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While the majority of French colonists in Algeria lived on the Mediterranean coast in cities such as Algiers and Oran, or in not-too-distant inland towns like Constantine, those who settled further afield in communities bordering or in the Sahara Desert, like Aflou, Batna, Biskra, or Khenchela, had a vastly different experience of colonial life. These settlers were often isolated outsiders, subdued by the remote terrain. In French Algerian memorial books destined to fulfill French colonial nostalgia, repeated iconic images of recognizable destinations and events overlap and solidify in the memory of Algeria's former French inhabitants, the Pieds-Noirs. Within these same memorial texts, the desert, which occupies 80% of Africa's largest country, has always been present. Photographs from the 1850s onward, attempting to capture the country for its French occupiers, depict the desert as a peaceful and quiet landscape with exotic indigenous figures, traditional houses, and little evidence of Europeans in the frame. Locations are hard to pinpoint, outside of the occasional oasis, and the sand dune landscapes would have been shifting. This article examines how colonial photographs and sparsely written textual souvenirs of the desert provide a contrapuntal image of colonial Algeria as a place of the unknown. Using Dylan Trigg's work on place and memory, I explore the juxtaposition of the predominant nostalgic vision of European settlement and images of the desert that highlight what the French Empire never possessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMotivationMethodsResultsConclusionMedical curricula improvement is an ongoing process to keep material relevant and improve the student’s learning experience to better prepare them for patient care. Many programs utilize end-of-year evaluations, but these frequently have low response rates and lack actionable feedback. We hypothesized that student reflections written during a fourth year Sub-Internship could be used retrospectively to mine additional information as feedback for future curriculum adjustments. However, reflections contain a large amount of narrative content that would require a cumbersome and essentially infeasible manual review process for busy medical education faculty.We developed a Natural Language Processing (NLP) pipeline to automatically identify common themes and topics present in the set of reflective writings that could be used to improve the curriculum. The dataset contains required responses to a faculty issued question submitted between August 2016 and July 2018 about challenges experienced during the medical students fourth year Sub-Internship.Eleven distinct topics were identified, with several being subsequently addressed in future iterations of the curriculum.Utilizing NLP on reflective writings was able to identify areas of curriculum improvement, and the NLP results provided a quick and easy way to explore the main themes and challenges expressed by students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) has no FDA-approved treatment. Serotonin-2c (5HT2c) agonists have preclinical and human laboratory evidence for their potential efficacy for CUD. We assessed the tolerability and effects of lorcaserin (5HT2c agonist) on CUD. In a 10-week, open label, uncontrolled trial, the tolerability of lorcaserin was tested in outpatients with CUD. Adverse events (AE) were assessed weekly. Cannabis use was assessed twice weekly by the Timeline follow-back and quantitative urine metabolites. Seventeen participants enrolled, and 14 received medication. Participants' average age was 35 years; majority were male (N = 12). The medication was well tolerated in males. There were no serious adverse events (SAE). The most common AE's were headache/migraine (N = 4, all females), anorexia (N = 3), and irritability (N = 2). Participants decreased their frequency of cannabis use significantly (p < 0.001), adjusted for baseline use. By the end of the trial, participants decreased by 1.76 (SE = 0.47) cannabis using days/week. Average daily amount of cannabis and urine THC metabolite levels did not change significantly. Lorcaserin was well tolerated in males but not females, suggesting possible sex differences. Future trials of other 5HT2c agonists (lorcaserin was withdrawn at the request of the FDA) should consider longer dose titration phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is written as an urgent call for collaboration. It is a provocation for academics in non-crisis environments to proactively reach out to our academic colleagues in Ukraine and other severely disrupted crisis environments around the world to work together to create and extend knowledge and understanding about interpersonal and organizational phenomena during extreme circumstances. We – those of us who are higher education practitioners living within non-crisis environments – have colleagues around the world who are navigating through fractured and uncertain contexts. They are calling out to be seen, to be heard, to be engaged and partnered with in generative and holistic ways. In this essay, we begin a conversation about potential topics for collaborative exploration in our learning and teaching spaces with the hope that they will inspire action and connection between academics living within relative peace and privilege and those living within severe disruption and crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profound development that occurs during the first five years of a child's life may contribute to military families with young children facing unique challenges during reintegration. Yet, little is known about the reintegration experiences of military families with young children, and less so from the perspectives of non-deployed parents and families outside of the US. In this qualitative study, we explored the reintegration experiences of Australian Defense Force (ADF) families with young children (five years and younger). Through written responses to open-ended prompts, ADF service members (n = 9) and their non-deployed spouses (n = 38) reflected on periods of reintegration and discussed their family's adaption during this time. Using thematic analysis, six themes representing the reintegration experiences of these families were generated from the data. Four themes were generated from the combined experiences of service members and non-deployed parents, while a further two themes were generated from the experiences of non-deployed parents only. Relational and parenting challenges were at the forefront of reintegration experiences. These findings offer meaningful implications for practice and research to improve the quality of parent-child relationships and enhance outcomes for military families with young children during reintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS) is a 12-item self-report measure that assesses self-concept clarity (SCC). Previous research has identified a relationship between lower SCC and higher levels of social anxiety. As a measure of positive psychological well-being, the SCCS can be used as a tool to examine and monitor SCC in populations with social anxiety disorder (SAD) who appear to be susceptible to inconsistent or unstable self-concept. However, the scale has yet to be validated with a SAD sample. