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Under-investment in public service journalism has led to growing interest in the possibility of philanthropic support for the sector. Though long associated with non-profit journalism in North America, there is little tradition of philanthropy in UK journalism. This paper explains how recognition of public interest journalism as charitable can be achieved through more constructive interpretations of the existing law. Despite its initially conservative response, the Charity Commission has recently taken important steps towards recognising defined forms of journalism as charitable under the existing law. This paper reviews the democratic imperatives fulfilled by public interest journalism which justify such developments; and seeks to demonstrate how this framework for defining public interest journalism aligns with the public benefit requirement in charity law, opening up the possibility of new forms of charitably funded 'public benefit journalism'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives.A systematic review and synthesis of quantitative and qualitative research were undertaken to examine attitudes to deceased donation and registration as an organ donor among ethnic minorities in the UK and North America. Design.A systematic search and assessments of relevance and quality were conducted. Parallel syntheses were then undertaken of 14 quantitative and 12 qualitative papers followed by their integration. The synthesis was organised around five barriers that emerged as key issues: (1) knowledge regarding deceased donation and registration as a donor; (2) discussion of donation/registration with family members; (3) faith and cultural beliefs; (4) bodily concerns including disfigurement and intactness; and (5) trust in doctors and the health care system. Results.In all countries, knowledge of organ donation and registration remained low despite public campaigns, with African-Americans and Black African and Black Caribbean populations in the UK often regarding organ donation as a ‘white’ issue. Each of the four attitudinal barriers was also more prevalent among ethnic minorities compared with the majority population. However, the significance of trust and uncertainties regarding religion/faith differed between groups, reflecting salient aspects of ethnic identity and experiences. Differences were also identified within ethnic groups associated with age and generation, although respect for the views of elders often influenced younger peoples' willingness to donate. Conclusion.There is a need for a more nuanced understanding of ethnicity and of variations in attitudes associated with country of origin, age/generation, socio-economic status and area of residence, to inform public campaigns and promote sensitive discussions with bereaved ethnic minority families. The traditional focus on knowledge and attitudes also requires to be complemented by a greater emphasis on organisational and service-related barriers and changes required to enhance ethnic minorities' access to registration as a donor and consent to deceased donation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper is part of a wider study into how women's studies was introduced in the academic curriculum in the United Kingdom, Canada and the USA. It looks at the sexual politics of the academy during the 1970s and 1980s, and at how they are now remembered. Women's studies was inextricably bound up in the politics of feminist activism in the period, including the ideal of working collectively in women-only groups. But the academy was male-dominated and the consent of male colleagues was indispensable. There was a further challenge to separatist practice if men wished to enroll as students. The paper starts by setting the research in the context of influential texts such as Kate Millett's Sexual politics (1972) and the framework of patriarchy. Using recorded interviews with key activists, the paper traces interaction with male colleagues. The second part reflects on how, thirty years later, the concept of patriarchy has been developed by intellectual work on gender, and by a more complex understanding of sexual identity and its interaction with sexual politics, now reflected in the curriculum, and in the re-naming of women's studies as gender studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional student-led evaluation is now an orthodox feature of the North American, UK and Australian higher education landscape. Increasingly, it is guiding major institutional decisions around educational quality, academic promotion and more recently institutional funding by government. Yet significant research around student-led evaluation has demonstrated that this form of student opinion-based evaluation remains highly fragile and susceptible to multiple forms of influence. This paper argues that student-led evaluation of itself is not sufficiently robust to appropriately inform notions of educational quality or pedagogical capability of academics. An alternative approach to evaluation in higher education is proposed, broadly drawing on the conception of fourth generation evaluation. The model foregrounds academic collaboration in shaping a professional evaluative framework at an activity level (i.e. programme or sub-discipline level) based on an ongoing dialogue between peers and with students, as well as qualitative evaluation of student learning. The model attempts to make tensions and conflicts in the teaching and learning context more explicit and the active focus of evaluative efforts to devise appropriate and sustainable responses to improve the quality of learning and professional practice. This paper presents some preliminary research on the effectiveness of this model in its initial piloting in postgraduate programmes in an Australian university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reuse of salvaged parts from vehicles deemed to be at the end of their life is viewed as an opportunity by insurers and crash repair firms to reduce rectification costs and improve service to policy holders. This research investigates the opportunities and challenges that confront an important but under-researched part of the automotive supply chain in establishing a reverse logistics flow of salvaged parts. The aim of this paper is to explore why the development of a reverse logistics system for the reuse of salvaged parts has not been successful in the UK yet flourishes in North America and Europe. Through answering this