and Literature and Psychology at three different universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A 2 × 4 ANCOVA indicated that intercultural effectiveness varied significantly by study field and GPA, with small effect size in both cases. The interaction effect of study field x GPA was also significant, with an almost moderate effect size. Similarly, a two-way MANOVA revealed that nationality and gender had a significant effect on the combined dependent variables of intercultural effectiveness and their interaction effect was also significant, with a small effect size. On the other hand, a two-way MANOVA revealed an insignificant impact of grade level and university status on the combined dependent variables of intercultural effectiveness. The interaction effect of grade level x university status was also insignificant, with a small effect size. The present study shows that intercultural effectiveness can be further developed and increased in the university milieu and is thus expected to contribute to recognising the importance of its enhancement through curricula and teaching content in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]