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on the SCCS data of sample of 87 individuals who met criteria for a diagnosis of SAD (M = 20.15, SD = 3.55; 83% female) and the reliability, convergent validity and norm scores of the SCCS with a SAD were also investigated. Results of the CFA supported a unidimensional factor structure. The SCCS was found to have good internal consistency (Cronbach's α =.80) and SCCS scores were found to correlate with measures of psychological distress and social fears, however, no correlation was found with measures of social anxiety behaviours. Also, overall results found that the SAD sample scored lower on SCC than other clinical samples in previous literature. These findings suggest that the SCCS is a psychometrically sound measure with unidimensional factor structure and demonstrated reliability and validity with a SAD sample, although additional research is warranted to replicate and extend the results of the current research. What is already known about this topic: The SCCS is a valid and reliable measure of self-concept clarity (SCC) with unidimensional factor structure, developed by Campbell et al. (1996). The SCCS has been used to identify that individuals with social anxiety symptomology demonstrate lower SCC. To the authors' knowledge, previous literature has not yet used the SCCS to measure SCC in a SAD clinical sample. What the current research adds: The findings of the original development paper and recent validations of the SCCS were supported by the current study – i.e., unidimensional factor structure and sound psychometric properties were demonstrated. Lower SCC was associated with social worry and cognitive distress. No association was found with behavioural symptoms of SAD. The SCCS demonstrated clinical utility as a measure that can be used to assist with treatment planning and formulation, and to address a client's beliefs about the self and their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the implementation of Radically Open Dialectical Behavior Therapy (RO DBT) in a University or College Counseling Setting (UCCS). The authors review the rationale for including RO DBT in a UCCS and the process of implementing the treatment at their center. This paper evaluates this newly implemented treatment by examining clinician experience, feasibility, and adaptability of RO DBT including Words of Wisdom regarding future implementations of RO DBT in a UCCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homelessness is a priority public health issue in the United States (U.S.) given its strong associations with multiple adverse health outcomes. While overall rates of homelessness have decreased over the last decade, some populations—such as sexual and gender minorities—have not seen equitable decreases. The present study explores the relationship between experiences of first-time homelessness with substance misuse (assessed via the DAST-10) and depression and anxiety (assessed via the PHQ-4) in an adult sample of SGM individuals in South Central Texas. The analytic sample (n = 907) was majority gay/lesbian or same-gender loving (55.8%) followed by bisexual or pansexual (34.7%) or another sexual identity (9.5%) and 12.5% were transgender. First-time homelessness was more common in childhood than adulthood. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate relationships between first-time homelessness and outcomes of interest. The odds of substance misuse (DAST > 3) were marginally higher for those experiencing first-time homelessness in childhood and significantly higher for those reporting first-time homelessness in adulthood. The odds of experiencing past 2-week depression were significantly greater for those reporting homelessness in childhood or adulthood. However, only first-time homelessness in adulthood was significantly associated with past two-week anxiety. These findings underscore the need to consider intersectionality when exploring solutions to existing health disparities, as this work suggests that both sexual and gender identity and homelessness are important factors in shaping mental and behavioral health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborations between basic science educators (BE) and clinical educators (CE) in medical education are common and necessary to create integrated learning materials. However, few studies describe experiences of or processes used by educators engaged in interdisciplinary teamwork. We use the lens of boundary crossing to explore processes described by BE and CE that support the co-creation of integrated learning materials, and the impact that this work has on them. We conducted qualitative content analysis on program evaluation data from 27 BE and CE who worked on 12 teams as part of a multi-institutional instructional design project. BE and CE productively engaged in collaboration using boundary crossing mechanisms. These included respecting diverse perspectives and expertise and finding efficient processes for completing shared work that allow BE and CE to build on each other's contributions. BE and CE developed confidence in connecting clinical concepts with causal explanations, and willingness to engage in and support such collaborations at their own institutions. BE and CE report the use of boundary crossing mechanisms that support collaboration in instructional design. Such practices could be harnessed in future collaborations between BE and CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expectancy theory supports alcohol expectancies, or the expected effects of drinking, as an important factor in alcohol use behaviors. Recent research supports that alcohol expectancies fluctuate daily, but scant research has examined specific types of expectancies and their associations with alcohol use at the daily level. Consequently, the present study examined (1) the daily association between select expectancies (i.e. sociability, tension reduction, liquid courage) and likelihood of drinking, and (2) whether daily expectancies predict alcohol use outcomes (i.e. alcohol-related problems, heavy drinking) on drinking days. Participants (N = 221; 79.2% women) were primarily White (48.4%) and Black (29.7%) university students. Participants completed daily measures of expectancies, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems each day for 14 days. Results from multilevel models revealed daily sociability as the only expectancy subscale linked with increased odds of drinking. Daily expectancies did not predict heavy drinking or alcohol-related problems on drinking days. At the between-person level, average levels of sociability and tension reduction expectancies were associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in heavy drinking and experiencing a problem. Findings highlight that fluctuations in sociability expectancies may be proximally linked to likelihood of alcohol use, which may inform just-in-time intervention efforts targeting alcohol expectancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating Compassion is an empathy-focused creative arts curriculum designed to provide short-term, low-cost, high-quality social–emotional learning (SEL) to communities and settings with limited resources. The present study sought to determine whether Creating Compassion was effective for increasing displays of prosocial behaviors and broad SEL skills for early elementary school students (n = 9) through a multiple baseline single-case design, as empathy has previously been posited as a core factor in global social–emotional skill development. Results from this study confirmed the hypothesis that Creating Compassion would increase observed prosocial behaviors with moderate effectiveness for children in first, second, and third grades, including those with identified social–emotional skill deficits. Participant scores on a pre/post assessment of global SEL competence also increased after intervention. Ultimately, findings from this study suggest the Creating Compassion intervention might be used by school psychologists and other group interventionists to expose their school communities to arts programming and engage them in a fun and creative approach to accessible early SEL intervention. Impact Statement This paper presents results from a combined arts and empathy training intervention, Creating Compassion. As an empathy-focused intervention, implementation of Creating Compassion led to increases in displays of prosocial behavior with moderate effectiveness. Increases in participants' levels of overall SEL skill competence were also observed. Results from this study support the provision of a high-quality, low-cost, arts-based SEL program to benefit Low-Income and Economically Marginalized (LIEM) communities within educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to analyze marriage expectations among sexual minority youth in the United States. The possibility of marriage for same-sex couples is recent in the United States. As same-sex couples used to be excluded from getting married, LGB adults have expressed concerns about the institution of marriage and have been less likely than their heterosexual peers to consider it for themselves. However, research is lacking when considering marriage expectations and attitudes regarding marriage among LGBTQ youth. We use wave 2 of the SOGI-Q Health Study, a community sample of 542 LGBTQ youth aged 15–21 collected in 2013, a time prior to federal