question, the paper seeks to provide a framework for managing the development of a partial closed-loop reverse logistics system for salvaged parts. Economic and ecological benefits are identified as potential outcomes. The implications for practice and further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Building Research & Information is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes our view of the important developments in the history of sex offender treatment with a particular emphasis on aspects of this growth in the UK. We begin where, in our view, treatment of sex offenders was first implemented; that is, at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. After the move across the Atlantic, we note the beginnings of more comprehensive programmes in North America which morphed into the Relapse Prevention model. The implementation of comprehensive programmes in Her Majesty's Prisons led not only to further refinements but also offered the opportunity for researchers to explore all manner of possibilities. The more recent focus on strength-based approaches is examined, and we then spell out our hopes for the future in terms of treatment, assessment and theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematically reviews published randomised controlled trials, to determine the educational focus and effectiveness of type 2 diabetes multi-component self-management interventions. PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and reference lists of included studies were searched for English-language articles published 2000–2010. Descriptive information was summarised; when possible, effect sizes were calculated. Fourteen studies, described in 19 articles, were reviewed: six one-on-one interventions; six group interventions; two interventions comprising both intervention types. Four studies used learning as an intervention method; seven used learning and planning; three used learning, planning and practising. Self-management interventions seemed effective for diet, self-monitoring of blood glucose, knowledge and diabetes specific quality of life (QoL) there were mixed results for exercise and clinical outcomes. Findings showed that dietary behaviour seemed relatively easy to change with self-management interventions. Group interventions with a practise component had the greatest potential to improve metabolic control. Self-management interventions had positive effects on diabetes-specific QoL, and interventions using a collaborative learning approach improved knowledge. Multi-component self-management interventions potentially lead to clinically relevant improvements in behaviour and some clinical parameters. Further research is needed to explain the mixed effects on exercise and to identify processes underlying behaviour change. Copyright © 2010 FEND [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines English or British administrators’ use of indigenous military assistance in ‘counterinsurgency’ operations in the two contexts of 16th-century Gaelic Ireland and Native North America. When mobilized, indigenous peoples might merely provide numbers, but in counterinsurgency roles their real value lay in the provision of timely strategic information about ‘rebels’, logistical assistance in moving English forces, and the extension of strategic reach by acting as clients independent of direct English control. Mobilizing this kind of aid required a sophisticated understanding of local cultural systems of recruitment and careful co-option of indigenous leaders. Intercultural complexity meant that such mobilization frequently failed. Lacking indigenous help English military leaders developed alternative strategies – often in combination – of devastation, extension of communications infrastructure (primarily roads), and fortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares late eighteenth-century claims for the authenticity of Macpherson's Ossian and for the existence of Welsh Indians. It shows that although both claims were supported in part by appeals to similarities between Celtic and American Indian languages, the appeals in each case were very different. On the one hand, the Edinburgh literati who supported Ossian's authenticity focused on expressive structures shared by all primitive societies. On the other hand, radically Protestant antiquarians and philologists focused on lexical similarities that they argued demonstrate a genetic link between certain American Indians and the Welsh. The paper uses this fundamental difference underlying a superficial similarity, to explore in greater detail the distinction between philosophical historians among the Edinburgh literati, who were religiously moderate, politically conservative, and promoted Scotland's integration into a modern, polite, commercial and English-speaking empire, and the Welsh antiquarians, who were religious and political radicals and whose interest in the Welsh Indians reflected and reinforced their attempts to resurrect a distant golden age of Celtic Britain. pe’nguin. (1) A bird. This bird was found with this name, as is supposed, by the first discoverers of America; and penguin signifying in Welsh a white head, and the head of this fowl being white, it has been imagined, that America was peopled from Wales … —Samuel Johnson, Dictionary of the English Language, 1755. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We currently face a significant contemporary crisis, not just of student voice but of compulsory schooling and the social and political contexts that shape it. This paper offers a typology that seeks to understand and explain both that crisis and the burgeoning of ‘new wave’ student voice work in Australasia, North America and the UK. It suggests a number of ways forward that point to the possibility of developing forms of leadership that encourage approaches to student voice that take seriously the education of persons, not merely the thin requirements of an overly instrumental and ultimately diminishing schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the importance of interlocking directorates in knowledge transfer within the retail sector. In doing so it provides a discussion of the types of knowledge and more especially the importance of tacit knowledge. Such ideas are set against a more detailed review of the changing perspectives on the role of interlocking directorships. These discussions serve as a conceptual framework to a major case study of knowledge transfer between North America and British food retailers