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Algae-derived protein has immense potential to provide high-quality protein foods for the expanding human population. To meet its potential, a broad range of scientific tools are required to identify optimal algal strains from the hundreds of thousands available and identify ideal growing conditions for strains that produce high-quality protein with functional benefits. A research pipeline that includes proteomics can provide a deeper interpretation of microalgal composition and biochemistry in the pursuit of these goals. To date, proteomic investigations have largely focused on pathways that involve lipid production in selected microalgae species. Herein, we report the current state of microalgal proteome measurement and discuss promising approaches for the development of protein-containing food products derived from algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authentic assessments in higher education typically imply the replication of real-world tasks. Psychological authenticity is the perceived alignment between an individual’s internal reference sources (i.e. personal values and beliefs) and their actions. Applying psychological authenticity logic to assessment tasks, we investigated students’ perceptions of scaffolded first-year assessment tasks on their health behaviour. In particular, we explored the meaning and value students associated with these tasks. One hundred students (86 female) completed an online open-text survey. Following our thematic analysis of the data, we constructed two higher-order themes. First, ‘the assessments were the catalyst for enabling self-reflection’ exemplified the opportunity students were afforded to reflect upon their current health behaviour. Second, ‘most changed for the better, but some stayed the same’ captured the dichotomy of student perceptions in completing the assessment tasks. Collectively, our findings offer new insights into authenticity in higher education assessment practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Telehealth can extend the reach of specialist palliative care providers to ensure that patients can access specialist services closer to home. Aim: To examine the cost and consequences of the Specialist Palliative Rural Telehealth (SPaRTa) service compared to the traditional non-specialist general practice-based services for people requiring palliative care. Design: The costs and outcomes for SPaRTa were compared using cost-consequence analysis principles, with a focus on net benefit and return on investment. Costs were estimated from the perspective of the health service provider for the 2020/2021 financial year, and cost-offsets associated with change in location of death and change in hospital transfers. Setting/participants: Patients of the SPaRTa in Queensland Australia. Results: During study period 5472 consultations were conducted from four major metropolitan hub sites to regional, rural, and remote areas at a total cost of $4 426 644. When remuneration for consultations, change to location of death and reduction in ambulance transfers were taken into account, the net-benefit to the state health system was $1 244 060, giving a return on investment of $1.28 for every dollar spent. SPaRTa complimented existing local care services, and enabled access to specialist care into the home. Conclusions: SPaRTa resulted in potential cost savings for the health service by enabling more convenient access to palliative care services outside of hospital settings. Decisions regarding funding for telepalliative care should consider not only the costs, but also the potential benefits to both the service providers, and the patients and families receiving this care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac inherited diseases can have considerable psychosocial effects, including lifestyle limitations, anxiety and depression. Most research to date on patient experiences of CID has been conducted with people from Western cultures, yet culture can shape patient views and experiences of health. The aim of this research was to explore the experiences and perspectives of Māori and Pasifika living with a cardiac inherited disease (CID). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 Māori and 14 Pasifika patients living with a cardiac inherited disease and seven of their family members, using Talanoa and Kaupapa Māori methodologies. Themes from the interviews were identified using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three common themes were identified as important in shaping participants' perceptions and experiences of CID: (1) difficulty in understanding the disease as separate from symptoms, (2) considering ancestors and future generations and (3) the role of spirituality and religion. This study highlights a gap between indigenous patients' understanding of CID and the western biomedical approach. Patients' understanding and treatment behaviours depend on symptoms, familial ties and spirituality. The findings support the need for transparency and culturally appropriate practices in healthcare. Considering these aspects may help to reduce health inequities for these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of the commodification of the public good and its impacts. It discusses how public services, such as healthcare, have shifted from being centrally-funded and managed to being commissioned and traded. The article examines the philosophical, economic, social, and political drivers of commodification and its empirical manifestations. It also highlights the impacts of commodification on service content, outcomes, and the relationships between commissioners, providers, and users of services. The article concludes that while commodification may enhance awareness of what is being bought, it can also disadvantage those who cannot exploit its mechanisms. [Extracted from the article]

To review the decision-making paradigm in the recommendations of BCI and aMEI overlapping candidacy for patients with conductive or mixed HL, and to determine if there are differences in hearing and quality of life outcomes between these implantable hearing devices. Retrospective data from patients receiving BCI or aMEI in the past decade were analysed. Patients were grouped into: 1. BCI candidates, 2. BCI or aMEI candidates, and 3. aMEI candidates. We compared outcomes and examined the impact of BC threshold, age at implantation, and duration of hearing loss on candidacy. 89 participants were included: 30 BCI, 37 aMEI, and 22 BCI or aMEI candidates. All groups performed similarly in aided sound field threshold testing. BCI group had lower speech scores in quiet compared to 'BCI or aMEI.' No significant differences were found in APHAB global scores. BC threshold, duration of hearing loss, and age at implantation had no significant effects. Outcomes were generally similar across groups, except for higher effective gain in the aMEI group. Our proposed patient pathway and decision-making approach facilitate candidate selection for aMEI and BCI, aiming to optimise outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy and academic achievement can have a mutual influence over one another. While empirical research generally supports this position, little focus has been given to within- and between-person factors that may moderate this relationship. The present study explored how initial performance and task difficulty impact learners' performance and self-efficacy trajectory over subsequent tasks. A diverse university sample of 261 students; 118 females aged 18–67 and 143 males, aged 18–64, was used. Significant positive pathways were found in the achievement-self-efficacy direction, but not for pathways in the self-efficacy-performance direction, failing to support the reciprocal hypothesis. Repeated measures ANOVA also revealed a moderating influence of initial task performance on the interaction between task difficulty and achievement over time. The findings highlight the importance of