marriage equality. We assessed measured marriage expectations, both to a same-sex partner and to a different-sex partner, as well as attitudes regarding marriage. Results indicated that gay and lesbian youth were more likely than queer and bisexual youth to expect to get married to a same-sex partner. Individual factors (e.g., higher levels of disclosure to family members) and structural factors (e.g., knowing a married same-sex couple), were associated with higher marriage expectations to a same-sex partner. Religiosity was associated with higher expectations of marriage to a different-sex partner. Sexual identity, religiosity, disclosure, and knowing married same-sex couples were significantly associated with LGBTQ youths' expectations to marry a same-sex and/or different-sex partner, as well as their attitudes about marriage more broadly. Attitudes and expectations regarding marriage among sexual minority youth have implications for their future couple and family formation, which are broadly associated with well-being across the adult lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories of student engagement for dropout and school completion are proposed to begin as early as age five. Student engagement in elementary-age students has been linked to school completion, post-secondary education, and achievement. However, there is little research examining patterns and profiles of student engagement in this population. In an effort to provide more individualized support and intervention, work in the field of student engagement has begun to examine profiles of student engagement and disengagement or disaffection. This study explored the identification of distinguishable groups based on student engagement in a sample of third-grade students and those groups' associations with demographic and outcome variables. Consistent with findings of research with older students, four distinct profiles of student engagement were found for males and females: Engaged, Cognitively/Affectively Disengaged, Behaviorally Disengaged, Disaffected. An additional class characterized by high absences was found for males. Demographic characteristics were associated with cluster attributes for males (Free or Reduced Lunch, special education, English Learner, and race-ethnicity) and female (El status). Cluster affiliation was significantly associated with seventh grade Math and Language Arts grades for both males and females and absences for males. Implications and future directions for research are discussed. The findings from the current study indicate there are discernible classes of student engagement and disengagement that can be identified as early as the third grade. These results may aid in the early identification of those at risk for dropping out of school and more effectively link students to targeted early interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As compared to heterosexual and lesbian women, bisexual women report higher rates of alcohol, other substance use, and risky sexual behavior, and they experience more negative outcomes from these behaviors. Descriptive norms (i.e., perceptions of others' behavior) are an important predictor of risky behaviors, but scant research has examined whether bisexual women's perceptions of other bisexual women's alcohol use and sexual behavior are associated with their own alcohol or drug use during sex. Objectives: Consequently, the present study examined (1) whether perceived sex norms were related to engagement in sex and (2) the relative influence of drinking and sex norms on engaging in sex while drinking among bisexual women. Method: Data were collected from 225 self-identified bisexual women who completed an online survey about their typical weekly alcohol use, engagement in alcohol or drug use during sex in the past 30 days, and normative perceptions of drinking and sexual behavior. Results: Regression models demonstrated both sexual norms and drinking frequency norms were positively associated with alcohol or drug use during sex. In addition, only perceived norms of other bisexual women, compared to perceived norms of lesbian and heterosexual women, predicted engagement in sex. Conclusions: Bisexual women may be susceptible to normative perceptions, given their connectedness to a marginalized social group. Thus, alcohol prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing risky consequences among bisexual women should specifically consider drinking and sexual norms of other bisexual women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Involvement in honors programs provides students an opportunity to grow academically, connect with like-minded peers, and reap tangible and intangible benefits. Understanding the motivations driving this involvement is a crucial task for honors program administrators and faculty alike as different motivations may influence how students engage and succeed in their honors pursuits. This study analyzes student motivating factors, organizing them into a five-factor framework that highlights different motivational groupings, including a non-intentional factor. While past studies have relied on student characteristics and survey information to understand honors program involvement, this study takes a qualitative approach, drawing on focus groups with current and incoming honors students to delve into the various motivations that honors students indicated as compelling for their participation in an honors program at a private mid-size liberal arts institution. The findings provide insight into key motivations which may inform efforts to increase the diversity of and involvement in honors programs. These eleven motivations are grouped into instrumental factors, personal factors, nudges, relationships, and accidental, with the majority of students noting more than one motivation for their involvement in the honors program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) has been shown to have a wide range of positive impacts for K-12 students. Despite its demonstrated benefits, many K-12 students in the USA do not receive CSE. Because of this, college may be an opportune time to teach this information. However, little is known about the impact of CSE in institutions of higher education. To synthesise knowledge about the impacts of college-level sexual health courses in the USA, a review of the topic was conducted. A review searching Ebscohost, ProQuest, PubMed, and Google Scholar was undertaken. Following the search, a second coder reviewed the articles to confirm eligibility. 13 articles, published between 2001 and 2020, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. A wide range of outcomes were reported. These included increased health promoting behaviours, less homophobic and judgemental attitudes around sexuality, improved communication and relationships, and increased understanding of sexual violence. College sexual health courses have high potential efficacy to provide CSE and fill gaps in US students' sexual health knowledge. Future research should corroborate the existing outcomes using randomisation and more diverse samples, and examine whether these courses are effective in preventing sexual assault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study examined a group of aspiring teachers who completed a pre-collegiate Grow Your Own (GYO) teacher program. The goals of the GYO program were to recruit and introduce high school students to the teaching profession and facilitate their transition to a teacher education program and eventually back to teaching in their communities. Findings showed that learning foundational knowledge about teaching and engaging in teaching activities in the GYO program provided early opportunities for participants to experience various aspects of being a teacher and begin constructing identities as teachers. Participants also developed an increased awareness of diversity and equity issues related to education in their communities and started accumulating knowledge and strategies as culturally responsive, community-oriented teachers. Mentorship from their teachers further fostered their sense of belonging to the teaching profession and ongoing teacher identity development. Research implications and recommendations for teacher education programs and policy makers to strengthen and sustain GYOs and district-university-community partnerships in teacher preparation were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide in late life is a public health concern. Determining profiles of psychiatric/medical comorbidity in those who attempt while engaged in mental health services may assist with prevention. We identified comorbidity profiles and their association with utilization, means, and fatality in a national sample who attempted suicide. Using latent class analysis, all patients aged ≥ 65 from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare services (2012–2018) last seen in mental health prior to suicide attempt were included. Diagnoses and attempt data were obtained from VA and Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services, VA Suicide Prevention Applications Network, and VA National Mortality Data Repository. 