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The aim of study was to evaluate whether butafosfan, associated or not with cyanocobalamin, alters the metabolic profile, hemogasometrics and acute phase proteins in recent postpartum dairy cows. Twenty-five cows (n = 25) were selected for study and divided into three groups: Butafosfan (BUT, n = 9); Butafosfan + Cyanocobalamin (BUTC, n = 9); and Control (CTL, n = 7). Treatments were applied daily from calving until 5 days postpartum. Blood samples for hemogasometry were performed on days 0, 1, 2 and 3, and for other metabolites on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 28 postpartum. Blood pH was lower in the BUT and BUTC groups than in the CTL group (p =.03) and carbon dioxide pressure was higher in the BUT and BUTC groups compared to CTL (p =.01). In addition, ionised calcium levels were higher in the BUT and BUTC groups (p =.0003) in comparison to CTL, whereas the BUT group had higher levels. The BUT group had the lowest levels of paraoxonase (p =.03). On the other hand, glucose levels tended to be highest in the BUT group (p =.08). The butafosfan with or without cyanocobalamin increased ionised calcium levels and tended to stabilise blood pH in the early post-partum cows, and butafosfan without cyanocobalamin tended to increase blood glucose levels. Treated animals increase serum ionised calcium; Treated animals have a reduction in blood pH; Butafosfan tends to increase the glucose concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the metabolic responses during submaximal swimming with self-selected normal breathing (N) and prolonged expiration along with reduced frequency breathing (RB). Ten male swimmers (age: 23.1 ± 2.2 years; VO2max: 47.3 ± 7.2 ml · kg−1· min−1) performed 75-, 100-, 175-, 200-, 275-, 300-, 375- and 400-m trials with N and RB at intensity corresponding to 90% of the critical speed. In RB condition, all trials longer than 75 m were interspersed with 25 m of self-selected N in regular intervals. In RB, oxygen saturation during recovery was decreased compared to starting values after 75, 100, 175, 275 and 375 m (78–91%,P < 0.05), while it remained unchanged after all trials in N condition (98 ± 2%,P > 0.05). Lactate concentration was higher in RB than in N after 400 m (4.3 ± 1.5 vs. 3.3 ± 1.7 mmol · l−1,P < 0.05). During recovery after the 375-m trial, partial pressure of carbon dioxide was increased and pH was decreased in RB compared to N condition. Prolonged expiration along with RB provokes severe hypoxemia during the recovery period after swimming, which is restored with self-selected N during submaximal swimming. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Fetal hypoxemia has been proposed to be one of the mechanisms of preterm labor (PTL) and delivery. This may have clinical implications since it may alter: (i) the method/frequency of fetal surveillance and (ii) the indications and duration of tocolysis to an already compromised fetus. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a difference in the fetal blood gas analysis [pH, PaO2 and base excess (BE)] and in the prevalence of fetal acidemia and hypoxia between: (i) patients in PTL who delivered within 72 hours vs. those who delivered more than 72 hours after cordocentesis and (ii) patients with fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) vs. those without this condition. Study design: Patients admitted with PTL underwent amniocentesis and cordocentesis. Ninety women with singleton pregnancies and PTL were classified according to (i) those who delivered within 72 hours ( n = 30) and after 72 hours of the cordocentesis ( n = 60) and (ii) with and without FIRS. FIRS was defined as a fetal plasma concentration of IL-6 > 11 pg/mL. Fetal blood gases were determined. Acidemia and hypoxemia were defined as fetal pH and PaO2 below the 5th percentile for gestational age, respectively. For comparisons between the two study groups, ΔpH and ΔPaO2 were calculated by adjusting for gestational age (Δ = observed value - mean for gestational age). Non-parametric statistics were employed. Results: No differences in the median Δ pH (−0.026 vs. −0.016), ΔPaO2 (0.25 mmHg vs. 5.9 mmHg) or BE (−2.4 vs. −2.6 mEq/L) were found between patients with PTL who delivered within 72 hours and those who delivered 72 hours after the cordocentesis ( p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Fetal plasma IL-6 concentration was determined in 63% (57/90) of fetuses and the prevalence of FIRS was 28% (16/57). There was no difference in fetal pH, PaO2 and BE between fetuses with and without FIRS ( p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Moreover, there was no difference in the rate of fetal acidemia between fetuses with and without FIRS (6.3 vs. 9.8%; p > 0.05) and fetal hypoxia between fetuses with or without FIRS (12.5 vs. 19.5%; p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our data do not support a role for acute fetal hypoxemia and metabolic acidemia in the etiology of PTL and delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tadarida aegyptiaca (mean body mass 13.5 g) is a fast flying insectivorous bat that hunts in open areas for extended periods, covering extensive distances during its foraging bouts. Whole blood samples taken from the wing arteries were analysed for 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, oxygen affinity and pH. The mean oxygen affinity of T. aegyptiaca blood with a P50-value 38.3 mm Hg (5.1 kPa) is lower than that of similar-sized bats but not as low as the P50-values of 48.5 mm Hg (6.4 kPa) in two mice species. This indicates that oxygen affinity of the blood in T. aegyptiaca and other bats is designed to facilitate both effective binding of oxygen with haemoglobin at the alveolar/blood capillary interface and oxygen offloading in the tissues. Haematocrits (54-50%) and levels of 2,3 DPG (2.36-3.30 mM I-1) were higher and blood pH (7.106-7.229) lower, than those reported for terrestrial species of a similar size, but within the range of values reported for other bats. We conclude that adequate delivery of oxygen to tissues with high metabolic demands during flight is facilitated primarily by an elevated haematocrit and a reduced blood pH in response to elevated levels of metabolic by-products such as 2,3-DPG (from the citrate acid cycle) and CO2 (leading to increased concentrations of H+ ions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to compare physiologic responses during exhaustive runs performed on a treadmill at 100. and 120% maximal aerobic speed (MAS: the minimum speed that elicits V O[sub 2max]). Fourteen subelite male runners (mean+/-SD; age=27+/-5 years; V O[sub 2max]=68.9+/-4.6 ml.kg- 1.min- 1; MAS=21.5+/1km.h-1) participated. Mean time to exhaustion (t) at 100% MAS lim100% (269+/-77s) was similar to those reported in other studies. However, there was large variability in individual t MAS (CV=29%). MAS was positively. lim100% correlated with V O (r=0.66, p< 0.05) but not with t MAS 2max lim100% (r=-0.50, p < 0.05). t MAS was correlated with t at 120% MAS lim100% lim (r=0.52, p< 0.05) and to blood pH following the rest at 120% MAS (r=-0.68, p< 0.05). The data suggest that running time to exhaustion at MAS in subelite male runners is related to time limit at 120% (t) MAS. Moreover, lim120% anaerobic capacity determined by the exercise to exhaustion at 120% MAS can be defined as the variable 'a' in the model of Monod and Scherrer (1954). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood gas analyses are needed to reveal any kind of acid-base imbalance in some patients. Traditionally, arterial punctures are performed to obtain the blood samples for blood gas analyses. Arterial puncture is not a completely safe procedure. It may cause serious problems including arterial thrombosis, arteriovenous fistula, pseudoaneurysms and hematoma. In this retrospective reviewing, it was aimed to yield novel formulations to predict the blood pH only from CtCO2 and HCO3 values which can easily be measured in venous blood samples obtained for other diagnostic and follow-up purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]