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In South Africa, youth leaving care can be considered a vulnerable group given the limited preparation and support they tend to receive for independent living, exacerbated by the high numbers of young people who are not in employment, education or training. The study explored challenges experienced, coping mechanisms employed, and support provided to care leavers who had transitioned from state residential care to independent living in Johannesburg, South Africa. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 care leavers. Key findings included the challenge of housing problems; insufficient food and clothing; and struggles to continue with their education and find employment. Care leavers exercised agency and resilience by drawing on personal motivation; crying; spirituality; and networking. Factors in the social-ecological environment that contributed to care leavers' challenges included not qualifying for help after reaching 18 years of age; and a lack of formal emotional and material support or preparation before, during and after the transition These findings represents an issue of social justice and have implications for policy, practice and further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world. In South Africa, glyphosate is predominantly used in the production of herbicide-tolerant (HT) maize and soybean. Considering that maize is a staple food and soybean an important source of protein, this study aimed to determine whether glyphosate is present in food products consumed by the general population in South Africa. Food products (81) were purchased from local supermarkets and screened for the presence of glyphosate and HT events using ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. The majority of products contained glyphosate (66.7%) but at a level below the maximum residue limit. Glyphosate HT event(s) were detected in 70.4% of products but not associated with the presence of glyphosate in all products. This study has confirmed that South African consumers are exposed to low levels of glyphosate reported to cause genotoxic effects at the cellular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mullet species, Planiliza macrolepis and Moolgarda cunnesius, were collected seasonally from Mfolozi-Msunduzi Estuary on the east coast of South Africa in order to determine their diet. The gut contents of 178 fish with standard length (SL) ranging between 100 and 220 mm revealed strong evidence that in the Mfolozi-Msunduzi these fish rely heavily on benthic floc as a primary food source. Plant debris and small benthic organisms, including Assiminea, copepods, nematodes and ostracods also formed part of their diet. Some of these food items (e.g. Assiminea sp. nematodes) were only consumed by P. macrolepis. Differences in the occurrence of food items consumed by these two closely related species may be explained by their feeding ground preferences. Results suggest that P. macrolepis forages in substrata mostly dominated by fine-to-medium sand grain sizes (<50 to 450 µm), whereas M. cunnesius prefers substrata dominated by fine sand to muddy grain sizes (50 to 250 µm). Based on these findings, it is concluded that differences in substrate preference by these two mullet species is an important strategy by which they circumvent any possible interspecific competition for food resources within the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of food in mediating social relations between undocumented Zimbabwean migrant farmworkers and other Zimbabweans living and working in the Blouberg and Molemole local municipalities in Limpopo province, South Africa. Based on ethnographic research, the article reveals that food, besides the utility of its physical matter as a necessity to satiate hunger, has a deeply embedded social meaning through which relations and modes of belonging can be expressed. This social meaning is best understood by invoking the concept ukama igasva hunozadziswa nekudya [a relationship is not complete until there is food]. Food mediates reciprocal social exchanges that lighten the burden of precarious working conditions associated with agricultural labour and reinforce a sense of belonging and oneness. Food also lubricates mutually supportive networks between undocumented farmworkers and Zimbabwean citizens working in other sectors. The article concludes that using ukama igasva hunozadziswa nekudya as an analytical concept provides rich explanations of the role of food in unifying the Zimbabwean migrant community in Limpopo. Food facilitates the production of macro-level connections in which individual Zimbabwean migrants, irrespective of their professional pursuits, identify with the larger network cluster based on citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The higher education landscape in South African (SA) has recently experienced a wave of student movement organised under the #MustFall campaign, where students demanded quality and accessible higher education. This movement spoke against the colonial character of the curriculum, demographic representation, institutional cultures, and architecture of the university in South Africa today, which excludes the majority of the students who cannot access higher education in South Africa. It is in this context that the high cost of higher education was questioned, with some questioning the very "idea of the university", and the role of the university in a society contending with income inequalities, unemployment, and poverty. This article seeks to position food at the centre of decolonising