2,269 patients were clustered into three profiles, all with high probability of depression. Profiles included minimal comorbidity (50.4%), high medical comorbidity (28.6%), and high (psychiatric/medical) comorbidity (21.0%). Over half (61.7%) attempted suicide within one week of their visit. The class with highest comorbidity had lowest proportion of fatal attempts, while minimal comorbidity class had highest proportion. Older patients last seen in mental health prior to suicide attempt were characterized by depression and varying additional comorbidity and attempt-related factors. Findings have implications for risk assessment and intervention in mental health settings, beyond depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveParticipantsMethodResultsConclusionsExamine differences over time in use of complementary health approaches (CHA) and dietary supplements among college students.Two samples of undergraduate students (Sample 1, N = 370; Sample 2, N = 482) from a midsized Midwestern university.Using stratified random sampling, at two time points (spring 2008, spring 2019), students were surveyed. Frequency of CHA and supplement use in the past year were assessed and compared across the two time periods.Of the CHAs compared, 53% had changed in frequency of use with only the practice of yoga significantly increasing. As for supplements, 78% changed in their frequency of use with the rate of melatonin being the only significant increase.Although the reported use of many CHAs and supplements appeared to change in the time period between assessments, findings suggest that students still report using several CHA practices and, to a lesser extent, supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic pain and higher body weight frequently co-occur. This common comorbidity is thought to be mediated by the use of comfort eating as a strategy for managing both the physical and psychological pain and discomfort associated with flare-ups of chronic pain. Valid and reliable assessment tools are needed to inform the development of effective treatments. Aims: This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a new brief measure of pain-induced comfort eating in chronic pain, the Pain-Induced Comfort Eating Scale (PICES). Methods: A sample of 166 patients with chronic pain completed an online test battery including the PICES along with measures of chronic pain and pain-related symptoms, disordered eating, and related psychological factors. Results: Results of exploratory factor analysis revealed a single-factor model for the four-item PICES. Further, the PICES demonstrated evidence of good internal consistency as well as convergent validity with demonstrated correlations with related measures. The results of this study also revealed that comfort eating in chronic pain appears to be related to psychological distress; the PICES correlated more strongly with measures assessing mood and psychological distress compared to interference/intensity of physical pain itself. Scores on the PICES also correlated strongly with measures of uncontrolled and emotional eating. Conclusions: Overall, our results indicate that the PICES provides a valid and useful brief measure of comfort eating in chronic pain that might be useful to inform treatments targeting the comorbid disordered eating practices that can lead to higher body weights in patients with chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice (IPECP) Nexus previously reported significant reductions in Emergency Department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, hemoglobin A1c levels, and patient charges. This study examines sustainability of these results over two additional years and replication in two subsequent independent patient cohorts. Participants in the sustainability cohort (N = 276) met ≥1 of the following criteria: (a) ≥3 ED visits in first or second half of the year, (b) hemoglobin A1c level ≥ 9, or (c) Length of Stay, Acuity, Comorbidities, and ER (Emergency Room) Visits (LACE) score ≥ 10. Participants in two replicability cohorts (N = 255) and (N = 160) met the same criteria, but the LACE criterion was changed to ≥3 hospitalizations in baseline years. The Nexus, housed in a family medicine (FM) residency clinic, included professionals and students from multiple disciplines. IPECP skills and interventions included communication, team building, and conflict engagement skills training, daily huddles and pre-visit planning, immediate consultations, small teamlet IPECP interactions, and weekly IPECP case conferences for complex patients. Original health improvements and charge reductions were sustained for two additional years for ED visits, hospitalizations, A1c, and patient charges, and replicated in two additional patient cohorts. The IPECP Nexus interventions were associated with Quadruple Aim outcomes while training the next generation of health care professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High-intensity drinking (HID), or drinking that doubles the binge threshold (i.e., 8+/10+ drinks for women/men), is associated with more negative consequences than binge-only drinking. However, research focusing on HID and factors that may delineate HID from other drinking behaviors is lacking. The present study evaluated if perceived norms for peer drinking behavior (i.e., descriptive norms for alcohol quantity and frequency and injunctive norms) differentiated high-intensity drinkers from other drinker statuses. Further, we evaluated the role of perceived norms on odds of HID engagement and HID frequency. Finally, college status, sex, and underage drinker status were evaluated as moderators of the association between perceived norms and HID status/frequency. Methods: Participants were 623 emerging adult drinkers recruited via Craigslist (68.7% male; 69.0% White). Participants completed an online survey on their drinking behaviors and related social factors. Results: Each domain of perceived norms positively associated with drinker status. Higher perceived norms were associated with greater odds of HID and predicted HID frequency. The association between quantity and frequency descriptive norms and HID engagement was stronger for nonstudents and was only significant for males. Underage drinker status did not moderate associations between perceived norms and HID engagement. Conclusions: Findings provided evidence that perceptions of peer drinking behaviors are strong indicators of HID risk and may be especially useful for identifying high-intensity drinking males and nonstudents. The utility of perceived peer norms to differentiate this group of particularly risky drinkers suggests that social-influence-focused intervention approaches, including norms correction, may be efficacious in targeting HID among emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisexual women are an at-risk population for hazardous drinking. One factor contributing to their risk is binegativity (discrimination from heterosexual and lesbian/gay communities). Research has found a positive association between binegativity and alcohol use, but few studies have explored protective factors (bisexual identity affirmation, connectedness to bisexual community) that may buffer this relationship. Consequently, we examined the impact of bisexual identity and connectedness on the association between binegativity and alcohol use and problems. Participants were 225 self-identified young bisexual women 18 to 30 years old (M = 22.77, SD = 3.45) who reported heavy drinking at least once in the past month. Participants completed an online survey about their experiences of