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A phytosociological analysis of the Iberian Quercus faginea forests was carried out. For this purpose, 291 relevés were studied. A multivariate analysis consisting of a numerical classification based on the floristic composition of the relevés, was performed. The coherence and explanatory value of the current syntaxa are reviewed. As a result, the diversity of Iberian gall oak forests is resolved into 15 associations characterised according to their floristic, biogeographical, bioclimatic and synecological data supported by the statistical analyses. Thirteen have been described previously, and two new associations are proposed: Glandoro diffusae-Quercetum fagineae and Helianthemo mollis-Quercetum fagineae. A new combination, a lectotypification and a nomenclatural correction are also proposed. The Ios2 (ombrothermic index of the warmest bimonth of the summer quarter), Itc (compensated thermicity index) and Ic (continentality index) indexes proved to be fundamental to explain the syntaxonomic differentiation of the forests in the study. We consider that the differentiation and precision in the definition of clear syntaxonomic entities is vital to prioritize objectives in the conservation of these singular forests, and to ensure their adequate management in the context of the Habitats Directive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents the second of two parts of a bioclimatic classification of the vegetation of the United States. Herein, we present our data for 631 weather stations with a temperate macrobioclimate, in which 65 alliances and 28 isobioclimates were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a bioclimatic characterization and a new biogeographic division for the Antarctic territories up to the province level following the criteria and models of Rivas-Martínez et al. The Antarctic Kingdom comprises the continent of Antarctica, the surrounding ice-covered Antarctic islands, and the associated cold oceanic islands and archipelagos. It has two biogeographic regions: the Antarctic Region and the Subantarctic Insular Region. The Antarctic Region includes the entire pergelid Antarctic continent and the surrounding islands and archipelagos, and is characterized by upper suprapolar hyperoceanic and oceanic or Polar pergelid bioclimates on the coasts. The region has been divided into three pr6ovinces: Maritime Antarctica, West Antarctica and East Antarctica. The Subantarctic Insular Region comprises the circumantarctic islands and archipelagos that are widespread at the southern tip of the planet's most important oceans, mostly in the subtemperate latitudinal zone inside or not far from the Antarctic Convergence. Bioclimatically, all insular subantarctic territories (excluding the South-American Tierra de Fuego, Terra Magellanica and large islands) are characterized by thermo-suprapolar and semipolar antarctic hyperoceanic bioclimates on the coasts. Four provinces – Falklandian-South Georgian, Kerguelenian, Macquarian and Aucklandian-Campbellian – have been recognized in this region. All these units are characterized by floristic bioindicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase state is reported to drive interannual variability in sea temperatures along South Africa's south coast through its influence on wind-induced upwelling processes. Whether ENSO drives the intensity of localised, abrupt, intermittent upwelling is less well known. To explore this relationship, we used an index of localised, extreme (>2 °C anomaly), intermittent upwelling intensity, derived from in situ sea temperature data within the Tsitsikamma National Park Marine Protected Area, and quantified the relationship between annual cumulative upwelling intensities (1991–2013) with an annual ENSO index, namely the Southern Oscillation Index. We found that ENSO phase state modulates the cumulative intensity of extreme intermittent upwelling events during an annual period, with more and greater events during La Niña phases compared with El Niño phases. Furthermore, these extreme upwelling events have increased with time along South Africa's south coast as ENSO phase state becomes more intense and variable. Our findings support the emerging notion that the biological effects of climate change may be manifested through increased environmental variability rather than long-term mean environmental changes as ENSO is predicted to remain the dominant driver of local climate patterns in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents the first of two parts of a bioclimatic classification of the vegetation of the United States. Using a geographical information system, 987 weather stations were located along a longitudinal macrotransect from the shores of the Atlantic to Pacific on four maps: Map of the Physiographic Divisions of the Conterminous US, US Potential Natural Vegetation Map, US Ecoregion Map, and Terrestrial Ecosystems-Isobioclimates Map of the Conterminous United States. Based on these maps, bibliographic resources and field data, we deduced the potential natural vegetation (PNV) of each weather station; then, we assigned the different PNV types to alliance or association levels using the US National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). In a next step, USNVC groups were related with similar level phytosociological syntaxa described in the study area. The bioclimatic distribution of the USNVC units defined was then interpreted using the bioclimatic classification proposed in successive approximations by S. Rivas-Martínez. The distribution of USNVC alliances was mainly linked to the macrobioclimates (Mediterranean, Temperate, and Tropical) of the longitudinal gradient examined, though some edaphic factors induced the appearance of specialized plant groups. Herein, we present our data for the Mediterranean macrobioclimate, in which 53 alliances and 28 isobioclimates were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil and gas industry has traditionally been reticent to engage with the issues surrounding climate change, typically being cast as a laggard. Yet, over recent years, the sector has begun taking on a more active role in climate governance, doing so in a variety of capacities - as initiators, catalysts and participants in industry-led or multi-stakeholder efforts. The Oil and Gas Climate Initiative is reviewed, as a case study to illustrate emerging climate leadership within the global oil and gas industry. In 2015, its members committed to a two-degree pathway. The paucity of research on the nascent role of oil and gas firms in climate governance is addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fagus sylvatica forests are considered to be of Community interest according to Directive 92/43/EEC. Climate change predictions for Spain point to a warming scenario, coupled with decreasing rainfall, which may have an impact on their future distribution particularly at the extremes of its distribution area. Species distribution models incorporating bioclimatic, topographic and phytogeographic variables were used as predictors to assess their habitat suitability under current conditions and a climate change projection. Ten single models were generated and an ensemble-forecasting model was subsequently built by computing a consensus of single-model projections. The results revealed that ombrothermic indices are the main factors controlling the distribution of Spanish beech forests. They are highly vulnerable to climate change and could suffer a decline in their habitat suitability if climate trends observed are maintained in the future. The least favoured areas for