tools towards a sustainable African university of the future. Looking at growing levels of hunger, and the lack of access to food among our students, I argue that in putting food at the centre, regarding our understanding of the curriculum, shape, size, and future of the university in South Africa, we might begin to transform the exclusivist, uncaring and elitist spaces that define a university. In trying to rethink the "idea of the university" in South Africa I look at one of the enduring institutions of knowledge in African societies—uMakhulu ("Senior Mother/Grandmother") as a body that can reconnect the African university to its matriarchal heritage, in order to define a university that can feed itself beyond the narrow neoliberal understanding of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of accelerated mobility and migration, food forms part of peoples’ historical identity and emotional repertoire. Drawing on ethnographic research amongst Anglophone Cameroonian migrants living in Cape Town, South Africa, this paper explores how Cameroonian migrants maintain their gastronomic culture in Cape Town such that ethnic foods and food parcels mark migrants’ identities and socio-cultural lives in the host country. Special occasions like the birth of a child or funerals and memorial services are marked by food preparation and consumption. I argue that food is central to the ways migrants identify themselves both individually and collectively. Migrants’ attachment to gastronomic culture suggests that food could be a marker of identity formation and development of the self. This paper contributes to recent literature that considers the role of ethnic food in migrants’ everyday lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be postulated that schools have an ethical responsibility to protect children from an unhealthy food environment. Against the backdrop of stunting, overweight and micronutrient deficiencies prevalent in South African children, the aim of this scoping study is to review information available on foods sold to school children within an ethical framework. While some schools have a formal tuck shop, at other schools, food vendors sell food either on or outside the school premises. Ten studies, of which two were national, fit the selection criteria for this study. Available data show that mostly unhealthy food options are sold to South African school children; with low-nutrient energy-dense foods (e.g. chips, sweets) and sugar sweetened beverages being the most popular. The Integrated School Health Policy provide a policy framework for achieving healthy school food environments in South Africa, and several guidelines are available in South African to assist school tuck shops to sell healthier options. Children’s preference for unhealthy foods, the cost of healthier food options and a lack of proper facilities may however be barriers for implementing healthy tuck shops. An action stronger than merely providing guidelines may therefore be needed. Cognisance needs to be taken of conflicting value based arguments within ethical perspectives. Given these conflicts, the authors argue that an Ethics of Responsibility contributes to the debate of the best and supports the notion that society at large has a responsibility to protect vulnerable communities of which school children are part. Presently an ethical vacuum exists in terms of rights and responsibilities which this study hopes to address. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: The aim was to investigate factors contributing to food wastage by Stellenbosch University (SU) students in selected residences, and to determine the attitudes and practices of students and catering personnel impacting on food waste and a sustainable environment. Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Setting: Stellenbosch University, Western Cape. Subjects: Six foodservice managers, 63 catering personnel and 517 students participated in the study. Outcome measures: A weighed-food wastage study was conducted at seven selected residences during lunch and supper on three non-consecutive weekdays. Food service managers (FSMs) and catering personnel completed interviewer-administered questionnaires, while SU students completed an electronic survey. Results: Ninety percent of students preferred the standard menu options, despite a relatively high average plate waste of 16.9%. More production waste was generated during lunch than supper. The male residence generated more plate waste. Even though students requested larger servings of vegetables, the wastage of these items was high. Factors contributing to wastage were the booking system, menus and serving style, meal plan stipulating the serving of dessert and serving of a large starch portion. All FSMs and 88.5% catering personnel considered it important to reduce food wastage to a minimum. Conclusion: Education of catering personnel and students regarding food waste reduction measures is crucial. A representative forum including students, catering companies and faculty management should be involved when seeking solutions to reduce food wastage and improve communication. By implementing these strategies, a university-wide culture of sustainability with a focus on food waste reduction can be developed and nurtured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The South African food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) were developed and implemented to promote healthy lifestyles in the population along with preventing non-communicable diseases and other forms of diet-related illness. The FBDG were recommended