enhancing academic performance through scaffolded mastery, particularly for those with initial low performance outcomes, to build self-efficacy for learnt skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating measurable ecological accounting units has become a point of emphasis in valuing ecosystem services. Understanding which ecological endpoints, which emanate from biophysical production functions, are important to individuals could help to create measurable ecological accounting units. Using two semi-arid riparian ecosystems we create a suite of ecological endpoints and using benefits transfer techniques compare their ability to be transferred to similar riparian ecosystems. If clearly defined, ecological accounting units can be developed for ecosystem services. This could lead to ecosystem services being properly incorporated into benefit cost analyses that maximize economic product of both market and non-market goods and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expert performance across a range of domains is underpinned by superior perceptual-cognitive skills. Over the last five decades, researchers have provided evidence that experts can identify and interpret opponent kinematics more effectively than their less experienced counterparts. More recently, researchers have demonstrated that experts also use non-kinematic information, in this paper termed contextual priors, to inform their predictive judgments. While the body of literature in this area continues to grow exponentially, researchers have yet to develop an overarching theoretical framework that can predict and explain anticipatory behaviour and provide empirically testable hypotheses to guide future work. In this paper, we propose that researchers interested in anticipation in sport could adopt a Bayesian model for probabilistic inference as an overarching framework. We argue that athletes employ Bayesian reliability-based strategies in order to integrate contextual priors with evolving kinematic information during anticipation. We offer an insight into Bayesian theory and demonstrate how contemporary literature in sport psychology fits within this framework. We hope that the paper encourages researchers to engage with the Bayesian literature in order to provide greater insight into expert athletes' assimilation of various sources of information when anticipating the actions of others in complex and dynamic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These outcomes are only possible because of the particular strengths of lifecourse longitudinal studies, highlighting why long-term investment in longitudinal studies is vital; it gives researchers the power to determine how and why problems occur. Together, these studies highlight the potential that we have as a community of longitudinal researchers to work collaboratively to markedly improve health and wellbeing outcomes for the New Zealand population. Appropriately designed, and with a suitable population cohort that is both recruited and retained to preserve study power, such studies can provide information about choice, churn, and change over time at an individual level; other study designs cannot do this. [Extracted from the article]

In Australia participation rate in Advance Care Directives is 14%, and research is limited on Advance Care Planning (ACP) invitations and uptake among the patients with advanced cancer (PwAC). This study identifies the prevalence and types of documented ACP discussions in PwAC who died within two or four weeks of receiving chemotherapy. A retrospective audit was conducted. Statistical analysis was calculated in SPSS. Difference in ACP invitation and utilization between three groups [control, <2-weeks, and –4 weeks] was measured by Kruskal–Wallis and Chi-square (or Fisher-Exact) tests. Post-hoc follow-up pair-wise comparisons were performed. Adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using two logistic regression models. This study was conducted in XXX Coast University Hospital, Australia. The records of 339 patients were examined and 320 patients were found eligible. Of the 320 PwAC [male: 55%; median age: 65 years], 227 (71%) received ACP invitation, and among the invited patients, 89% used Acute Resuscitation Plan; 54% used Enduring Power-of-Attorney; and 20% completed Advance Health Directives. From 7.5% [n = 24] of the patients who received chemotherapy in their last 2-weeks of life, 42% had not received an ACP invitation, 29% didn't have Acute Resuscitation Plan and only 4% completed Advance Health Directives. There were significant differences among Control, <2-weeks, and 2–4 weeks groups in completing Acute Resuscitation Plan (P = 0.003) and Advance Health Directives (P = 0.045). A significant difference was also observed between control and <2-weeks groups in number of days since Acute Resuscitation Plan used. Completing an Acute Resuscitation Plan was associated with a lower risk of dying within two-weeks of chemotherapy (OR = 0.246; P = 0.008). Low rates of ACP invitation and use in PwAC, especially who received chemotherapy in 2-weeks of dying confirm a need for embedding and regularly revisiting ACP framework in cancer care and educating staff, patients, and their family caregivers to increase uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal location to conduct telehealth consultations for rural Australian palliative patients was unclear prior to starting a novel palliative telehealth service in Queensland. The present study sought to collect data which may suggest the best location for such consultations so that future service provision can be planned accordingly. A retrospective review of the referral patterns and demographic data between March 2020 and November 2020 was undertaken with a focus on the number of referrals, location of consultations, and the source of referrals. 153 referrals resulted in 526 unique consultations. All referrals in the first month came from the local public hospital. After 4 months, public hospital referrals and private family doctor referrals accounted for 30% and 50% respectively. The proportion of telehealth consultations delivered in the patient's home increased throughout the eight-month period. There was no obvious relationship between referral source and consultation location. The patient's home was the preferred location for all specialist telehealth care and patient preference was the main determinant of consult location. Further research should involve qualitative analysis of these factors to optimize the delivery of this service and the design of other similar services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online help-seeking refers to a learner's willingness to seek help in online learning environments. Counterintuitively, studies of help-seeking have found mixed results for the relationship between help-seeking and academic achievement. We hypothesized that these mixed findings might, in part, be accounted for by the confidence level of the learner. Utilizing a sample of 321 online university students (M = 32.78 years; SD = 9.53), we explored the moderating effect of self-efficacy in the help-seeking–academic achievement relationship. Aligned with the vulnerability hypothesis, when online learners were confident, they engaged in help-seeking more often than learners with low confidence. Importantly, however, when online learners were unconfident, we found that help-seeking behaviors were positively associated with academic success. Confident learners did not appear to gain any academic performance benefit from using help-seeking strategies. Our study highlights help-seeking's potential importance in improving academic success for our least confident learners, with no impact on confident learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of random and block practice, with errorless and errorful conditions, on motor learning. One hundred-twenty participants (all male, Mage = 21.19 ± 1.