them will be located close to the limit between the Temperate and Mediterranean climates, where they could suffer a loss of habitat suitability. Conversely, suitable new areas could be found mainly in western areas of the Cantabrian Range and in the Central Pyrenees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juniperus procera is the most preferred tree in Ethiopia. It is an endangered tree species enumerated in IUCN red list. Accordingly, this study investigates the future suitable habitat of the J. procera under climate change in northern Ethiopia. Three occurrence districts were visited and 124 presence observations were taken. The records, altitude, and 19 bio-climatic variables were used to run a species distribution model to account for the climate change effect on the species. Maxent, Diva-GIS, and ArcGIS were used to evaluate the outputs. Future suitable habitats were projected into mid and end-century time frames with two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and 8.5) under one General Circulation Model, namely the Climate Community System Model Version-4. Our results showed that minimum temperature of the coldest month and altitude are main predictors of the distribution of the species. Suitable habitats of the species will be decreased by 79.84%, 91.17%, 75.31%, and 96.25% in Mid-century RCP2.6, Mid-century RCP8.5, End-century RCP2.6, and End-century RCP8.5 when compared with current distributions, respectively. This indicates that climate change will affect the future distribution of the species. The results of the study indicate that appropriate management strategies must be taken to ensure the long-term survival of J. procera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical transmission of Symbiodinium symbionts between generations of coral hosts has been hypothesized to result in superior matches between host and symbiont physiologies, and to form holobionts that are generally more resistant to thermal stress. Alternatively, horizontal transmission, with its greater potential for assembling physiologically diverse associations as well as being capable of substituting symbionts in response to stimuli, may result in holobionts that are generally more resistant to thermal stress. While the most common mode of transmission among Scleractinia-Symbiodinium symbioses is horizontal, mixed-modes transmission only occurs in vertically transmitting corals, allowing the maintenance of highly specialized associations across generations as well as transiently critical relationships. These advantages of mixed-modes transmission may serve to rescue otherwise susceptible corals, or alternatively, reinforce otherwise resistant corals, depending upon the other attributes of vertically transmitted Symbiodinium phylotypes. Here we ask if vertically transmitted symbionts tend to be more thermotolerant and specific. Because significant relationships between traits can be overestimated or obscured by patterns of shared evolutionary history, we inferred a novel molecular phylogeny for 97 Symbiodinium phylotypes representing clades A-F to evaluate the relationship between phylotype transmission-mode, thermotolerance and specificity to coral hosts. Thermotolerance and specificity have been independently derived multiple times during the evolutionary history of Symbiodinium, and cannot be predicted by clade membership. The probability of phylotype transmission being predominantly vertical increased by more than 200% across the observed ranges of increase of thermotolerance and specificity, even though phylotype thermotolerance is not correlated with host specificity. Higher thermotolerance and specificity of vertically transmitted Symbiodinium may contribute to robust bleaching resistance among vertically transmitting corals that could reinforce the potential benefits of mixed-modes transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Succulent Karoo biome is a renowned centre of biodiversity and endemism in the arid winter rainfall region of South Africa that is threatened by climate change. On 20 permanently marked plots within a biodiversity observatory, species richness and cover were assessed annually from 2002 to 2017 during the growing season. We were interested, firstly, in whether the vegetation showed any trends in response to the strong decrease in grazing pressure, which occurred at the beginning of the monitoring period, and secondly, in the effect of seasonal climate on the vegetation. We analysed the responses of species richness and cover in four life forms to seasonal rainfall and the standardised precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) using linear mixed-effect models. Time had a positive effect on richness of annual species and a negative effect on cover of shrubs and annuals, which increased in response to SPEI and less strongly to rainfall during autumn and winter. Habitat did not have any effect and geophytes and perennial herbs did not show any significant response. The importance of SPEI during autumn and winter is discussed in relation to potential germination cues and the projected decrease in rainfall and increase in temperature during these seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postural adjustments and microhabitat selection are two behavioral mechanisms that lizards extensively use to regulate their body temperatures. The Bogert effect occurs when behavioral thermoregulation buffers potential changes in body temperatures of congeneric organisms due to environmental variation, in turn precluding physiological evolution. We compared field body temperatures (Tb) and behavioral thermoregulation traits between two Liolaemus lizards: the saxicolous Liolaemus tandiliensis and the arenicolous Liolaemus wiegmannii. These species are spatially segregated in two thermally contrasting environments from the SE of the temperate Pampas of Argentina. During summer, the mean operative temperature (Te) of the coastal sand dunes occupied by L. wiegmannii was 9 ºC higher than that of the Tandilia mountains inhabited by L. tandiliensis. Despite the contrasting thermal conditions of both habitats, the mean Tb of L. tandiliensis (34.72 °C) was similar to that of L. wiegmannii (35.01 °C). The behavioral thermoregulation mechanisms varied considerably between both species. Liolaemus tandiliensis combined static body posture with displacements towards sunlit areas. In contrast, L. wiegmannii combined elevated and prostrated body postures with movements towards full and filtered sun patches. Environmental gradients offer diverse challenges impelling lizards to find different behavioral thermoregulation adaptations in order to partially cope with environmental constraints. This occurs in many species of Liolaemus that are thermoregulatory efficient despite of the climatic adversities. In this study, two species of Liolaemus used different postural and microhabitat path-selection strategies according to climate, allowing them to buffer changes in Tb, thus suggesting that the Bogert effect may be occurring in these two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how multiple disturbances affect species population structure is crucial for designing a better conservation strategy of threatened species. In this paper, we assessed the disturbance patterns and evaluated their effects on the population structure of Afzelia africana, in two different bioclimatic zones of the Republic of Benin. The main disturbances in the studied area included branch pruning and debarking. Individuals of medium size (20-40 cm) were mostly pruned and debarked. The percentages of pruning and debarking were similar at population