for implementation within the national school curriculum. The objective of this study was to explore perceived challenges to successful implementation of these guidelines in the primary school curriculum. Design: This qualitative study gathered data via semi-structured individual interviews. Data were transcribed and analysed with ATLAS.ti software, using a thematic approach. Setting: Public primary schools located in three education districts in the Western Cape, South Africa. Subjects: Principals at twelve schools from communities with different socioeconomic statuses, and five curriculum advisors of relevant subjects from provincial and district levels. Outcomes measures: Perceived barriers to implementing FBDG in the primary school curriculum. Results: A lack of knowledge and/or expertise related to the FBDG by educators, time constraints within the teaching programme and lifestyle related factors of educators, parents and learners emerged as the three main challenge themes from the interviews. A lack of resources was identified as an additional theme. Conclusions: The principals and curriculum advisors anticipated many barriers to the success of implementing nutrition education using the FBDG in the primary school curriculum. Adequately addressing such barriers through improved awareness and knowledge of the FBDG by school staff could improve the potential of using the FBDG as a nutrition education tool in primary schools in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) indicated that red meat is a probable cause of colon cancer, while processed meat was classified as carcinogenic. The 2010 indicators of lifetime risk for developing colorectal cancer among South African (SA) males and females was 1:114 and 1:182 respectively, while its prevalence as a newly diagnosed cancer was seventh for males and sixth for females. SA consumers have increased their meat expenditure over the past decade as a result of class mobility. This has resulted in an increase in the proportion of middle-class consumers. Although the consumption of red meat has increased, it has been surpassed by chicken. Due to a lack of national food consumption data regarding processed meat, it is not clear what local consumption trends are. The 2015 Consumer Price Index (CPI) documented a significant urban food price increase for chicken, cheaper cuts of beef and polony. However, when comparing urban food prices, a processed meat like polony is 27% cheaper per kilogram than whole chicken. Hence it is possible that the relative affordability of processed meat could contribute to its consumption among many South Africans (SAs) and in so doing, could contribute to colon cancer risk. In relation to the above, it is important for future SA public health recommendations to take cognisance of the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research recommendations of limiting red meat consumption to less than 500 g/week and avoiding processed meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rising food prices can have a devastating effect on the health of poor households by making it more difficult for them to afford basic food baskets. Although South Africa is food secure as a nation, it does not mean that every household is able to access nutritionally adequate food. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of rising food prices on people's perceptions and coping strategies regarding household food security. Setting: Sixty femaleheaded households were selected from 250 households in Runnymede Village in the Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality, Mopani District, Limpopo province, South Africa. Design: A descriptive and exploratory study was conducted using quantitative methods by means of an administered, structured questionnaire. The accessible population was femaleheaded households residing in Runnymede Village. Participants representing 60 femaleheaded households were purposively selected from the 250 households. Open and closed-ended questions were used to collect the data. Results: The majority (58%) of participants indicated that their eating habits had changed owing to rising food prices. Approximately 60% of the participants indicated that they bought food in bulk as a shortterm strategy to cope with rising food prices. Approximately 50% had a vegetable garden to alleviate food unavailability, and harvested for subsistence to meet non-food expenses. The majority (57%) of participants converted to buying cheaper brands, such as generic store brands. In addition, rising food prices made high quality food scarce for poorer households, forcing them to resort to cheaper or less nutritious foods. Conclusion: Rising food prices had a negative impact on poor, femaleheaded households in Runnymede Village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate the narratives pertaining to dietary and physical activity practices by female adolescents in Soweto. Design: This was exploratory qualitative research, using duo interviews (pairs of best friends) (n = 29) from adolescent females. Setting: The setting was three urban high schools in the township of Soweto, South Africa. Subjects: Subjects were twenty-nine pairs of Grade 12 female adolescents predominantly, with a mean age of 18 years (15.3-21.6, standard deviation 1.1). Outcome measures: The outcome measure was body mass index, interpreted in relation to eating practices and exercise participation. Results: Locally prepared convenience foods were reported to replace home-prepared breakfast. The majority of participants did not prioritise eating breakfast at home, but purchased deep-fried dough balls (“fat” cakes) from vendors before school. Lunch boxes were also not commonly used as participants preferred to use spending money to purchase food from the school tuck shop. Kotas, “fat” cakes and snacks were popular lunch choices because of their affordability, convenience, peer influence and popularity. Respondents engaged in minimal active recreational activities. A lack of facilities and concerns about safety were barriers to activity. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of investigating the immediate social context as a potential intervention point to improve the lifestyle of adolescents, to enable them to make the affordable and convenient choice, the healthier choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Killer whalesOrcinus orcaoccur worldwide in a number of morphotypes that differ in size, pigmentation, acoustic behaviour, food type and genetics – some may indeed warrant subspecific or even specific status. Until recently, all killer whales in South African waters were referred to a single morphotype, Type A, but three individuals (two males and one female) that have stranded since 1969 differ in several respects from other killer whales examined from the region. Adult length is some 1–1.5 m smaller, appendages such as dorsal fin and flippers tend to be relatively larger, and tooth wear is excessive. Although dietary information is scant, one stomach contained the remains of several elasmobranchs, identified from a DNA subsample as blue sharksPrionace glauca, a dietary item that, if habitual, might account for the tooth wear. This morphotype, referred to here as ‘flat-toothed’ and which in several respects resembles the offshore form in the North Pacific and the Type 1 form in the North Atlantic, does not seem to have been recorded previously from the Southern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food safety risk analysis framework of the FAO/WHO is used in the review of veterinary drug and residue regulation in South Africa to determine possible inefficiencies within this system. Results indicate that a variety of challenges relating to the processes of risk assessment, management, and communication do exist, although these occur within a fragmented system of legislation, functions, and structures. Addressing these challenges therefore requires a change to a more collaborative and integrated system. It is indicated that for such a change, the underlying challenges of inadequate horizontal communication, poor conceptualization, and awareness of functions of the system are required to be dealt with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective was to understand the local food distribution system in Avian Park, with a focus on food availability and accessibility. Study design: This was a quantitative food store survey that employed semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Setting: The study was conducted in Avian Park, situated in the Breede Valley, in the Western Cape province. Subjects: Thirteen spaza shops, three chain supermarkets, three street vendors, two butchers, two wholesalers, a community café and a small, independent supermarket randomly selected from the community were included. Food retail outlet managers and community residents were also included. Outcome measures: The outcome measures were food prices, availability, and access and quality. Results: The café stocked 56% of the surveyed food items, spaza shops 66% and the supermarket 69%. Spaza shops stocked sweetened products, basic staples and processed food. A variety of vegetables was available at the café and supermarket, with less variety in the spaza shops. Processed and staple food was most expensive in the spaza shops, while fruit and vegetables were generally cheaper. Food prices were below the national average in all of the food categories, except for bread, cereals, grains, sweets and sugar. Interviews with shop owners indicated that fruit and vegetables were not kept because of spoilage, space limitations, storage issues and lack of transport. Focus group discussions with residents indicated a need for fruit, vegetables and meat outlets within walking distance. Conclusion: Community food prices were not the main factor inhibiting food accessibility, but rather variety and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to review the latest total fat intake data for South Africa, as well as scientific evidence on the effect of the total amount and quality or type of fat in the diet. The total fat intake of South Africans is within the goal of ≤ 30% of total energy, but the quality or type of fat in the diet requires attention. Fats are key nutrients required for early growth and development, and influence the body’s response to nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases later in life. Based on the total fat intake data for South Africa, and the latest evidence on the unique properties of certain fatty acids for health and disease, revision of the previous food-based dietary guideline (FBDG), “Eat fat sparingly”, was needed. “Use fats sparingly: choose vegetable oils, rather than hard fats” is the new FBDG formulated for the fat intake of South Africans. Replacing animal and plant sources of saturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids is recommended. The regular intake of oily fish to increase omega-3 long-chain PUFAs is important. Energy balance remains an important aspect, in addition to the composition of the diet. The FBDG “Use fats sparingly: choose vegetable oils rather than hard fats” is meant to convey a positive message, to