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of eight groups. Participants completed a dart throwing task across the experimental phases. In the retention test, evidence supporting the CI effect was found in the 'errorless' conditions, but not in the 'errorful' conditions. In the transfer tests, the findings indicated that the impact of errorless and errorful conditions on participants' automation levels depends on the structure of practice. Participants in the Random-Errorless group performed better in the transfer tests than those in the Random group and the Random-Errorful group, suggesting greater automation levels following errorless practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aging global population and preference for aging-in-place pose the opportunity for home-based robots to assist older adults with their daily routines. However, there is limited research into the experiences of older adults using robots in their own homes. In this descriptive qualitative feasibility study, older self-supporting and community-dwelling adults with various age-related health needs used Bomy, a dailycare robot in their homes for up to one week. The study explored the usefulness of the robot and participants' perceptions and experiences of using it. Bomy reminded them of daily activities and delivered cognitive stimulation games. Semi-structured in-person interviews were conducted, and data were analyzed thematically. Findings revealed an acceptance toward robots and the value of assistive dailycare robots. Participants perceived Bomy as a companion and made suggestions for improvement, including resolving technical issues associated with long-term use. Future functions should be personalizable, to accommodate each user's health needs and could also include smoke detection and reading aloud functions. Dailycare robots show promising potential in elderly care, especially in providing reminders for medication, health and wellbeing. This study highlights the importance of co-design and testing robotics in the environments for which they have been developed. Widespread implementation of Bomy might be feasible in the future, with some further adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite feedback being considered important to learning, its potential is rarely fully realised. Promoting learning through feedback in open-ended written tasks (e.g. essays and reports) is a complex endeavour that requires students who are motivated to identify and utilise appropriate information. We set out to understand the mechanisms that enable feedback interventions to work, for whom and in what contexts. Using a realist review research methodology, 19,065 papers mentioning feedback in undergraduate courses were screened, 375 full-text papers were assessed for rigour and relevance, resulting in 58 papers for analysis. Self-determination theory was identified as a good fit for understanding what is required of feedback interventions to mobilise students to engage with the process. Findings indicate that the design of feedback processes in open-ended tasks needs to afford opportunities for students to have a sense of relatedness to their teacher, and perceptions of competence and autonomy. In addition, the role of emotion in mediating perceptions of competence needs to be considered. This review supports the use of feedback designs which include scaffolded tasks, dialogue, action plans and sequenced tasks. These designs promote students' perceptions of relatedness, competence and autonomy, leading to motivation to engage in feedback, and thus improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral health in Aotearoa New Zealand has improved in the last seven decades, but improvements among young children have stagnated in the last two. Four out of ten 5-year-olds are affected by caries and many pre-schoolers require dental treatment under general anaesthesia. We analysed data from two longitudinal studies, the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study and the Christchurch Health and Development Study. We compared their methods, cohort characteristics and childhood oral health findings and discuss their implications for policy, research, and practice. Age 5 dmft was obtained in the Dunedin Study from clinical examinations, and from School Dental Service records in the Christchurch Study. Findings were consistent with respect to childhood socioeconomic status, exposure to community water fluoridation, and maternal education. Despite overall improvements, caries rates remain relatively unchanged: dmft in these cohorts, measured in the 1970s–1980s, resemble New Zealand's statistics for 5-year-olds in the 2000s. Notwithstanding the steep caries decline observed over the years, the caries distribution has shifted, whereby the greatest severity of disease is now concentrated among a smaller group of the most deprived children. Early childhood caries appears to be a useful indicator of deprivation that should inform interventions for those in greatest need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been little previous research within mental health services exploring changes in drinking behavior among older people during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study compared alcohol use and risky drinking both before and after lockdown in this age group. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to identify risky drinking in people aged between 55 and 74, in a sample of 366 people. One hundred and eighty-five people were referred before and one hundred and eighty-one people after lockdown in the UK. Compared with before lockdown, it was more likely for older people referred after lockdown to be female, have less severe cognitive impairment, and to show other features of alcohol-related harm such as morning drinking and feeling guilt or remorse over their drinking. These findings have implications for both access to services and service provision in older people who experience restrictions on their independence during a pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact tracing for infectious diseases can be partially automated using mobile applications. However, the success of these tools is dependent on significant uptake and frequent use by the public. This study explored the barriers and facilitators to the New Zealand (NZ) general public's use of the COVID-19 contact NZ COVID Tracer app. Adults (≥18 years, N = 373) in NZ. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered from a nation-wide online survey. App use and frequency of use were presented as descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. 31% reported using the app frequently, 24% used it sometimes, 21% had installed but not used it, and 24% had not installed it. Barriers to use include technical issues, privacy and security concerns, forgetfulness and a lack of support from businesses. The perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, government recommendations and communications, and the importance of contact tracing facilitated use. Technical, user, business, and government factors influenced the public's use of a COVID-19 contact tracing app. The development of apps requiring minimal user effort and initial user testing may improve uptake. Enabling environments and better risk communication may improve uptake of similar community-driven contact tracing apps during future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media represents a discursive site with actors trying to influence the discourse on a particular subject. The paper delves into an exploratory analysis of the policy discourse around climate change in India during the 2015 Paris Agreement by tapping into the data from the print media. Employing Discourse Network Analysis (DNA) and drawing theoretical insights from the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), the paper aims to highlight the dominant policy beliefs and the prominent actors in the Indian climate policy sphere. The findings exhibit a firm agreement on the scientific reality of climate change, along with