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Developing highly effective nonlinear optical (NLO) materials is a cutting-edge field of study. The desirability of promising NLO materials for optoelectronic and electronic applications drove us to investigate the sulflower (C18S9) doped complexes for developing highly efficient NLO materials. A successful computational design technique for superhalogens (BeF3, MgF3, CaF3, CaCl3) doping is employed on sulflower, and eight stable isomers (BeF3@SF-5M, BeF3@SF-9M, MgF3@SF-5M, MgF3@SF-9M, CaF3@SF-5M, CaF3@SF-9M, CaCl3@ SF-5M, CaCl3@SF-9M) are proposed for NLO properties. DFT and TD-DFT simulations confirm the potential use of superhalogen-doped sulflower complexes for NLO response applications by evaluating NLO response properties, photophysical aspects, frontier molecular orbital (FMO), natural bond orbitals (NBO), non-covalent interaction (NCI), vertical ionization energies (VIE), interaction energies (Eint), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and density of state (DOS) analysis. The Eint (−28.37 to −53.86 kcal/mol) and VIE (7.0-7.4 eV) findings suggest that superhalogens-doped sulflower complexes are thermodynamically stable and show durable interaction among sulflower and doped superhalogens. Superhalogens doping on sulflower effectively shorten the energy gap from 4.46 eV (pure sulflower) to 4.17 eV in CaCl3@SF-5M isomer. Superhalogens doping causes a change in the dipole moment from 0 D of pure sulflower to 12.57 D in the CaCl3@SF-5M isomer. Proficient intermolecular charge transfers between sulflower and doped superhalogens were established by NCI and NBO analyses. UV-Vis investigation revealed that all superhalogen-doped sulflower complexes are adequately transparent in the near-infrared and visible wavelength ranges. Augmentation in polarizability value from 333.86 a.u.−569.98 a.u and in first hyperpolarizability from 0.00 a.u to 6.6 × 104 a.u. is achieved upon superhalogens doping. A striking NLO response (β0 = 6.6 × 104 a.u) is exhibited by CaCl3@SF-5M isomer. This report provides an efficient superhalogens doping technique for creating highly effective future NLO systems and recommends superhalogens-doped sulflower complexes as ideal entrants for future NLO applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional ability to convert solar energy into electricity at a relatively low cost. Novel organic photosensitizers (FZB1-FZB9) from the pyrazine-based aromatic dye (E)-3-(5-(2,3-bis(40-(diphenylamino)-[1,10-biphenyl]-4-yl)-7 (trifluoromethyl)quinoxalin-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoacrylic acid (TPPF) have been quantum chemically modeled for their application in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells (DSSCs). The electrochemical and photovoltaic features of modeled dyes are investigated by performing DFT insights, i.e. FMOs, absorption maxima, DOS, TDM, NBO, exciton and binding energy, radiative lifetime analysis (ꚍ), electron-injection (ΔGinject) and regeneration analysis (ΔGdyeregen)@TiO2. FMO analysis confirmed the better electron injection as HOMO of designed dyes was found to be more positive than redox potential I/I3 (-4.8 eV), and the LUMO appeared more negative than the conduction band of TiO2 (-4.0 eV). The modeled photosensitizers exhibited red shift λmax from 338-494 nm with a lower energy gap from 5.62 eV in FZB (R) to 5.17 eV in FZB9. Bridging modification reduces the exciton and binding energy for designed dye FZB9 and FZB7 compared to reference FZB. The designed dyes appeared with a lower radiative lifetime of up to 1.32 than the reference dye of 1.63, better light harvesting efficiency (LHE), and the highest NBO charge on bridges of designed photosensitizers for enhanced light emitting efficiency. The investigated dyes exhibited more negative values for electron injection, i.e. −0.003 and the highest values of dye regeneration (ΔGregedyeregen) up to 11.717, which unveils innovative and effective injection of electrons toward semiconductor TiO2. Among all dyes, FZB8 proved best with the novel bridging modification that enables quick charge transfer as exhibited the lowest gap (5.17 eV), lowest excitation energy, better LHE, highest charge on LUMO and more negative electron injection (ΔGinject). The outcomes of this computational study confirmed that this research established a new benchmark for achieving novel and efficient photosensitizers, thus recommending them for future DSSC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]