ensure that the right types of fats and oils are eaten and used in food preparation for early development and long-term health. An alternative FBDG is: “Eat and use the right type of fats and oils in moderation”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed at drawing up a list of food pricing strategies that could be used to promote healthy eating and address food insecurity by soliciting expert opinions using the Delphi method. Respondents represented the broad spectrum of the food industry and data were collected in three rounds. The participants were selected purposively according to their experience in the food industry and marketing of agricultural and food products. In round one, experts designed promising pricing strategies. The pricing strategies were divided into four broad categories and these were: A. Taxes; B. Government interference and insurance; C. Packaging; and D. Price and discounting strategies. The strategies were subsequently evaluated on eight criteria using a time-budget model incorporating Sleep, Leisure, Occupation, Transportation and Home-based activities (SLOTH). Results were analysed using median and inter-quartile deviations scores. The results revealed reasonable consensus among experts and a varied list of promising pricing strategies. The panel agreed on the potential success of offering small gifts, providing price cuts on healthy foods and discounting healthier foods more frequently. Also, it was found that experts gave higher rates to pricing strategies for which the implementation responsibilities could be placed elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2008–2012, the number of crowned cormorants Phalacrocorax coronatus breeding in South Africa was c. 1 900 pairs, compared to 1 700 pairs for 1977–1981. Numbers at 10 islands in the Western Cape province fluctuated around a level of 1 100 pairs from 1991/1992 to 2011/2012, 300 more than from 1978/1979 to 1990/1991. These increases are attributable to the discovery of more colonies and an increased frequency of counting at the 10 islands after 1990/1991. The overall number of crowned cormorants breeding in South Africa is thought stable in the long term. Crowned cormorants feed mainly on small, inshore fish species that are not harvested by humans. Clinidae dominated the diet at 10 colonies adjoining the open sea, whereas Gobiidae contributed most food of birds at three colonies in a lagoon. The stability of the crowned cormorant population contrasts with decreases of some other seabirds endemic to southern Africa that feed primarily on prey that is exploited by fisheries. The crowned cormorant population decreased in the Northern Cape and small numbers initiated breeding at colonies to the east of Cape Agulhas at the turn of the century, but most of the population continues to breed to the west of Cape Agulhas. In some instances the availability of suitable breeding habitat may limit numbers breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I asked, ‘Did your mother teach you to cook?’ Almost an hour later, time consumed by mutual reminiscences of Indian Delights, stories of the tastes and textures and colours of food and life in Durban, at last when I thought it would never be answered my question swam back up to the surface of our conversation: ‘You know, then I lived with my oldest sister, not my mother. Her mother-in-law taught me.’ Too heavy a shift of register, the answer dropped into the bubble of conversation we had made around ourselves, imposing another reluctant silence. I could not ask more, not then. Deliverance came through other stories. We talked about the subtly different combinations of spices that women even from the same family choose to use, and the embodied pleasures of walking into a kitchen steamed up with the smells of several dishes all cooking at once. And for the moment we avoided returning to a family narrative of separation, loss and melancholy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the variety, popularity and nutritional quality of the food and beverages sold to primary school pupils. Method: A cross-sectional tuck shop survey. Nutritional analyses were conducted using the South African Medical Research Council Foodfinder 3 for Windows® software. Eleven mixed-race, well-resourced, government primary schools were studied in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Subjects included tuck shop managers from each school. Results: Savoury pies were the most popular lunch item for all learners for both breaks (n = 5, 45%, and n = 3, 27.3%), selling the most number of units (43) per day at eight schools (72.7%). Iced popsicles were sold at almost every school, ranked as the cheapest beverage, and also sold the most number of units (40.7). Healthy beverages sold included canned fruit juice and water, while healthy snacks consisted of dried fruit, fruit salad, bananas, yoghurt and health muffins. The average healthy snack contained almost half the kilojoules of the unhealthy counterpart (465 kJ vs. 806 kJ). Nutritional analyses of the healthy lunch options revealed total fat contents that exceeded the Dietary Reference Intake and South African recommended limits. Perceived barriers to stocking healthy items included cost and refrigeration restrictions. Conclusion: School tucks shops are selling products that encourage an unhealthy lifestyle, thereby promoting the obesity epidemic. Extensive consultation is required among dietitians, school principals and privatised tuck shop managers to overcome barriers to stocking healthy food in tuck shops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly in children, raises serious attention to its causes and possible interventions. Food marketing to children has in recent years come under scrutiny as one of the putative factors responsible for the rising rates of obesity among children. This article addresses the global evidence base on the issue and explores policy interventions practised in the more developed world as well as the local challenges in dealing with the issue in South Africa. South African policymakers have a wide range of policy options based on international practice in committing to the health and well-being of its children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the compilation, publication and international marketing of the best-selling cookbook, Indian Delights, by the Women's Cultural Group of Durban - a mostly Muslim, women's philanthropic association. On the market from 1961, and with subsequent editions and new recipes reflecting ongoing changes in family roles and culinary technologies, the history of this text reveals how gendered spaces and identities have shaped transoceanic print cultures in the formation of diasporic identity. With hundreds of thousands copies sold, Indian Delights has become both a household reference for Indian cultural authenticity as well as a reflection of changes in cultural meanings, locally and globally. The article also demonstrates how the production of this successful literary work secured a public role and presence for its creators, self-described 'housewives' whose community-service work and reputation has endured for more than half a century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to assess the health-related quality of life and HIV symptoms of a sample of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in South Africa. The sample included 607 PLHIV from all districts of the Eastern Cape Province, recruited either through a health facility, from the community through key informants, or through support groups. At the time of the study, 66% of the respondents reported having been given an AIDS diagnosis (advanced stage of HIV disease), 48% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 35% were receiving a disability grant. The findings indicate a low degree of overall quality of life, with a mean score of 13.4 on the WHOQOL-HIV measure. Among the WHOQOL- HIV BREF subscales, logistic regression identified spirituality, environment, psychological health, and level of independence as predictors for overall quality of life. Among medical variables and HIV symptoms, CD4 cell count and having fewer HIV symptoms but not an AIDS diagnosis were identified as predictors for overall quality of life; among socio-economic variables, having sufficient food and a higher educational level were identified as predictors. The results highlight the need for better access to psychosocial support and medical services for PLHIV in South Africa, as well as the need to consider a patient's general health perceptions during the course of ART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The construction of a questionnaire, in the format of a test, to determine knowledge on dietary fat of higher-educated young adults. Design: The topics on dietary fat included were in accordance with those tested in other studies. Forty multiple-choice items were drafted as questions and incomplete statements following the item construction rules. The items were reviewed by nutrition and food science professionals for content- and face-related evidence (n = 4 respectively) and by students representing the study population for face-related evidence (n = 16) of validity. Twenty items were removed as the panel questioned their relevance and replaced with 17 items reviewed by them. The items now largely focused on food sources of fat. These 37 items formed the preliminary test that was administered to two groups of higher-education students expected to differ in nutrition knowledge level. The completed and scored items were statistically analysed to determine which items could be retained for the test. Items meeting the item analysis criteria formed the test. The Mann-Whitney statistic was used to determine the construct-related evidence of validity and the Kuder-Richardson (K-R) 20 formula for the reliability of the test. Results: The 37-item preliminary test was completed by 99 and 87 students respectively forming the knowledgeable and less knowledgeable groups. Eighteen items remained after the statistical item analysis. Eight items did not meet the difficulty and discrimination index criteria respectively, nine the item-to-total correlation criteria and 13 the answer distribution criteria. The 18-item test was found to be reliable (K-R20 = 0.8997), as well as valid, since a significant difference (p < 0.001) in knowledge was found between the groups in the expected direction. Conclusion: The test can be used to compare the knowledge scores of groups and of individuals as it met the reliability coefficient of 0.75 and 0.85 respectively to make such score decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Off South Africa, anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and sardine Sardinops sagax are the main prey of African penguins Spheniscus demersus. The combined spawner biomass of these fish increased from less than one million t in 1996 to more than nine million t in 2001 and then decreased to four million t in 2005. The combined biomass of young-of-the-year of these species increased from 0.2 million t in 1996 to 3.2 million t in 2001 before falling to 0.4 million t in 2005. There was a large eastward