a continued emphasis on the historical responsibility of the developed countries. The transition to renewable energy is widely accepted, but coal phase-out and sustenance of nuclear power is a contentious issue. The study uncovers a consistent belief system underlying the climate change discourse in India and the challenges in the path towards future energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of the junior sport competition environment plays a critical role in attracting and retaining children as life-long participants. Critically, however, the guidelines governing the design of junior sport are rarely scrutinized. With this in mind, our aim is to offer sports authorities a method to systematically assess the suitability of guidelines. The most popular junior ball sport competitions in Australia were assessed in relation to the scaling of task constraints and compared to children's corresponding physical maturation and/or performance measures. This assessment enabled the calculation of pi ratios, which were then used to categorise constraints as either (1) undersized, (2) appropriately sized or (3) oversized. Results revealed that most sports' ask children to play in oversized conditions, particularly in the under 9 to under 12 age groups and in boys' competitions. The task constraints that had the highest percentage of pi ratios appropriately sized were match duration and goal size. Comparatively, ball size and field length had the highest percentage of pi ratios classified as oversized. We contend that the systematic approach applied in this article should be used by sports authorities to understand the extent of scaling constraints in junior sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Energy Engineering X-ray Scattering (HEX) beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) is focused on advancing clean energy technologies and energy storage solutions. It allows for in-situ studies of materials under real operating or manufacturing conditions, including batteries, fuel cells, and engineering assemblies. The beamline utilizes a superconducting multipole wiggler to create X-rays with a continuous energy spectrum, and a double crystal monochromator to deliver a monochromatic beam. Experimental techniques include imaging, tomography, and diffraction. HEX is currently undergoing commissioning and will be available for use in early 2024. [Extracted from the article]

Bent Laue monochromator HEX is designed with a high-energy non-focusing X-ray monochromator for full-field imaging. The following design ideas apply to the imaging monochromator: The HEX center branch, which the monochromator serves, is white-beam compatible. The monochromator is located in the first optical enclosure with the following parameters: source to monochromator distance is 31 m; monochromator to sample distance is 73 m. Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (DEI) or Analyzer Based Imaging (ABI) uses a perfect crystal monochromator and matching analyzer to achieve sensitivity to X-ray refraction and ultra small-angle scattering on the order of 0.01 micro-radians. [Extracted from the article]

Constructed landscapes are composed of diverse communities, representing different social strata and perspectives of a place. In turn, the risks associated with inhabiting unpredictable environments are disproportionately felt across urban and rural landscapes. The mitigation and management of risks often fall on farming and smallholder communities, influencing decentralized strategies. These themes are explored in an archaeological context surrounding the confluence of the Upper Usumacinta and Lacantún Rivers in the neotropical Maya lowlands of Chiapas, Mexico. LiDAR data collected recently with the GatorEye unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) and NASA's GLiHT system have aided in the mapping of the archaeological urban centre of Benemérito de las Américas, Primera Sección and the surrounding landscape. These data have revealed coupled settlement with land management, in the form of wetland fields, reservoirs, and riverways, emphasizing the interconnectivity of household practice and land use in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the psychological experiences of individuals being investigated for cardiac inherited diseases (CID). This study aimed to assess the prevalence, trajectory and associated variables of anxiety and depression in this population. This was a longitudinal study with 116 individuals being investigated for a CID; 85 (73%) completed follow-up. Questionnaires were administered at the first appointment, post-disclosure of genetic results, and six-months later. Questionnaires measured demographic and psychological variables. The NZCID Registry provided clinical and genetic information. Thirty-seven (43%) individuals reported clinical and subclinical levels of anxiety and/or depression at least once. Anxiety and depression at follow up were associated with anxiety (p <.001) and depression (p <.001) at baseline. Elevated anxiety and depression scores at any point were also associated with more reporting of somatic symptoms (p <.001), poorer social support (p <.01) and greater intolerance for uncertainty (p <.001). There were five different trajectories of anxiety and depression: stable-low, stable-high, increasing, decreasing and fluctuating. A significant minority of individuals being investigated for a CID experience anxiety and depression. Ongoing screening for anxiety, depression, social support and somatic symptoms could help identify those individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second part of this special issue we will bring further editorial commentary from prominent researchers in longitudinal research on the findings and future of longitudinal research in Aotearoa New Zealand. Three of these are reports from investigators with the I Growing up in New Zealand i Study, our largest longitudinal study of child development. A second report from I Growing Up in New Zealand, i by Atatoa Carr et al I . i , tackles the challenge of understanding the self-identification of ethnicity in Aotearoa New Zealand. [Extracted from the article]

This study examined the impact of combining physical and mental load on the anticipatory judgements of skilled soccer players. Sixteen players completed an 11vs11 video anticipation test in four counterbalanced conditions, each separated by 7 days. The baseline condition consisted of only the anticipation test. A physical load condition required participants to complete a simulated soccer protocol on a treadmill followed by the anticipation test. A mental load condition required participants to complete a 30-min Stroop test followed by the anticipation test. Finally, in the combined load condition, participants completed the physical load protocol alongside the mentally loading Stroop task followed by the anticipation test. Response accuracy, visual search behaviour and measures of effort were assessed throughout. Response accuracy decreased in the separate physical load and mental load conditions when compared to baseline and worsened further in the combined load condition. The reduction in response accuracy across experimental conditions coincided with an increase in the number of fixations when compared to the baseline condition. It is suggested that the separate sources of load impaired the players ability to allocate sufficient resources to task-relevant information leading to a reduction in anticipatory accuracy, and this was exacerbated in the combined load condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Impact of COVID-19 Social Distancing on the Quality of Dying. Topics discussed include the pandemic social workers continue to be involved in psychosocial support and advocacy activities on behalf of patients and families; and their competence in organizing family conferencing can greatly assist in ensuring clear two-way communication and support as well as leading advance care planning discussions.