level across the two studied bioclimatic zones (t = −0.04, p = 0.96; t = 0.73, p = 0.48). Examining this at individual level, pruning was similar but debarking was higher in the Sudanian zone (12.14 ± 0.93%) than in the Sudano-Guinean zone (7.44 ± 0.88) (W = 40859, p < 0.001). Population structure was bell-shaped in the Sudanian zone regardless of the disturbance level. In contrast, in the Sudano-Guinean zone, mildly disturbed populations showed an inverse J-shaped structure, whereas those highly disturbed were bell-shaped. This underlined the climatic (dryness) and disturbance effects on the establishment and recruitment of small trees into the next life stage in tropical savanna ecosystems. Good regeneration pattern and the largest individuals were found within the protected areas, demonstrating the prominent role of protected areas for the species conservation. Therefore, we suggested that conservation efforts should be extended to populations outside the protected areas. Forestry department should establish firebreaks networks to protect small individuals and facilitate their recruitment, as well as the regulation and enforcement should be improved on the sustainable use of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the main bioclimatic features of three of the most representative palaces in the Alhambra: Comares, Lions and, in particular, the Alijares Palace (Qasr.al-Dishār). Bioclimatic features in medieval architecture were often shaped through contact with earlier models - in the case of Nasr. id architecture (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries), through the Andalusi tradition. Control of climatic factors in a building, and the provision of additional protection to its inhabitants, might be achieved by means of walls of rammed earth, adobe, bricks or stone; other important features include orientation, the size of rooms, the use of shade, distribution of air from the exterior to the courtyard, ventilation and natural cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key vegetation biophysical parameter and is extensively used in modelling of phenology, primary production, light interception, evapotranspiration, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics. In the present study, we attempt to spatially characterize LAI for natural forests of Western Ghats India, using ground based and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor satellite data. For this, 41 ground-based LAI measurements were carried out across a gradient of tropical forest types, viz. dry, moist, and evergreen forests using LAI-2200 plant canopy analyser, during the month of March 2015. Initially, measured LAI values were regressed with 15 spectral variables, including nine spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) and six Landsat-8 surface reflectance (ρ) variables using univariate correlation analysis. Results showed that the red (ρred), near-infrared (ρNIR), shortwave infrared (ρSWIR1, ρSWIR2) reflectance bands (R² > 0.6), and all SVIs (R² > 0.7) except simple ratio (SR) have the highest and second highest coefficient of determination with ground-measured LAI. In the second step, to select significant (high R², low root mean square error (RMSE), and p-level < 0.05) SVIs to determine the best representative model, stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) was implemented. The results indicate that the SMLR model predicted LAI with better coefficient of determination (R² = 0.83, RMSE = 0.78) using normalized difference vegetation index, enhanced vegetation index, and soil-adjusted vegetation index variables compared to the univariate approach. The predicted SMLR model was used to estimate a spatial map of LAI. It is desirable to evaluate the stability and potentiality of regional LAI models in natural forest ecosystems against the operationally accepted Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) global LAI product. To do this, the Landsat-8 pixel-based LAI map was resampled to 1 km resolution and compared with the MODIS derived LAI map. Results suggested that Landsat-8 OLI-based VIs provide significant LAI maps at moderate resolution (30 m) as well as coarse resolution (1 km) for regional climate models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New syntaxa of different hierarchical levels are here described in order to update the “Syntaxonomic checklist of the Italian classes, orders and alliances (Vegetation Prodrome of Italy)”, promoted in 2012 by the “Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea Protection” in collaboration with the “Italian Society of Botany”. The new alliances, suballiances and associations belong to theSalici purpureae-Populetea nigraeandQuerco roboris-Fagetea sylvaticaeclasses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The habitat weighting, the bioclimatic model methods and the Simpson diversity index are applied to the small-mammals assemblage of Scladina Cave (border between High and Middle Belgium) in order to reconstruct the environmental and climatic fluctuations that are reflected on the Middle to Late Pleistocene sequence of the cave. The small-mammal data analyzed come from two surveys carried out at the entrance of the cave and allow us to identify within the section one cold episode: a dry, cool phase in the upper part of the sequence (probably associated with the MIS 3). The environmental and climatic data show an alternation of open meadows and woodland formations through both sequences, punctuated by peaks in local watery environments together with lower temperatures and higher precipitations rates than at present. Finally, a comparison of the small-mammal fossil assemblage from the studied surveys with the small-mammals assemblage from the Holocene deposits of Scladina Cave shows that layers related with MIS 5 temperate sub-stages (MIS 5c and MIS 5a) present environmental characteristics similar to those prevailing nowadays (a landscape dominated by woodland formations and water streams) in the area surrounding the cave. This is coherent with the available chronostratigraphic datasets on this part of the sequence, suggesting the record of the humid and temperate phases at the beginning of the Late Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study is focused on the relative importance of bioclimatic variables and soil moisture index (SMI) for predicting forage production in Central Iran rangelands. We used a dataset of 93 forage production collected from 16 rangeland sites during 8 years in Isfahan province. Climatic and topographic variables were obtained using a digital elevation model and geographical information system. SMI is derived using a triangle space concept between the land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index from MODIS satellite data over Isfahan province. Using Nonparametric Multiplicative Regression model, we produced two distinct models to predict forage production, the first model with climatic and topographic variables (reduced model) and the second model with climatic, topographic and SMI variables (complete model). The inclusion of SMI significantly improved the quality of forage production predictions within the study area. The forage production is predicted to vary from 41.4 to 474 kg ha−1in first model and 20.5 to 485 kg ha−1in second model. We anticipated that using SMI would improve standing crop estimates relative to using bioclimatic variables. The cross-validatedR2(×R2) increased from 57% to 63% when SMI is added to NPMR model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative attribution at the individual pixel level of the relative contributions of climate variability