binegativity, alcohol use and problems, bisexual identity, and connectedness to the bisexual community. Results revealed that binegativity was positively associated with connectedness, but not bisexual identity. Binegativity was positively associated with alcohol use and alcohol problems, but moderation analyses revealed that neither identity nor connectedness impacted these associations. Thus, although binegativity was linked to greater alcohol use and problems, bisexual identity and connectedness did not serve as protective factors. It may be that bisexual women who are more "out" have a stronger connection to the bisexual community. However, they may experience greater external stigma within the sexual minoritized community due to their sexual attractions and relationships with both men and women. Future research is needed to identify other protective factors for the bisexual community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic institutional racism in schools engenders different and difficult educational experiences for students of Color. Relatedly, there is an enduring divide between home and school that often influences school curricula, teachers' pedagogies, and students' educational progress. Considering this preclusion to learning, this case study gleans insight from a K-5 urban elementary school that partnered families and educators in an antiracist curriculum collaboration. Utilizing tenets of critical race theory and community cultural wealth, three salient themes emerged: (1) centering family voices and experiences, (2) calling for more antiracist practices and curricula, and (3) moving beyond the racist/not racist binary. We conclude with recommendations for schools engaging in antiracist work with family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an intervention model for military families with young children reintegrating after deployment that aims to strengthen parent-child relationships and improve family outcomes. The Coaching and Parent Emotion Support (CaPES) program integrates emotion and behavioural regulation principles, within an intensive, dyadic, coaching-based delivery format. We outline the application and outcomes of CaPES in two case studies of Australian Defence Force (ADF) families. The results offer preliminary evidence of the efficacy of CaPES in improving parent-child relationship quality, parental mental health and wellbeing, and children's behavioural and emotional outcomes in military families with young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: A 3-month pilot study to evaluate the safety of injecting a bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicle advanced investigational product (IP) into the lumbar facet joint space as a treatment for chronic low back pain. Methods: 20 healthy adults were treated with IP injections (0.5 ml/joint) and evaluated by three functional assessments 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days later. Results: No adverse effects or complications occurred across the 3-month follow-up. There were no reports of worsening pain. After 3 months group average scores improved significantly (p < 0.0001) in the Severity Index (65.04%), Interference Index (72.09%) and Oswestry Disability Index (58.43%) assessments. Conclusion: IP injections were safe and associated with significant functional improvements. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (BM-MSC EV), a novel biologic therapeutic candidate, are a safe and promising therapeutic intervention for patients with lumbar facet joint pain, a malady that manifests as persistent low back pain (LBP). 20 adult subjects with lumbar facet joint pain received a single injection of BM-MSC EV investigational product in the lumbar facet joint space. Follow-up was conducted through in-office and virtual visits that included outcome measures to determine the safety and efficacy of this therapy. By the 3-month end point, follow-up was successful, and no complications or adverse events were noted. Significant improvements in all three assessments of pain and disability occurred throughout the study. The results are promising and suggest that BM-MSC EV may represent a revolutionary treatment option with durable efficacy and minimal safety risks. Randomized, controlled clinical studies into the application of BM-MSC EV in lumbar facet joint pain should be pursued to confirm the potential benefits of this novel intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the lens of behavioral models such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Health Belief Model, the present study (1) investigated U.S. university students' willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and (2) examined predictors (e.g. demographics, past vaccine experience, TPB constructs) of vaccine willingness. University students (n = 170) completed a survey assessing demographics, health behaviors, attitudes, perceived severity/susceptibility, norms, and vaccine intentions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from April 2020 through July 2020. Overall, 56.5% of participants indicated that they would be willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine once it is available, 39.4% were unsure of whether they would receive the vaccine, and 4.1% indicated they would not receive the vaccine. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that greater adherence to CDC guidelines (p =.030) and greater perceived pro-vaccine norms (p <.001) predicted greater vaccine willingness. Results from this study are consistent with previous literature on vaccine hesitancy, whereby normative beliefs and adherence to CDC guidelines were found to be determinants of vaccine willingness. To reduce transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic, interventions aimed at promoting positive attitudes towards vaccination should aim to incorporate these observed determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study explored how COVID-related mental health and well-being varied between undergraduate and graduate students. Relationships with physical health behaviors were also examined. Participants: Undergraduate (n=897) and graduate (n=314) students were recruited from three US universities between mid-April and late-May 2020. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional survey self-reported perceived stress, financial stress, resilience, repetitive negative thinking, mood, anxiety, diet, sleep, and physical activity using validated instruments. Results: Undergraduate students reported more perceived stress, more repetitive negative thinking, less positive mood, and less support from professors than graduate students. Perceived stress, repetitive negative thinking, negative mood, and anxiety increased among all students (p<.05 for all). Correlations between mental health outcomes and physical health behaviors were weak to moderate (r=.08 to .49). Conclusions: College students, particularly undergraduates, perceived negative mental health impacts during COVID. Creative approaches for meeting student needs are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalent conflation between having a sexual interest in children and engaging in sexually abusive behavior contributes greatly to elevated levels of stigma directed at people living with a sexual interest in children. Contemporary quantitative research employing stigma intervention techniques has produced promising results in decreasing stigmatizing attitudes toward this population. This study aims to expand on this research by qualitatively analyzing the impact of two antistigma interventions. Content and thematic analysis were used to examine N = 460 responses to two open-ended questions featured in an anonymous online survey, which explored the cognitive and emotional impact of the interventions, respectively. A total of nine themes were identified. Four themes pertained to positive/supportive views and emotional responses reflecting the challenging of stereotypes, gaining new perspective, personalized reflections, and recognizing the impacts of stigma. Three themes reflected negative views and emotional responses, which concerned minimization and normalization, adverse personal experiences, and disbelief and mistrust. Finally, two themes reflected mixed views and emotional responses, specifically the difficulty in reconciling emotional and cognitive