We examined the interaction between explicit contextual priors and kinematic information during anticipation in soccer. We employed a video-based anticipation task where skilled soccer players had to predict the direction of the imminent actions of an attacking opponent in possession of the ball. The players performed the task both with and without explicit contextual priors pertaining to the opponent's action tendencies. The strength of the opponent's action tendencies was altered in order to manipulate the reliability of contextual priors (low vs. high). Moreover, the reliability of kinematic information (low vs. high) was manipulated using the temporal occlusion paradigm. The explicit provision of contextual priors biased anticipation towards the most likely direction, given the opponent's action tendencies, and resulted in enhanced performance. This effect was greater under conditions where the reliability of kinematic information was low rather than high. When the reliability of kinematic information was high, the players used explicit contextual priors of high, but not low, reliability to inform their judgements. Findings suggest that athletes employ reliability-based strategies when integrating contextual priors with kinematic information during anticipation. The impact of explicit contextual priors is dependent on the reliability both of the priors and the evolving kinematic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the associations between illness perceptions, God locus of health control (GLHC) beliefs, and self-care behaviours in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 115 adults with T2D in a Saudi Arabian diabetes clinic. Illness perceptions, GLHC beliefs, and self-care behaviours were assessed using the Arabic versions of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, God Locus of Health Control, and Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities. Logistic and linear regressions were conducted. Results: Greater perceptions of personal control (OR = 2.07, p =.045) and diet effectiveness (OR = 2.73, p =.037) were associated with higher odds of adhering to general diet. Greater perceptions of diet effectiveness (β = 0.27, p =.034) and better understanding of T2D (β = 0.54, p <.001) were significant independent predictors of fruit and vegetables intake and exercise respectively. Patients with lower GLHC beliefs (OR = 4.40, p =.004) had higher odds of adhering to foot care than those with higher GLHC beliefs. Illness perceptions and GLHC beliefs did not predict adherence to a low-fat diet, self-monitoring of blood glucose, or not smoking. Conclusion: Greater perceptions of personal control, coherence, diet effectiveness, and lower GLHC beliefs were associated with higher adherence to self-care behaviours in Saudi patients with T2D. Interventions designed to promote self-care behaviours in Saudi patients with T2D could focus on addressing these perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the greatest casualty-care improvements resulting from US military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan has been the reduction of preventable death from massive extremity hemorrhage – largely due to the widespread use of limb tourniquets. More recently, tourniquet use in civilian, prehospital settings has shown promise in reducing deaths in cases of catastrophic arterial limb hemorrhage. Telephone instructions by trained emergency medical dispatchers (EMDs) on applying an available tourniquet may help achieve such a benefit. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine whether layperson callers can effectively stop simulated bleeding using an improvised or a commercial tourniquet, when provided with scripted instructions via phone from a trained protocol-aided EMD. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized trial involving layperson volunteers, done at four locations in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Volunteers were assigned randomly to three groups: one for each of two commonly available commercial tourniquets and one for an improvised tourniquet. Results: A total of 246 subjects participated in the study at the four locations between February 11, 2019 and June 22, 2019. The overall median time for all trials (i.e., elapsed time from the start to the end of the simulation) was 3 minutes and 19 seconds. Median time to stop the bleeding (i.e., elapsed time from the start of the simulation to the time the participant was able to successfully stop the bleeding) was 2 minutes and 57 seconds. Median tourniquet pressure was 256 mmHg and median-end blood loss was 1,365 mL. A total of 198 participants (80.49%) were able to completely stop the bleeding while 16 participants (6.5%) had the tourniquet applied with some bleeding still occurring, and 32 participants (13.01%) exceeded the threshold of 2,500 mL of blood loss, resulting in the "patient" not surviving. Conclusions: The study findings demonstrated that untrained bystanders provided with instructions via phone from a trained Emergency Medical Dispatcher applied a tourniquet and successfully stopped the bleeding completely in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectroscopy plays a key role in Earth observations, especially for studies involving vegetation function and structure. These measurements are critical in the context of carbon cycle monitoring from leaf to global scales. Reflectance-based vegetation indices (RIs) have been used extensively in remote sensing studies from the unpiloted aerial vehicle, aerial, and space-based platforms to model quantities related to productivity, such as gross primary production (GPP), while more recently chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) measurements are increasingly exploited to track GPP. CF and RI measurements vary in magnitude, depend on different portions of the spectrum, and are derived from unique equations; thus, instrument uncertainty manifests distinctly for these measurements. Although this is well known, it is often unexamined in experiments and analyses. We use a portable spectroradiometer to make measurements of reflectance-based vegetation indices (RIs) and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) in order to characterize how measurements of RIs and CF compare to one another. In particular, we examine fluorescence (F) and fluorescence yield (FYield) under a light-emitting diode grow light (LED), solar-induced fluorescence (SIF), solar-induced fluorescence yield (SIFYield), absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), and reflectance-based vegetation indices (the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI), and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI)) and include maximized propagated uncertainty of the spectroradiometer for each measurement. We show that RIs have a significantly lower propagated error relative to the mean (0.01% to 0.28%) than CF measurements (0.01% to 1.28%) and that while fine resolution spectrometer CF measurements are outside the noise of the instrument and have potential to provide relative measurements of productivity, show why this instrument having fine spectral