shift in the distribution of sardine between 1999 and 2005. The number of African penguins breeding in the Western Cape Province increased from 18 000 pairs in 1996 to more than 30 000 pairs from 2001 to 2005 before falling to 21 000 pairs in 2006, as the availability of fish decreased near breeding localities. Numbers of penguins breeding and numbers of birds in adult plumage moulting were significantly correlated with the young-of-the-year biomass of anchovy and sardine and with the available biomass of spawning sardine. The increase in the number of penguins breeding was mainly attributable to a greater proportion of birds breeding and improved breeding success. The decrease probably resulted from high mortality. Delayed first breeding and abstinence from breeding during periods of food shortage may both increase survivorship when food is scarce and enable seabirds rapidly to take advantage of improved feeding conditions. Although long-lived seabirds are buffered against short-term variability in food supplies, environmental change that influences the abundance and availability of prey can have severe consequences for central-place foragers, such as penguins, if there is long-term displacement of prey to regions where no suitable breeding localities occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South Africa's Western Cape Province, numbers of bank cormorants Phalacrocorax neglectus breeding at 11 localities decreased from above 500 pairs during 1978-1987 to 350 pairs from 1995 to 2006. The most northern colony (Lambert's Bay) was extinct by 1999 and there were substantial decreases at the two largest colonies (Malgas and Dassen Islands), also north of Cape Town. There was long-term stability at three smaller colonies near Saldanha and fluctuating growth at Robben Island near Cape Town, where the colony was twice affected by oil spills. Between Cape Point and Cape Hangklip, two colonies were monitored and their numbers increased. Farther east, numbers at the Dyer Island group showed a slight decrease. These trends are consistent with a reduced abundance of West Coast rock lobsters Jasus lalandii in the north and an expansion of this resource to the east, but not yet as far as Dyer Island. Rock lobsters were the most important item in the diet of bank cormorants to the north of Cape Town. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Bt maize could directly or indirectly affect non-target organisms. Assessment of the impacts of Bt crops is hampered by the lack of even the most basic checklist of the species present in most systems. In South Africa the maize agroecosystem is of particular interest because of the large area planted with Bt maize (Event MON810) for the control of Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) populations. The aims of this study were to determine the diversity of Lepidoptera species that feed on or are closely associated with maize, and to assess the possible effects of Bt maize on the incidence of Lepidoptera damage under field conditions. Field surveys were conducted at 24 sites during the 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 cropping seasons. Fifteen species of Lepidoptera were recorded on maize. Six of these species were recorded to feed on Bt maize. Limited information is available on host plants and biology of some of these species. The incidences of Lepidoptera-infested plants and infestation levels were generally lower in Bt fields than in non-Bt fields possibly indicating that these species may be affected by Bt maize. Results showed that B. fusca larvae were able to survive on Bt maize at low population levels. On the basis of exposure and risk of resistance development, Helicoverpa armigera and Acantholeucania loreyi can be considered to be important non-target lepidopteran herbivores on maize in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recorded the cost of food in supermarkets in 3 communities in Cape Town, South Africa, each populated by a different ethnic group with widely differing levels of income. We calculated the cost of dietary energy costs (CDE) for each food item as Rand per 4.18 MJ (1000 kcal) and energy density (ED) as kJ per 100 g. Many foods that provide energy at a low CDE also have a high ED (eg, cookies [biscuits] and peanut butter). However, there are many foods available that have both a low CDE and a low ED (eg, oats and beans). Several foods with a low ED have a very high CDE (eg, cucumber and hake). Dietary costs pressure low-income people to consume energy-dense, nutritionally inferior diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the impact of employing in-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) production techniques on household food security for communal farmers in Thaba Nchu, by estimating the minimum area of land that a representative household needs to cultivate in order to meet its requirements. First, using a poverty datum line for South Africa, annual income required by an average household for food and other basic necessities (shelter and clothes) is calculated, given a specific level of non-farm income for a typical household in the study area. Second, the caloric requirement for an average household's is estimated by using the daily caloric requirement of each member of the household. The household uses its income from non-farm sources to purchase food and where necessary supplemented with income from the sale of non-food agricultural production. In both cases minimum farm size is influenced by output levels and by profitability of crop production under IRWH techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to