responses. The data indicated that both interventions showed potential to impact participants' viewpoints positively. Findings offer insights into how future research can be designed and interventions can be developed more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assemble and characterize an electronic health record (EHR) dataset for a large cohort of US military Veterans diagnosed with ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis). An EHR dataset for 19,662 Veterans diagnosed with ALS between January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2020 was compiled from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) EHR database by a query for ICD9 diagnosis (335.20) or ICD10 diagnosis (G12.21) for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The cohort is predominantly male (98.94%) and white (72.37%) with a median age at disease onset of 68 years and median survival from the date of diagnosis of 590 days. With the designation of ALS as a compensable illness in 2009, there was a subsequent increase in the number of Veterans diagnosed per year in the VHA, but no change in median survival. The cohort included a greater-than-expected proportion of individuals whose branch of service at the time of separation was the Army. The composition of the cohort reflects the VHA population who are at greatest risk for ALS. The greater than expected proportion of individuals whose branch of service at the time of separation was the Army suggests the possibility of a branch-specific risk factor for ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychologists, based on their training in the science and practice of change, are well-equipped to make vital contributions to combating inequity and embracing social justice at colleges and universities. By examining the oppressive systemic contexts of higher education and reviewing models of change, this article provides psychologists with critical perspectives and practices to ensure a more transformative and anti-racist approach to change. We consider three conceptual models to help move colleges and universities forward, employ evidencebased research and assessment strategies, and apply them at the individual, group, and organizational levels. A Black feminist critique is also utilized to further understanding of the role of resistance, coalition building, and freedom in creating change on campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed fidelity of delivery and participant engagement in the implementation of a community paramedic coach-led Care Transitions Intervention (CTI) program adapted for use following emergency department (ED) visits. The adapted CTI for ED-to-home transitions was implemented at three university-affiliated hospitals in two cities from 2016 to 2019. Participants were aged ≥60 years old and discharged from the ED within 24 hours of arrival. In the current analysis, participants had to have received the CTI. Community paramedic coaches collected data on program delivery and participant characteristics at each transition contact via inventories and assessments. Participants provided commentary on the acceptability of the adapted CTI. Using a multimethod approach, the CTI implementation was assessed quantitatively for site- and coach-level differences. Qualitatively, barriers to implementation and participant satisfaction with the CTI were thematically analyzed. Of the 863 patient participants, 726 (84.1%) completed their home visits. Cancellations were usually patient-generated (94.9%). Most planned follow-up visits were successfully completed (94.6%). Content on the planning for red flags and post-discharge goal setting was discussed with high rates of fidelity overall (95% and greater), while content on outpatient follow-up was lower overall (75%). Differences in service delivery between the two sites existed for the in-person visit and the first phone follow-up, but the differences narrowed as the study progressed. Participants showed a 24.6% increase in patient activation (i.e., behavioral adoption) over the 30-day study period (p < 0.001). Overall, participants reported that the program was beneficial for managing their health, the quality of coaching was high, and that the program should continue. Not all participants felt that they needed the program. Community paramedic coaches reported barriers to CTI delivery due to patient medical problems and difficulties with phone visit coordination. Coaches also noted refusal to communicate or engage with the intervention as an implementation barrier. Community paramedic coaches delivered the adapted CTI with high fidelity across geographically distant sites and successfully facilitated participant engagement, highlighting community paramedics as an effective resource for implementing such patient-centered interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we contend with whether we still need traditional ethics education as part of healthcare professional training given the abilities of chatGPT (generative pre-trained transformer) and other large language models (LLM). We reflect on common programmatic goals to assess the current strengths and limitations of LLMs in helping to build ethics competencies among future clinicians. Through an actual case analysis, we highlight areas in which chatGPT and other LLMs are conducive to common bioethics education goals. We also comment on where such technologies remain an imperfect substitute for human-led ethics teaching and learning. Finally, we conclude that the relative strengths of chatGPT warrant its consideration as a teaching and learning tool in ethics education in ways that account for current limitations and build in flexibility as the technology evolves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secure land tenure is critical in enabling farmers to make productivity-enhancing investments. While substantial research exists on the relationship between property rights and investment, this relationship is complicated in the presence of polygyny and customary law. If households are acting according to theory, we would expect households to make investments in land held under more individualized and secure tenure (non-customary). We test if this pattern holds across household types, namely monogamous vs. polygynous households in Uganda. Using five waves of the Uganda Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA), we measure the effects of parcel tenure on both fertilizer and long-term agricultural investment across different marriage structures. Our results suggest that customary land tenure in monogamous households leads to a decrease in organic and inorganic fertilizer use, and a decrease in the likelihood of erosion prevention and planting perennial crops. Contrary to expectations, polygynous households invest more in fertilizer and fallowing on customary land. Our results suggest that land privatization, without concurrent attention to customary law and marriage structure, could have a deleterious effect on investment incentive mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First-generation immigrants (FGIs) are eager to achieve the American dream and acquire the advantages a bachelor's degree affords. FGIs compared to their second-generation, third-generation and native peers fare better educationally. But, this comparison obscures across racial variation within a single-nativity status. As such, it is important to understand what mechanisms might produce inequality in college access among FGIs. One mechanism may be differences in how schools support students for college-going. The content of support may vary if racial stereotypes affect how support is given. Such variations could be decisive for FGIs' educational trajectories. We find that Latinx and black FGIs are less likely than other FGIs to enroll in bachelor-degree programs. The content of school support is a mechanism that can help partially explain this differential for black FGIs. Our findings indicate that how schools support black FGIs for college-going is different and is likely at least implicitly racially biased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interprofessional education within clinical teaching sites is a key part of training for pre-professional students. However, the necessary characteristics of these interprofessional clinical teaching sites is unclear. We developed a tool, the