resolution and sampling is more effective for measurements of APAR and RIs. We also demonstrate that F and FYield measurements have low propagated uncertainty and propose that future studies of plant function using this spectrometer/LED technique and the full range of spectra be undertaken. Finally, measurements of SIF, F, and APAR can provide estimates of SIFYieldand FYield in the same order of magnitude, but further examination is required to determine how these measurements compare under a range of illumination and environmental conditions and how they might compare to PRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post deinstitutionalisation, mental health mainstreaming has led to substantial increases in presentations to Emergency Departments (EDs). The assessment process requires the ED triage nurse to undertake a rapid client assessment, assign a clinically appropriate triage score, and then refer the client to a mental health clinician. The initial assessment is important, and a number of factors influence the process of triage, referral and response including an understanding of mental health presentation acuity. Aim: To understand the factors that influence the ED triage assessment, referral and clinical response of clients with a mental illness. Methods: An ethnographic methodology underpinned the research design. ED triage nurses and mental health triage nurses who worked in a regional hospital provided insights through interviews and observations. The study was also informed by institutional policies and procedures regarding triage. Transcribed in-depth interviews, field notes and memos were analysed using an inductive thematic process. Findings: Mental health triage nurses and ED triage nurses concur that triage is an important part of the assessing process for a person who presents to the ED with a mental health problem. Timely and clinically accurate assessment, followed by referral and response is strongly influenced by the user knowledge of the mental health triage scale, and comprehension of mental health acuity. The conflicting understandings between the two professional nursing groups, called professionally cultured orientations, further impact this process. Conclusion: Professionally cultured orientation to mental health triage and acuity comprehension influence the process of emergency mental health triage and therefore may affect optimal client outcomes. Further research into ED triage design, ED triage education, and a shared understanding of acuity is called for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of Pintrich's self-regulated learning model, recent reviews of the literature show that motivational factors are the strongest predictors of academic performance. Even so, gaps remain in terms of which goal orientation constructs area most strongly related to performance, and whether academic self-efficacy is involved in such relationships, either as mediator or moderator. This study addresses these gaps using a sample of 478 university students; 409 females aged 17–62 (M = 23.28, SD = 7.22) and 69 males, aged 18–47 (M = 22.5, SD = 6.31). Analyses revealed that academic self-efficacy (ASE) mediated relationships between both mastery and performance-approach goal orientation with achievement, though the mediation effect was larger for the relationship involving mastery approach goal orientation. ASE did not moderate the relationship between performance-approach goal orientation and achievement. Findings suggest teaching programmes should foster learning environments that encourage persistence and effort when learning, and consider how course delivery and feedback can enhance academic self-efficacy, regardless of the goal orientation adopted by students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the developmental and professional activities engaged in by 86 female adult soccer players from the senior national teams of Australia, Canada, England, Sweden, and the United States of America. Players completed the Participation History Questionnaire (PHQ) to elicit the amount and type of activities engaged in across their developmental and professional years, including milestones, soccer-specific activity and engagement in other sport activity. Greater specialisation than diversification characterised their childhood developmental activities, including all players starting in soccer in childhood and accumulating more hours in soccer activity than other sports during this period. However, interindividual variation further characterised these childhood activities, with a proportion of players diversifying into other sports and/or soccer play to a greater or lesser degree during childhood when compared to the other players. The amount of coach-led soccer practice increased for all players across their development culminating in an average of 15–16 h/wk across a 40-week season in early adulthood. In contrast, the amount of engagement in other sports and soccer peer-led play varied between players but generally decreased across adolescence to negligible amounts in late adolescence. Findings are commensurate with the deliberate practice framework and early engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of participants in a short aquatic exercise programme for individuals with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and to gain insight into the perceived psychosocial benefits. Methods: The exercise programme was of five-weeks duration, with two self-paced aquatic sessions per week. Eleven female participants (mean age 54.8 ± 12.4 yr) reported the onset and changes (24–48 h) in post-exercise fatigue, pain and other symptoms after each session, and completed a post-intervention interview comprising nine open-ended questions, with additional discussions. The reported symptoms and interview responses were entered into a spreadsheet, grouped and coded to identify the themes and subthemes. Results: The main themes were 'symptoms', 'benefits', 'engagement and compliance', and 'limitations'. The analysis found that group aquatic exercises reduced social isolation through shared experiences and enhanced support; were beneficial and enjoyable without exacerbating symptoms; were preferable to other modes of exercise; and were seen as a long-term exercise option. Participants reported a reduction in pain, fatigue and anxiety after the intervention. Conclusions: Psychosocial benefits suggest that self-paced group aquatic exercise is a safe, enjoyable and effective mode of exercise rehabilitation for people with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diagnosis of a chronic, unpredictable, and incurable disease such as multiple sclerosis can have profound effects on emotional wellbeing. The Sailing Sclerosis Foundation provided an opportunity for 94 individuals living with multiple sclerosis from 16 countries to challenge themselves by sailing aboard the Oceans of Hope yacht, as it circumnavigated the globe over a 17-month period in 2014 and 2015. We explored the psychosocial outcomes of this unique journey. Methods: Deductive thematic analysis was used to analyze 206 blogs posted online by participants to the Sailing Sclerosis