and human activities to vegetation productivity dynamics across Africa is generally lacking. This is because of the difficulty in establishing a baseline or potential vegetation against which the relative impacts of these factors can be assessed. This study addresses these gaps. First, annual potential net primary productivity (NPPP) for 2000-2014 was estimated for Africa using a model constructed from samples of NPP and environmental covariates from protected areas. Second, trends in NPPP, actual NPP (NPPA), and humanappropriated NPP (NPPH = NPPP - NPPA) were estimated and used in quantifying the relative contributions of climate and human activities to NPP dynamics. Over 2000-2014, NPP improvement was largely concentrated in equatorial and northern Africa, while subequatorial Africa exhibited the most NPP decline. Parts of Mali, Burkina Faso, and the central Africa region are associated with the greatest influence of climate-driven NPP improvement. Areas where humans dominated NPP decline include parts of Ethiopia and South Africa. Climate had a stronger role in driving NPP decline in subequatorial Africa. Nonetheless, further work is required to validate the results of this study with highresolution imagery and field information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictive modeling of geographic distribution based on ecological niche has become an important tool in ecology. It uses previous information about distribution of species and environmental variations associated with this distribution, restricting to the models the closest prediction of the ecological niche. The eumastacid grasshoppers are distributed mainly in the Neotropical region, and Temnomastacinae is the subfamily with the largest geographic distribution. Little is known about the biology of Eumastacidae, the only data available reporting the association between some grasshopper species and plants of several families. In the Cerrado onlyTemnomastaxis recorded, which has a wide distribution in the central region of Brazil. The aim of this work was to determine the potential geographic distribution of three species ofTemnomastaxoccurring in the Cerrado biome. We used 446 records of occurrence obtained in specialised literature, inventories, museums and photographs, from the following species:Temnomastax hamus,Temnomastax ricardoiandTemnomastax tigris. The niche modeling was generated with the bioclimatic model DOMAIN through DIVA-GIS. The potential geographic distribution ofT.hamusis the largest among allTemnomastaxspecies.Temnomastax ricardoihas its potential distribution in the central-north of Mato Grosso do Sul, in regions surrounding the type locality, whileT. tigris. exhibits a restricted potential distribution along the carbonate arc of the Corumbá Formation, which outcrops in the region of Serra da Bodoquena and Corumbá, entering the eastern portion of Bolivia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ThePinus halepensisMill. forest vegetation of the central-eastern European Mediterranean basin (France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Greece) is described here. This study was carried out considering published and unpublished phytosociological data, with the organisation of a systematic classification (syntaxonomic scheme) of the orderPinetalia halepensisaccording to the principal floristic variations, at multiple spatial scales and according to the physiognomic–structural, floristic, ecological and biogeographical characteristics. Five alliances and 25 associations are recognised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a botanical research on the varieties of plant species, forest types and grassland ecology. Topics discussed include botanical plants, plant cells, climatic aspect of forests, aquatic animals, biological features of plants, bioclimatology, plant distribution and botanical databases.

High-density, short-duration stocking (HDG) is gaining popularity amongst farmers in the South African mesic grasslands, but little is known about its potential impact on natural resources. Using a fence-line contrast approach, this study compared the long-term effects of HDG with those of other rotational grazing systems at lower densities (LDG) on soil properties and vegetation composition at two sites. Soils at Kokstad and Cedarville were 31% and 19% more compacted under HDG than LDG, respectively, but did not differ in total nitrogen, total carbon, available phosphorus or pH. At Kokstad, HDG had promoted unpalatable grass species at the expense of palatable grass species. Forb species composition differed substantially between HDG and LDG, with HDG having 13 and LDG having 16 unique species. A radical prostrate forb growth habit was favoured over a cauline erect habit under HDG. At Cedarville, few grass or forb species showed differences between HDG and LDG, possibly because of an overriding influence of the absence of burning in both grazing systems. These results suggest that HDG potentially has negative impacts on soil health and vegetation composition of South African mesic grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study attempts to develop indices, indicating the vulnerability to climate change/environmental hazards, for Indian cities located in different bio-climatic zones. The indices generated in the study are based on socio-economic variables and provide a basic overview of the potential vulnerabilities faced by these cities in the context of climate disasters. Eleven cities located in six different bio-climatic zones have been studied. Various indicators of socio-economic vulnerability have been compiled and segregated into the following major components: infrastructure, technology, finance, social and space. This approach of segregation can aid identification of developmental needs essential for minimizing vulnerability. The proxy indicators have been standardized and agglomerated to obtain the respective major components. These components, thereafter, have been combined to obtain the overall vulnerability index. The indices are on a scale of 0–10. The results reveal that, among the selected cities, Jaisalmer is the most vulnerable and Pune is the least vulnerable. Further, the technological and financial indices vary significantly among the 11 cities, but their social capability and infrastructure are comparable. This index can assist in keeping track of vulnerability and planning disaster resilient cities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Susceptibility of trees to herbivorous insects is often associated with the tree growth and phenology, both of which are sensitive to a warming climate. Therefore, changes in these traits may affect the intensity of herbivory on trees in the future. We grew silver birch (Betula pendula) populations differing in their growth and phenology in a common garden experiment, and studied the effect of these plant traits on the leaf herbivory, insect herbivore density and community composition of herbivores in two consecutive years, 2011 and 2012. Differences in size and the timing of growth cessation among the birch genotypes were related to differences in herbivore community compositions and herbivory. In 2011, the most intensive herbivore damage was observed on birch genotypes of small size, late bud burst and early growth cessation, and these genotypes originated from high-latitude populations. The differences among birch genotypes in their susceptibility to herbivore damage may lead to differences in their competitive abilities. While climate warming will affect phenology and growth of plants, our study shows, that it may indirectly affect herbivory and herbivore communities as well. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System according to Rivas-Martínez (WBCS) is a bioclimatic classification that is widely used in vegetation science, geobotany, and landscape ecology. To date, only one complete WBCS map has been produced for Italy at the national scale. Here, we define two major updates to the WBCS map of Italy: improvements to the surface spatial accuracy for the climate, especially for precipitation; and detailed mapping of the Submediterraneity Index and its levels, which mainly characterize the ecotone area between the Mediterranean and the Temperate macrobioclimates. Finally, all WBCS units (i.e. macrobioclimates, bioclimatic variants, bioclimates, continentality types, bioclimatic belts) and the Submediterraneity Index are mapped on a scale of 1:2,500,000. These maps and the bioclimatic indices and monthly climatic surfaces are available here as raster data-sets (resolution, 900 m) and are useful for accurate bioclimatic diagnosis for the entire Italian territory. They will also support vegetation–environment relationship analysis, ecological modeling, and applied studies of climate change at the national scale. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, an analysis of precipitation and temperature data has been performed over 67 series observed in a region of southern Italy (Calabria). At first, to detect possible trends in the time series, an analysis was performed with the Mann–Kendall non-parametric test applied at monthly and seasonal scale. An additional investigation, useful for checking the climate change effects on vegetation, has also been included analysing bioclimatic indicators. In particular, Emberger, Rivas-Martinez and De Martonne indices were calculated by using monthly temperature and precipitation data in the period 1916–2010. The spatial pattern of the indices has been evaluated and, in order to link the vegetation and the indices, different indices maps have been intersected with the land cover data, given by the Corine Land Cover map. Moreover, the temporal evolution of the indices and of the vegetation has been analysed. Results suggest that climate change may be responsible for the forest cover change, but, given also the good relationship between the various types of bioclimate and forest formations, human activities must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The delineation of bioclimatic areas is a key tool in informing sustainable land management strategies, especially in the light of climate change. It requires an in-depth analysis of climate data but also of the physical and biological factors that affect the distribution of natural vegetation. The present study applies an exploratory data analysis aimed at defining bioclimatic conditions in an area characterized by steep slopes and prone to soil erosion (Amalfi Coast, southern Italy). To this end, we analyzed long-term (1959–1999) monthly rainfall and temperature data measured at 28 gauging stations within the study area using a geographic information system and multivariate statistical tools. Then, we analyzed how the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature data relates to topography, vegetation cover, and soil erosion. We also derived bioclimatic indicators from the geostatistical analysis. We then identify and comment on drawbacks found in the procedure used in the present study, discussing possible solutions to overcome such problems. We finally discuss the potential contribution of this study to the development of sustainable land management policies for socio-ecological systems with complex topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a simplified methodology to optimize solar energy gains at district level in the Mediterranean area toward the achievement of the net-zero energy district target, to be applicable as well in similar hot climates. The approach includes a wide use of parametric analysis to explore the most impactful aspects of the design of solar net-zero energy districts: single unit shape, building mutual distances, road shape, building orientation, photovoltaics area availability to identify the optimal design solution. Thirty-two different district configurations are explored: results show that in the Mediterranean context, it is possible to reach the net-zero energy district target in several configurations investigated; however, cooling energy requirements can vary up to 20% in the different combinations examined. In a context of high demographic growth and consequently of expected rise of housing demand especially on the southern side of the Mediterranean, the proposed method can be useful in the application of bioclimatic concepts to large scale energy planning and energy policies as well for practitioners and building designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen morphology of sevenAlyssumL. taxa growing on serpentine soils in different places in the European Mediterranean macrobioclimate territory were studied, described and compared. Cluster analysis was performed to show similarity between species and their populations. The shape of the pollen grains varies among the species and among the grains within the same anther. The pollen grains are 3-colpate, prolate, with long and narrow colpi reaching the poles. The ornamentation of the exine varies from micro-reticulate to reticulate between the species. Pollen sterility/fertility was also calculated. The highest percentage of sterile pollen (73.76%) was calculated forAlyssum muralesubsp.muraleand the lowest (9.54%) forA. bertoloniisubsp. bertolonii. All species are representatives of sect. Odontarrhena (C.A. Meyer) Koch well known as Ni-hyperaccumulators. Nickel and other elements present in pollen and stamen were studied by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The stamen parts of all species were micromorphologically analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray probe. Accumulation of Ni was detected in the stamens of all studied species and rarely in the pollen grains. The distribution patterns of Ni were similar among the species examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the estimation of human thermal sensation zones in a Mediterranean climate (Athens). Field monitoring along with field surveys leading to a database of 2313 questionnaires were carried out in three open urban areas. Thermal sensation conditions were analysed under the influence of air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. Thermal sensation zones were first defined using air temperature as a single parameter affecting thermal sensation. Logistic regression was appropriately used to define each thermal sensation zone. The thermal sensation zones were then determined using a combination of the microclimatic parameters to investigate the extent to which these parameters affect thermal sensation. Results showed that the thermal comfort zone is characterized by a quite wide air temperature range, on the order of more than 10°C. In addition, this zone presents always statistical insignificance in theP-values of residuals. These results imply that thermal comfort is a complex situation and adaptation plays an important role as far as this zone is concerned. By contrast, the other thermal sensation zones were found to present statistical significance in theP-values of residuals, implying thus that the examined microclimatic parameters seem quite adequate to define these zones. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With observed increases in global temperatures indicating changes to anomalous temperature events (ATE), few studies have considered the changes associated with both heat and cold together. This study evaluates the changes in heat waves and cold spells for 55 U.S. metropolitan areas (1948-2012). Using surface observations, thresholds of mean apparent temperature were used to define heat, extreme heat, cold, and extreme cold events. Days that exceeded the 95th temperature percentile were considered heat days. Similar values were used to define extreme heat (97.5th), cold (5th), and extreme cold (2.5th). Thresholds were calculated independently for each of the locations, incorporating spatial variability into the ATE definition. Changes in duration, seasonal timing, and frequency, all of which have been shown to be important characteristics in regard to heat and cold events, were evaluated. Significant changes in some characteristics were found. Across many locations, heat events have become more frequent, longer lasting, and earlier occurring, while cold spells have experienced an opposite trend. Since heat and cold events impact a range of ecological and bioclimatological processes, understanding the variability and changes associated with ATE remains an important aspect to consider as society prepares for future events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Casa – Estudio Luis Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico is a celebrated architectural work. The building and its site were enlisted in UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. The building is renowned for its innovative architectural features; however, little research can be found on its environmental performance of this building. The building is constructed mainly of high capacitive materials, large walled garden, and a number of courtyards, which provide thermal strategies appropriate to the cool high-altitude climate. As yet, little data have been collected on the thermal performance of this house. The paper makes an original contribution in this respect and argues that the often ignored bioclimatic aspects of the building underpin the pragmatic and poetic design aspects and these should be recognized as part of its cultural heritage and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a highly charged topic that some adults prefer to ignore. If the same holds true for secondary students, teachers could be challenged to teach about climate change. We structured one activity about the biological concepts of carbon cycle and carbon sequestration in two ways: with and without mention of climate change. Results suggested that students (n= 22) who learned about carbon in the context of climate change made significant improvements in their knowledge of the carbon cycle and sequestration over those (n= 24) who learned about carbon without mention of climate change. Interest in climate change may increase learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the results of a study on the ecology, floristic composition and spatial assemblages of temporary limestone rock pool plant communities of a central Mediterranean area (S Sicily, the Maltese Islands and Lampedusa) are presented. A total of 76 temporary pools were studied, distributed between the infra-mediterranean and thermo-mediterranean bioclimatic belt. For each temporary rock pools, the floristic composition and cover of the species were determined using standard relevé methods. Moreover, for 50 of these pools, pH, conductivity, soil depth, water-level, altitude and floristic richness and diversity index were assessed. The plant communities were analysed using unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages and Euclidean distance classification and ordination methods such as canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). A total of four plant communities with specific floristic composition were established, each one with a different dominant species:Callitriche truncata;Elatine gussonei;Tillaea vaillantiiandLythrum hyssopifolia. According to the CCA, the spatial patterns of plant communities follow an ecological gradient related to water level and depth/size of the rock pools: these are the main ecological features affecting the distribution of the plant communities of rock pools. In addition, floristic richness and diversity index showed a slight increase in trend from temporary pools submerged for long periods towards pools submerged for short periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate is a main component of nature that, in addition to being a valuable resource, determines the possibility of development of tourism. Apparently, climate and its characteristics determine touristic demand. Choosing a place for vacation or recreation, tourists primarily prefer an optimal climate and weather conditions. Human-biometeorological resources characterize the connection of climate with a thermal state and health of humans, peculiarities of recreation and health evaluation of the environment. In order to distinguish thermal bioclimate, the physiologically equivalent temperature is used, based on the various meteorological parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiation) that reflect the human conditions and the thermal comfort perception. In addition for the analysis of the climatic tourism potential, the Climate-Transfer/Tourism-Information Scheme was applied. The results can be useful for tourists in order to determine the best time to take a vacation based on their recreational activity such as sports,medical, health (thalassotherapy, heliotherapy, balneology etc.) according to bioclimatic conditions and their own preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyse the usefulness of incorporating bioclimatic and biogeographic data into digital species prediction and modelling tools in order to identify potential habitats of rare or endangered flora taxa. Species distribution models (SDMs) were obtained using the Maximum entropy algorithm. Habitat suitability maps were based on sites of known occurrence of studied species. The study showed that highly reliable habitat prediction models can be obtained through the inclusion of bioclimatic and biogeographic maps when modelling these species. The resultant SDMs are able to fit the search area more closely to the characteristics of the species, excluding the percentage of highly suitable areas that are located far from the known distribution of the taxon, where the probability of finding the plant is low. Therefore, it is possible to overcome one of the most commonly encountered problems in the construction of rare or threatened flora taxa SDMs, derived from the low number of initial citations. The resulting SDMs and the vegetation map enable prioritization of the search for new populations and optimization of the economic and human resources used in the collection of field data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Bioclimatology deals with the interrelation between climate and living organisms, in particular, plants and plant communities, considering the main climate variables that are relevant for species distribution. In this context spatial interpolation of monthly temperature and precipitation data using 203 rain gauges and 68 temperature gauges for Sardinia (Italy) was undertaken. As interpolation technique, we used regression kriging which combines multiple linear regression (MLR) with ordinary kriging of the residuals. MLR procedures include as independent variables: altitude, latitude, longitude, coast distance and a topographic factor of relative elevation. Elevation data were obtained from digital elevation model at 40 m resolution. Following the approach of the Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System, a