Interprofessional Education Site Readiness, or InSITE, tool, for individuals at a site to use as a self-assessment of the site's current readiness for providing interprofessional education. The tool progressed through six stages of development, collecting evidence for validity and reliability, resulting in a final tool with 23 questions distributed across five domains. Data from 94 respondents from a variety of national sites were used for the item analysis showing acceptable item-to-total correlations. Internal reliability testing gave a Cronbach's coefficient alpha of more than 0.70 for each group level comparison. Known groups validity testing provides strong evidence for its responsiveness in detecting differences in sites where IPE is implemented. The results of the testing lead us to conclude that the InSITE tool has acceptable psychometric properties. Additionally, we discovered that the process in which the InSITE tool was used demonstrated that it can facilitate learning in practice for the health professionals and can help make implicit, informal workplace learning and the hidden curriculum explicit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Opioid use disorder (OUD) continues to be major public health problem in the US and innovative medication strategies are needed. The extended-release injectable formulation of naltrexone (ER-NTX), an opioid receptor antagonist, is an effective treatment for OUD, but the need for an opioid-free period during the induction phase of treatment is a barrier to treatment success, particularly in the outpatient setting. Lofexidine, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, is an effective treatment for opioid withdrawal. Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of lofexidine for facilitating induction onto ER-NTX in the management of OUD. Methods: In an open-label, uncontrolled, 10-week outpatient clinical trial, 20 adults (four women) with OUD were treated with a fixed-flexible dosing strategy (maximum 0.54 mg 4×/daily) of lofexidine for up to 10 days to manage opioid withdrawal prior to receiving ER-NTX. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a modification of the study methods after enrolling 10 participants who attended all visits in person. The second group of 10 participants attended most induction period visits remotely. Results: Overall, 10 of the 20 participants (50%) achieved the primary outcome by receiving the first ER-NTX injection. Rates of induction success did not differ by the presence of fentanyl or remote visit attendance, although the small sample size provided limited statistical power. Six out of 20 participants (30%) initiated on lofexidine required dose adjustments. There were no study-related serious adverse events. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility of inducting individuals with OUD onto ER-NTX using lofexidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental acceptance and rejection have been found to impact transgender and gender-expansive (TGE) youth well-being; however, these constructs have typically been studied within a binary framework. Emerging research indicates that acceptance and rejection are not mutually exclusive experiences, and in fact, many TGE youth are in family environments characterized by ambivalent, inconsistent, or ambiguous support from parents. The current study adds to this literature by exploring types of parental ambivalence that Latinx and Asian American TGE youth experience and the coping processes they use in response to ambivalence. Participants included 12 Latinx and Asian American TGE youth (14 – 25 years). Data were collected via semi-structured interviews. Emergent themes related to parental ambivalent support included: (1) situationally dependent use of pronouns; (2) lack of support for gender-affirming healthcare; and (3) provision of unreliable support. Youth coping included: (1) avoidance, (2) acceptance, (3) employing active internal coping strategies, and (4) employing active external coping strategies. Findings contribute to growing evidence that accentuates the need to move beyond the family acceptance – rejection framework binary and understand that acceptance and rejection often co-occur in the lives of Latinx and Asian American TGE youth. Implications for practitioners, researchers, and families are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluate the conceptual framework that age effects on the electrophysiological binaural masking level difference (MLD) are partially mediated by age-related hearing loss and/or global cognitive function via mediation analysis. Participants underwent a series of audiometric tests. The MLD was measured via cortical auditory evoked potentials using a speech stimulus (/ɑ/) in speech-weighted background noise. We used mediation analyses to determine the total effect, natural direct effects, and natural indirect effects, which are displayed as regression coefficients ([95% CI]; p value). Twenty-eight individuals aged 19–87 years (mean [SD]: 53.3 [25.2]), recruited from the community. Older age had a significant total effect on the MLD (-0.69 [95% CI: −0.96, −0.45]; p < 0.01). Neither pure tone average (-0.11 [95% CI: −0.43, 0.24; p = 0.54] nor global cognitive function (-0.02 [95% CI: −0.13, 0.02]; p = 0.55) mediated the relationship of age and the MLD and effect sizes were small. Results were insensitive to use of alternative hearing measures or inclusion of interaction terms. The electrophysiological MLD may be an age-sensitive measure of binaural temporal processing that is minimally affected by age-related hearing loss and global cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revised Eating Disorder Core Beliefs Questionnaire (ED-CBQ-R) is a 15-item self-report questionnaire which assesses the endorsement of underlying core beliefs relevant to eating disorders. As this measure has not yet been validated in a secondary sample since its development, the current study aimed to evaluate the factor structure, validity, reliability and discriminative ability of the ED-CBQ-R in a sample of Australian men and women. Undergraduate students (N = 283) completed an online test battery of questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analyses and linear regression analyses were performed, and group differences, internal consistency, and construct validity of the ED-CBQ-R examined. Results of the CFA suggested acceptable to good model fit to the observed data in the current non-clinical sample. The total measure and its four subscales displayed acceptable to good internal consistency and good convergent and divergent validity. Females (n = 148) had significantly higher negative core beliefs across all subscales compared to males (n = 134). A subgroup of participants with self-reported eating disorder symptomatology (n = 62) had higher scores on the total ED-CBQ-R, Self-loathing, Demanding, Unassertive and Abandoned subscales, compared to the subgroup of participants without self-reported eating disorder symptoms (n = 221). Our findings suggest the ED-CBQ-R has strong psychometric properties and the potential to be a theoretically and clinically useful assessment tool in Australian samples. However, the ED-CBQ-R requires further investigation in clinical eating disorder samples before recommendations for its clinical utility can be fully supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale festival events run by the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community that are part of larger urban festivals like Mardi Gras are often pulled in two conflicting directions. There is pressure on these events to be inclusive collective parties that support heterosexual attendees. Also, LGBTQ events are an important site for developing community cohesiveness and solidarity, which may be hampered by too much heterosexual attendance. This article analyzes the tensions between these two (at times) conflicting aims during small-scale LGBTQ festival events in Mobile, Alabama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to understand the risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or learning disability (LD) after childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a population-based birth cohort. Cases of TBI for children from birth to 10 years were confirmed and stratified by severity of injury. For each TBI case, two age-matched and