website during and after their journey. Results: Four major themes were identified: (1) the challenges of the journey; (2) teamwork and camaraderie that arose from sharing a diagnosis in common; (3) reframing mindsets as people acknowledged and adjusted to their diagnosis; and (4) empowerment and personal growth with hope rediscovered. The blogs suggested psychosocial outcomes of the journey included lower levels of depression, better quality of life, more positive well-being, an increase in self-esteem, reduced anxiety, lower stress levels, and better life satisfaction, as well as increased social support and empowerment. Conclusion: Numerous psychosocial benefits are achievable when individuals with multiple sclerosis are provided with opportunities and support to challenge themselves. A diagnosis of multiple sclerosis does not necessarily have to mean a sedentary lifestyle and social isolation. Psychological adjustment to a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, changes in mindset, and rediscovering hope and optimism can be achieved by adventurous means outside clinical settings. We encourage clinicians, policy makers, and funding bodies to think 'outside the box' when developing and supporting programs for individuals living with chronic illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-ceramic dental restorations are now regularly being used in clinical situations. Forces applied to ceramic dental restorations can result in failure due to cracking. Dental restorations may be subjected to significant loads in the mouth and small contact points between opposing teeth may result in markedly high stress when a high bite force is encountered. This study recorded maximum voluntary bite forces on the posterior teeth of 40 participants and inter-occlusal contact points were identified by digitally scanning the teeth and calculating the surface area by accompanying software. Bite forces from as low as 83.9 Newton (N) to the highest at 1642.8 N, with a mean of 430.4 N (sd = 279.4) were recorded. Inter-occlusal contact points as small as 0.065 mm2 were measured. The resultant stress teeth may experience has been shown to potentially exceed the flexural strength of even the strongest dental ceramic available on the market for 21.8% of the teeth tested. This study aimed to describe the stresses that teeth experience, and thus predict the stresses that future restorations on those teeth may experience. This approach may prove valuable in guiding clinicians in their material selection as well as the design of all-ceramic restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal research is needed to better understand the natural history of oral conditions and long-term health and social outcomes. Oral health data has been collected periodically in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study for over 40 years. To date, 70+ peer-review articles on the Study's oral health-related findings have been published, providing insight into the natural history of oral conditions, risk factors, impacts on quality of life, and disparities in oral health. Some of these report new findings, while others build upon the existing body of evidence. This paper provides an overview of these findings and reflects on their public health implications and policy utility in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) who present with predominate superior rectus/levator complex involvement. Methods: A multi-institutional retrospective review was performed to identify patients with TED who presented with superior isolated or predominate rectus/levator involvement. Baseline and subsequent visits were reviewed to characterize the clinical course. Results: Nineteen patients were identified. All patients had imaging demonstrating an enlarged levator/superior rectus complex. At presentation, the mean clinical activity score (CAS) was 2.1 (range: 0–5). Nineteen (100%) patients had proptosis on the affected side. Lid abnormalities, including upper/lower eyelid retraction and ptosis were higher on affected side compared to the unaffected side. Eleven (58%) patients had vertical misalignment. Mean thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) was 3.7 (range: 1–7.1). Mean follow-up time was 18 months (range: 0–60 months). At last follow-up, the mean CAS was 1.3 (range 0–5). Ten (53%) patients had proptosis. Eleven (58%) patients had vertical misalignment. Repeat imaging in eight patients showed interval enlargement of other extraocular muscles. Conclusions: The presentation of TED with superior rectus/levator complex enlargement may be under-appreciated. Orbital imaging, as well as laboratory evaluation, may help support a diagnosis of TED. In the setting of abnormal TSI and/or thyrotropin receptor antibody, presence of upper eyelid retraction, and an otherwise unremarkable laboratory and systemic evaluation, a presumptive diagnosis of TED may be made, and the patient can be followed closely, as he/she is likely to develop involvement of other extraocular muscles, consistent with a more typical presentation of TED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has examined patients' drawings of their illness as a means to identify patients' illness representations. The aim of this systematic review was to examine which representations are evident in patients' drawings, and whether drawing assessments are associated with patient outcomes. Ten electronic databases were searched for published journal papers in English up to 1 July 2017. Narrative synthesis summarised findings by participant characteristics, study design, illness representations, and associations with outcomes. There were 101 eligible studies, published across 29 different countries, with 27 different disease categories; 54 of the studies were with adults and 80 were cross-sectional. All core illness perception domains were evident; the most common being identity and related concepts (including symptoms, anatomy, pathophysiology), and emotional representations (including fear, denial, stigma). Perceptions of treatment and the clinical and social environment were evident. More organ damage drawn and larger drawing size were associated with worse perceptions and health outcomes, and drawings distinguished between patient groups. Limitations include the inability to conduct meta-analysis. In conclusion, patients' drawings reveal additional domains of illness representations, specifically perceptions of pathophysiology, treatment and social environments, as well as illness pre-occupation. These findings expand theories of self-regulation and suggest image-based intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public audit in England is now provided by accounting firms who have been contracted to provide such services. The drift to finance and economics: student perceptions and institutional structures Whereas there has been a decline in the applications to accounting degrees, applications for finance programmes are thriving. Those entering accounting as a career will therefore undertake part of their professional training in the audit function, but many do not stay there. [Extracted from the article]

Cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an invasive alien species that impacts seed production of canola, Brassica napus and B. rapa (Brassicaceae), one of Canada's major agricultural crops. To determine the need for and potential impact of introduction of one or more natural enemies for biological control it is essential to understand the mortality factors associated with C. obstrictus both in the native range and in the introduced range. Life tables were constructed for Ontario and British Columbia populations to determine the mortality factors affecting C. obstrictus. These were compared with life tables generated in Switzerland, the area of origin of the weevil. Results indicated that introduction of an exotic specialist parasitoid into canola growing regions of Canada would substantially reduce C. obstrictus populations. This study is the first to compare life tables of an invasive pest in the areas of origin and introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the current clinical practices and attitudes of neonatologists towards paracetamol treatment of PDA in Australia (AU) and New Zealand (NZ). Method: A web-based survey of all neonatologists registered under the 2017 Australia New Zealand Neonatal Network (ANZNN) was conducted. Results: The response rate for the survey was 67%, (141/210). Of those respondents, 37% stated their unit had a written policy outlining how to treat patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Of the written policies, 53% mentioned paracetamol treatment. The majority of the respondents (70%) have prescribed paracetamol for PDA closure. When comparing between countries, 79% of AU respondents had compared with 44% of NZ respondents. Successful ductal closure in the infants who received paracetamol was anecdotally reported by 61% of respondents. The main reasons for clinicians not prescribing paracetamol were due to preferential NSAID use (61%) and lack of evidence to indicate efficacy (49%). Conclusion: Many neonatologists in AU and NZ have prescribed paracetamol for PDA closure. However, considerable practice variations exist. The results from this study suggest there may be a role for paracetamol in the treatment of PDA, however, further research is required to clarify the optimal use and provide evidence of efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Compare two public goods using a majority rule referendum voting procedure to elicit individual and group preferences for the public goods. • Observe differences in group preferences for public goods using a nonparametric chi-squared test. • Observe that public goods are viewed as substitutes by participants. • Individual participant choices for public goods tend to be subject to 'group think' when using a majority rule referendum voting procedure. Stated preference methods have been used to value non-market public goods but questions remain about their incentive compatibility. A public goods referendum has proven to be incentive compatible for the more popular contingent valuation method. For attribute based choices, the choice experimental method values goods and services by attribute levels producing marginal values for the economic good. A referendum procedure has been proposed for this attribute based method but it is unclear how its use impacts participant choices. This research develops a controlled laboratory experiment eliciting individual and group responses for two non-market public goods using a referendum format for attribute based choice experiments. Results of the experiments find that a majority referendum rule induces individuals to form responses based upon group perceptions which may lead to non-truthful preference revelation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of automatic external defibrillator (AED) retrieval and placement by bystander callers when prompted by an Emergency Medical Dispatcher (EMD). Methods: This retrospective descriptive study utilized a convenience sample of emergency dispatch data collected from 23 Emergency Communication Centers (ECCs) spanning 14 states across the United States (U.S.) from July 11, 2014 to August 13, 2018, including all cases in which the EMD recorded any response to the AED availability prompt. Data were collected using ProQA, the software version of the Medical Priority Dispatch System. Primary outcome measures were (a) distribution of responses to the AED prompt; (b) percentage of cases in which an AED was retrieved; and (c) percentage of cases in which AED pads were placed by the bystander-caller. Results: A total of 2,200,285 cases were collected during the study period, in 18,904 (0.86%) of which the AED prompt was displayed (indicating suspected out of hospital cardiac arrest, or OHCA). Overall, an AED was reported as available 5.8% (n = 1,091) of the time the EMD recorded an answer to the AED prompt. In multiple-rescuer situations, a rescuer was sent to get the AED 2.8% (n = 523) of the time, as opposed to only 0.30% (n = 56) for single-rescuer calls. The AED was reported to be already on scene, by the patient, in 2.7% (n = 512) of the cases. A majority (72.0%; n = 417) of the time, rescuers who were sent to get an AED were unable to retrieve it, with single rescuers being successful more often (57.1% unable to retrieve, vs 73.6% for multiple rescuers). Conclusions: AEDs are reported as available by only a small percentage of callers to 911, and in the majority of cases in which a bystander rescuer is sent to retrieve an AED, one is never located or used. Sending someone to retrieve the AED may be more appropriate in multiple-rescuer situations than when a single bystander rescuer is alone on scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research remains unclear on the impact of physiological load on perceptual-cognitive skills in sport. Moreover, no study has examined the training of perceptual-cognitive skills under physiological load. The current study comprised two phases. Firstly, we examined the impact of badminton-specific physiological load on anticipatory skills in expert badminton players (n = 13), including key underlying mechanisms, such as gaze behaviour. Under high physiological load, participants displayed less efficient visual search behaviour and showed a reduction in response accuracy. Secondly, we examined the effects of combining perceptual-cognitive simulation training with the high physiological load. Ten of the expert badminton players were assigned to a combined training group, where the simulation training and the physiological load intervention occurred simultaneously or an independent training group, whereby the two components were completed independently. The combined training group showed a positive change in the efficiency of their visual search behaviours compared to the independent training group, but no significant performance improvements were found. Overall, findings demonstrate that high physiological load is detrimental to experts' anticipatory skills. However, combining perceptual-cognitive simulation training with high physiological load can potentially negate these debilitating effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]