bioclimatic diagnosis of the entire territory was derived using map algebra calculations of the bioclimatic indices proposed by Rivas-Martínez et al. [(2011). Worldwide Bioclimatic classification system.Global Geobotany,1, 1–638]. Two macrobioclimates (Mediterranean pluviseasonal oceanic and Temperate oceanic), one macrobioclimatic variant (Submediterranean), and four classes of continentality (from weak semihyperoceanic to weak semicontinental), eight thermotypic horizons (from lower thermomediterranean to upper supratemperate) and seven ombrotypic horizons (from lower dry to lower hyperhumid) were identified, resulting in a combination of 43 isobioclimates. The resulting map represents a useful environmental stratum, for regional planning, ecological modeling and biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conduct a study of the dry forest in areas of scant rainfall in the Dominican Republic; these are sites with particular endemic habitats, as the samples reveal a high rate of local and insular endemic species, with 84 (24.85%) endemisms. This work covers dry forests rich in coarse spiny plants and includes a statistical (multivariate analysis), phytosociological and catenal study of the vegetation. We analyse the floristic composition, ecology, distribution and richness in endemisms of each association. The bioclimatic analysis reveals the different thermotypes and ombrotypes on the island, and locates the proposed plant associations in the infra- and thermotropical thermotypes, and in the arid, semiarid and dry ombrotypes. As a result of this phytosociological analysis, we propose the new allianceHarrio nashii–Acacion skleroxylaeand four plant associations:Harrisio nashii–Prosopidetum juliflorae, Crotono poitaei–Erythroxyletum rotundifolii,Lonchocarpo pycnophylli–Cylindropuntietum caribaeaeandNeoabbottio paniculatae–Guaiacetum officinali; these associations connect catenally with the subhumid forest and mangrove swamps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the world wine market has required continued improvements in viticultural zoning in both old and young production regions. The many proposed zoning methods vary according to the study area in which they are applied as well as to the perspective of the authors. Thus, there is little agreement on which factors (climate, landscape, geology, soil and human intervention) should be taken into account. The aim of this work is to provide a methodology to optimize and possibly increase the development of wine production regions, identifying the zones with different potential suitability. We coupled the computation of bioclimatic indices based on Géoviticulture Multicriteria Climatic Classification System with a GIS (geographic information system) analysis based on the integration of easily accessible geological, morphometric and geomorphological data, in addition to viticulture land use. The final result of this methodology is a suitability map distinguishing sectors of different suitability for wine production in a vine cropping area. We tested the methodology on the Cesanese DOC (Denomination of Origin Verified) zone (Latium, central Italy). The resulting suitability map indicates that the areas more favourable for viticulture are only partially exploited, encouraging the possibility of increasing the production of high-quality wine in the Cesanese DOC area. This result underlines the applicability of our methodology in land-use planning and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological parameters of the mammalian kidney can provide information on the extent to which an animal is able to regulate water relations within its body and cope with arid conditions. Certain groups of mammals, such as rabbits and hares, show a flexible phenotype (phenotypic plasticity) with respect to renal physiology that enables them to inhabit a variety of bioclimatic regions. We investigated kidney morphology in the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, located on two isolated islands off the coast of the Western Cape South Africa, at sites with varying water and food availability, to ascertain whether these populations demonstrate differences in renal morphology that would link to differential renal physiology. In summer, Dassen Island is more restricted in available water and plants than Robben Island; we tested the prediction that rabbits from Dassen Island would be physiologically more suited to water-limited conditions. Our data showed that O. cuniculus exhibits phenotypic plasticity, with Dassen Island rabbits displaying renal adaptations more suited to survival in drier environments, such as an increased relative medullary thickness and a higher predicted maximal urine-concentrating ability This suggests increased renal performance in the Dassen Island population with the consequent increased ability to concentrate urine and conserve body water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the most common architectural and environmental strategies in Ghadames housing in Libya. Preliminary data were collected through field surveys undertaken in July 2013, the hottest and driest season in Ghadames. The surveys investigated the indoor thermal environment and efficiency of energy use in Ghadames housing. The actual mean vote scale was used to investigate occupants’ thermal feeling coupled with recording physical environment and also actual measurements of a number of existing houses. Additionally, objective surveys were conducted to (a) verify the subjective data, (b) provide an overall view of the residents’ life style in the old town, and (c) understand the most significant techniques employed in old dwellings. The subjective survey “questionnaire” distributed among nine new and eight old houses shows that the majority of respondents is satisfied with the number of architectural issues in modern housing design. This general satisfaction excludes the inherited identity of the traditional architecture embedded within the society. On the other hand, occupants are more satisfied with old buildings in regard to indoor environmental conditions, energy consumption, and construction materials. The occupants of old houses expressed their thermal satisfaction with the indoor comfort conditions, but the predicted mean vote, based on measurements and ISO 7730, implied discomfort (hot).The survey also carried out interviews with a number of locals, underlining their personal impressions and preference toward the change of the existing built environment. Findings indicate that, occupants’ satisfaction and perception toward the built environment have not been achieved in new housing developments of Ghadames owing to the lack of understanding of the sociocultural needs of the local community. In addition, a 3D digital model was created for the old town and imparted a full understanding of the building dynamics and physics, explicating the complexity of the compactness of its urban morphologies. The results also showed subjects were feeling neutral to slightly warm in old buildings even when indoor air temperatures reached 32°C. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The worldwide bioclimatic classification system (WBCS) of Rivas-Martínez was applied to the Italian territory and surrounding areas between latitudes 35°47′–46°60′ N and longitudes 5°92′–21°39′ E. The ‘WorldClim’ precipitation and temperature dataset was used as the source data. Application of the WBCS in a geographic information system allowed the production of macrobioclimates, bioclimates, ombrotypes, continentality, compensated thermicity index and ombro-evaporal index maps at a scale of 1:5,500,000, and a map of thermotypes at a scale of 1:2,250,000. Moreover, the isobioclimates of Italy are identified and quantified in terms of areas. These maps are available here as raster datasets (1 km spatial resolution) and are useful for: (i) rapid bioclimatic diagnosis of the Italian territories; and (ii) vegetation–environment relationship modeling at the national scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetation dynamics and the lives of millions of people in West Africa are closely interlinked with each other. The high annual variability of the phenological cycle considerably affects the agricultural population with late rainfalls and droughts, often resulting in serious food crises. On the other hand, the rapidly growing population has a great need for space due to expanding cities and a low agricultural efficiency. This situation, together with a changing climate, has had a strong impact on vegetation dynamics in West Africa and will play a major role in the future. The dynamic nature of vegetation in the region has attracted a lot of remote-sensing-based research in the past 30 years and has lead to heated discussions. This review article gives a comprehensive overview of the studies on remotely sensed vegetation dynamics in West Africa. After an introduction to the specific situation for vegetation dynamics in West Africa, the applied sensors and their suitability for the region are outlined. Research on the assessment of different plant parameters, on phenological metrics as well as on the monitoring of agricultural areas is outlined and discussed. Furthermore, a major part of this review is dedicated to the analyses undertaken to assess vegetation trends in West Africa over the past 30 years and their potential human and climatic causes. Finally, identified research gaps and challenges for future studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Measuring the biological diversity in a given area can provide valuable approaches not only to conserve ecological systems, but also to understand their functioning and organization. The current paper analyzes the species richness and diversity patterns of sarcosaprophagous Diptera across an elevational gradient of natural habitats in central Spain, and the relationship between the species diversity and the environmental variables defining each habitat. The calculation of randomized species richness curves and non-parametric estimators confirmed the representativeness of the inventories. Oromediterranean habitats, i.e. those located at highest elevation, showed significantly lower species richness than mesomediterranean and supramediterranean levels. Slope and solar radiation were significantly and negatively correlated with diversity, whereas the correlation between mean temperature and diversity was significantly positive. A significantly negative correlation was found between diversity and the percentage of forest surface, whereas the correlation between diversity and the percentage of urban surface was positive and close to significance. Possible explanations for these observed patterns are considered and discussed. This study also supports the use of different, complementary diversity measurements in order to obtain a proper assessment of the diversity of a given area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the marginal willingness to pay for climate amenity in the US using hedonic pricing and wage models. Research identifies that higher January temperatures are an amenity and households are willing to pay approximately US$5.90 ($2004) per month for a 1°F increase in the January temperature. Unlike the January temperature, higher July temperatures and precipitation are both disamenities, and households seek compensation of approximately US$5.46 ($2004) per month for a 1°F increase in July temperatures and approximately US$4.50 ($2004) per month for a 1-inch increase in precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the frame of project FoGLIE (Fruition of Goods and Landscape in Interactive Environment), UAS were used to survey a park area in its less accessible zones, for scenic and stereoscopic videos, 3D modeling and vegetation monitoring. For this last application, specifically, through the acquisition of very high resolution images taken with two UAS-borne compact cameras (RGB and NIR), a DSM of a small vegetated area and the corresponding orthoimages were produced and co-registered. Planimetric and height accuracies in block adjustments and orthophotos are in the range of 0.10 m horizontally and 0.15 m in height. Then, after the derivation of synthetic channels, both unsupervised classification and supervised one were performed in order to test the algorithms' ability to distinguish between different bushes and trees species: some of them were correctly classified by the latter method but misclassifications still remain. The overall accuracy for the unsupervised classification is about 50% while the supervised one yields an overall accuracy around 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to remark possibilities to use WorldView-2 imagery for coastline extraction. Applications are conducted on a Phlegrean area in the Campania Region (Italy): the considered range of coastline is particularly interesting because it shows two typologies of shoreline including reefs interspersed with segments of sandy beach. Two indices are used: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI).To enhance geometric resolution of the results pan-sharpening is applied so as to obtain maps with the same pixel dimensions of the panchromatic data. To solve the problem of thresholds determination that typically affects the classification, Maximum Likelihood method based on training sites is adopted to distinguish bare soil and sea water. Best results are given by NDWI and, comparing the resultant coastline with that obtained with visual interpretation of images, shifts of less than 1 m outcome from pan-sharpened data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SAR can be invaluable describing pre-eruption surface deformation and improving the understanding of volcanic processes. This work studies correlation of pairs of SAR images focusing on the influence of surface, climate conditions and acquisition band. Chosen L-band and C-band images (ENVISAT, ERS and ALOS) cover most of the Yellowstone caldera (USA) over a span of 4 years, sampling all the seasons. Interferograms and correlation maps are generated and studied in relation to snow depth and temperature. To isolate temporal decorrelation pairs of images with the shortest baseline are chosen. Results show good performance during winter, bad attitude towards wet snow and good coherence during summer with L-band performing better over vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of building passive thermal design strategies is based heavily on the local climatic conditions. Identifying the best strategy for a given location can be made using bioclimatic charts. Such charts depend on the atmospheric pressure and are commonly available at sea level. Moreover, manual usage of these charts is cumbersome and time-consuming. In this work, the development of a bioclimatic chart for Muscat, as a case study, is described using Givoni's zones in rigorous detail based on typical meteorological year (TMY) data. A generic calculation tool that generates the psychrometric chart for any altitude has been developed using MATLABTM, the procedure described herein, can be imitated on most scripting languages for any location using its atmospheric pressure and TMY data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]