sex-matched referents without TBI were identified from the same birth cohort. Presence of ADHD and LD before age 19 were confirmed using medical and/or school records. Associations between TBI exposure and subsequent ADHD or LD were assessed in multivariable Cox regression models, adjusting for maternal age, education, and race. The incidence rate of TBI before age 10 was 1,156 per 100,000 person-years. Children who had a TBI before age 10 were more likely to have met the research criteria for ADHD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.68; 95% CI, 1.15–2.45) or LD (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.00–1.68) by age 19. No statistically significant associations were shown between TBI and ADHD or LD when restricted to definite and probable TBI cases (consistent with moderate to severe and mild TBI, respectively) and their referents. Significant associations were shown when the analysis was confined to possible TBI cases (consistent with concussive TBI) and their referents (ADHD: HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.31–3.20; and LD: HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.05–1.91). Increased risk for developing ADHD and LD by adulthood was shown particularly for children with the least-severe injuries, indicating that factors other than trauma-related altered brain function likely contribute to this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on deep brain stimulation (DBS) and adaptive DBS (aDBS) raises concerns that these technologies may affect personality, mood, and behavior. We conducted semi-structured interviews with researchers (n = 23) involved in developing next-generation DBS systems, exploring their perspectives on ethics and policy topics including whether DBS/aDBS can cause such changes. The majority of researchers reported being aware of personality, mood, or behavioral (PMB) changes in recipients of DBS/aDBS. Researchers offered varying estimates of the frequency of PMB changes. A smaller majority reported changes in personality specifically. Some expressed reservations about the scientific status of the term 'personality,' while others used it freely. Most researchers discussed negative PMB changes, but a majority said that DBS/aDBS can also result in positive changes. Several researchers viewed positive PMB changes as part of the therapeutic goal in psychiatric applications of DBS/aDBS. Finally, several discussed potential causes of PMB changes other than the device itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate elephant welfare, it is important to understand their use of time both during day and night. The length of social relationships can influence how much time they spend in different activities. We assessed daytime and nighttime activity budgets of male Asian elephants at Denver Zoo and examined how length of relationships influenced nighttime behavior. Using scan sampling we investigated activity budget and proximity to a conspecific, and used General Estimating Equations to compare them across day and night and across new and established dyads at night. During daytime, elephants spent significantly more time exhibiting affiliative and agonistic behaviors, and in proximity to a conspecific, and less time resting, compared to night. Overnight, the odds of resting were significantly lower in new social dyads compared to established dyads, and new dyads spent more time exhibiting agonistic behavior and in proximity to a conspecific compared to established dyads. Our study suggests that male elephants at Denver Zoo have developed strong relationships and highlights the importance of systematically observing elephants overnight so that managers make decisions that improve animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how parents' mental health symptoms, emotion regulation and mindfulness relate to parent–child reminiscing conversations about past emotional events. Fifty-four children aged 8–12 years and their parents were recruited from a child psychology clinic (n = 28) and local schools (n = 26). Dyad's reminiscing conversations were recorded, transcribed, and coded for elaboration style, emotion content and emotion closure. Child language ability and mental health symptoms were measured, as was parent mindfulness, emotion regulation and mental health symptoms. Mindfulness acting with awareness was a unique predictor of dyad emotion closure. Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were not directly related to elaborative reminiscing, however, moderation by clinical status revealed a negative relationship for the community children only. These findings suggest a more complex relationship at play between parent and child mental health in reminiscing within clinical populations. Implications of these findings for a growing body of reminiscing interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual health is critical to overall well-being, yet it is challenging and uncomfortable to discuss. Individuals frequently encounter uncertainty about their sexual health as they experience bodily changes, navigate romantic or sexual relationships, and explore their identities. In this study, we called on uncertainty management theory to guide an investigation of sexual health uncertainty. Specifically, we asked how people use social support to manage their sexual health uncertainty in online forums. Grounded theory analyses revealed that negative emotions, avoidance, and pursuing medical care prompted people to seek emotional and informational support online, and support served three functions: integrating information, assessing risk, and strategizing communication. The results point to stigma as a driving force in sexual health discussions online and imply practical recommendations for sexual education, communication about sexual topics, and patient-provider relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male associations are a typical component of elephant society, allowing bulls to practice appropriate social behavior. To improve zoo elephant welfare, it is important to provide bulls with social opportunities. In fall 2018, Denver Zoo added two bull Asian elephants to its existing all-male group of three bulls, offering the opportunity to conduct a systematic behavioral study of the integration of the new bulls into the resident group. We recorded aggressive and affiliative behaviors before, during, and after the introduction of the new males. The proportion of aggressive behavior was significantly higher during the five-month introduction period compared to before their introduction. By the end of the study period, the elephants engaged in significantly more affiliative behavior and less aggressive behavior than during the introduction period, suggesting they had formed a new stable social dynamic. These results suggest group compatibility and positive elephant welfare resulting from housing male elephants together and can be used to inform management plans for bull elephants that prioritize their welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study tested a mediation model of psychological functioning (i.e., perceived stress, psychological distress, and self-regulation) and risky drinking through a drinking to cope pathway comparing college and noncollege young adults. Participants were 623 young adult drinkers (Mage=21.46) who completed an online survey. Multigroup analyses examined the proposed mediation model for college students and nonstudents. For nonstudents, the indirect effects of psychological distress to alcohol use outcomes (i.e. alcohol quantity, binge drinking frequency, and alcohol-related problems) via coping motives were significant. Further, coping motives significantly mediated the positive effects of self-regulation on alcohol quantity, binge drinking frequency, and alcohol-related problems. For students, greater psychological distress was associated with greater coping motives, which in turn, related to greater alcohol-related problems. Coping motives significantly mediated the positive effect of self-regulation on binge drinking frequency. Findings highlight the different pathways that may result in risky drinking and alcohol problems based on young adult's educational attainment. These results have important clinical implications, particularly for those who have not attended college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]