describe current principle theoretical positions in food security research, describe and compare empirical South African food security studies with key international methodologies and pose research challenges for food security research in the country. Scant available food security studies for South Africa seem to indicate that food insecurity and hunger exist and are likely to increase due to increasing food price trends, greater reliance on cash food purchases and spiralling vulnerability as a result of HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality. Empirical research is urgently needed to determine the coping strategies of households under ‘normal’ conditions, identify vulnerable households, and monitor the impact of various shocks and stresses on household food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumer price index was first used in 1707. In 1925 it became institutionalised when the Second International Conference of Labour Statisticians, convened by the ILO, promulgated the first international standards of measurement. These original standards have been revised three times and are currently under review. Statistics South Africa (StatsSA) compiles and disseminates different CPI aggregates, including the Consumer Price Index; the Core Index; CPIX; and the Food Price Index or CPIF. StatsSA has gone to considerable trouble in complying with international best practice in the calculation of the CPI. Nevertheless, three problems still remain, namely that StatsSA works with an unsatisfactory definition of rural areas, that no provision is planned for sales through informal sector outlets, and that no provision is made for food consumed away from home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual and seasonal diet of Cape clawless otters (Aonyx capensis (Schinz, 1821)) in the Olifants and Eerste rivers, Western Cape Province, South Africa, is described. Seasonal diet is discussed in relation to the availability of river crabs (Potamonautes perlatus) and fish. Crabs were found to be the main prey and fish the second most common prey of Cape clawless otters in the rivers during all seasons. Plant material ranked third in the diet of the otters from the Olifants River but only seventh in the Eerste River. Other prey included frogs, insects, birds and mammals. In terms of the number of prey, crabs again dominated the diet in both rivers. There was no significant difference between the relative numbers of crabs in spraints (faeces) from the two rivers. The percentage occurrence of prey of Cape clawless otters in both rivers shows an increase in the amount of crab in summer and a corresponding decrease in the number of fish eaten. There was a significant seasonal difference in size of crabs eaten by the otters in the Olifants and Eerste rivers. The seasonal fluctuation in crab and fish corresponded to the expected frequencies as determined by trapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about the rising food prices in South Africa and discusses topics including food security in the country being dependent on cash incomes for household food purchases, net food consumers in majority of the country being poor and how poor households cope with food price increases.

Addressing diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) will require a multisectoral policy approach that includes the food supply and trade, but implementing effective policies has proved challenging. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has experienced significant trade and economic liberalization over the past decade; at the same time, the nutrition transition has progressed rapidly in the region. This analysis considers the relationship between regional trade liberalization and changes in the food environment associated with poor diets and NCDs, with the aim of identifying feasible and proactive policy responses to support healthy diets. Changes in trade and investment policy for the SADC were documented and compared with time-series graphs of import data for soft drinks and snack foods to assess changes in imports and source country in relation to trade and investment liberalization. Our analysis focuses on regional trade flows. Diets and the burden of disease in the SADC have changed since the 1990s in parallel with trade and investment liberalization. Imports of soft drinks increased by 76% into SADC countries between 1995 and 2010, and processed snack foods by 83%. South Africa acts as a regional trade and investment hub; it is the major source of imports and investment related to these products into other SADC countries. At the same time, imports of processed foods and soft drinks from outside the region – largely from Asia and the Middle East – are increasing at a dramatic rate with soft drink imports growing by almost 1,200% and processed snack foods by 750%. There is significant intra-regional trade in products associated with the nutrition transition; however, growing extra-regional trade means that countries face new pressures in implementing strong policies to prevent the increasing burden of diet-related NCDs. Implementation of a regional nutrition policy framework could complement the SADC's ongoing commitment to regional trade policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the new logo of the Nutrition Society of South Africa (NSSA). The new logo has been voted by NSSA members. The symbolism of the new logo reveals that the hand symbolizes humans, community, and people; the wheat symbolizes food/nutrition; flash symbolizes science; and colors of the flag of South Africa.