in terms of the innovation of self-service and the development of supermarkets in post-war Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Child Psychotherapy is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order for children to understand and reason about the world in an adult-like fashion, they need to learn that conceptual categories are organized in a hierarchical fashion (e.g., a dog is also an animal). While children learn from their first-hand observation of the world, social knowledge transmission via language can also play an important role in this learning. Previous studies have documented several cues in parental talk that can help children learn about conceptual hierarchy. However, these studies have used different datasets and methods that have made it difficult to compare the relative usefulness of various linguistic cues to conceptual knowledge and to test whether they scale up to naturalistic speech. Here, we study a large-scale corpus of English child-directed speech – collected in North America and the UK – and used a unified classification-based evaluation method which allowed us to investigate and compare cues that vary in terms of how explicit the information they offer is. We found the more explicit cues to be too sparse or too noisy in child-directed speech, making them unlikely to support robust learning. In contrast, the implicit cues offered a more reliable source of information. Further, we investigated developmental changes from 3 to 6 years of age, and we found no differences in the availability of these cues in the input. Our work confirms the utility of caregiver talk for conveying conceptual information and supporting the development of early taxonomic knowledge. It provides a first step toward a cognitive model that would combine perceptual- and language-based mechanisms, leading to a more comprehensive account of children's conceptual development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a recently renewed theoretical interesting both North America and in Britain in the sociology of school knowledge, we still have little, if any, comparative empirical material from these two continents. This paper reports the findings of a sociological study, designed to replicate the previous English empirical work by Vulliamy, into music teaching in Ontario high schools. Unlike in England, no overt culture clash was found in Ontario schools between 'school' music and 'students" music, both because of the wider scope of 'what counts as school music' in Canada and because music is not a compulsory school subject there However, by focusing upon the deep structure of the pedagogical process, as opposed to surface features of classroom interaction, it is argued that particular ideologies of the dominant musical culture are transmitted in very similar ways in both contexts. What is shared is a conception of music as equitable with musical notation. The ideological significance of this is pinpointed in an analysis of the structurally homological relationship between different musical languages and the social/cultural contexts of their creation. The processes of school music teaching no only contribute to the legitimation of a dominant musical ideology, but also to much more pervasive ideological assumptions underpinning capitalist societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eighteenth-century Anglo-American prize systems were highly organised enterprises for the provision of coerced labour. Offering whites opportunities to participate in a lucrative market, they extended the reach of American slavery beyond the shores of the Americas, reinforced slavery in North America and greatly limited opportunities for freedom for black seamen. Although Americans desired that their new nation provide greater individual liberty, the American prize system applied the same presumption - that captured black mariners were slaves - as had its British predecessor, resulting in the sale of hundreds of black seamen into slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern warfare at and from the sea, logistics are crucially important to the implementation of strategy and conduct of operational campaigns. Between August 1943 and March 1944, a British joint service mission led by Major-General John Lethbridge travelled to North America, the Pacific, and India to study the organisation, equipment, and methods necessary for coming offensive operations against Japan. The British obtained valuable information from the Americans and connected with those countries of the British Empire most directly involved. The Lethbridge Mission's progress and findings informed evolving Admiralty planning for supporting naval forces to be sent to the Indian and Pacific Oceans in pursuance of British wartime strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the intersections between popular music studies, ethnomusicology, and curricular reform in college and university music programs in North America and the United Kingdom. Scrutinized through the lens of the positioning of Western popular music studies in ethnomusicology, it will be argued that ethnomusicology itself must undergo reform before being held up as a model to emulate for educational transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is widely recommended for pregnant women who have preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Erythromycin prophylaxis was used during an initial period (control) and then changed to intravenous amoxicillin for 48 h, followed by 5 days of oral amoxicillin along with a single dose of azithromycin (case). Healthcare records were reviewed retrospectively. The primary outcome was latency (between membrane rupture and delivery) and the secondary outcomes were mode of delivery, maternal high dependency unit (HDU) admission, and several laboratory parameters. There were 78 women in the case group (amoxicillin and azithromycin) and controls were selected on a 1:1 ratio. There was no statistically significant difference between cases and controls with respect to group B Streptococcus or E.coli carriage, previous preterm birth, assissted fertility and parity. No babies had a positive blood culture with Group B Streptococcus. There was a longer latency to delivery for those prescribed amoxicillin and azithromycin (median = 5.5 days), compared with controls on erythromycin (median = 2 days, p <.001). There was no difference in the mode of delivery or maternal HDU admission. Given the potential sequelae of preterm birth, this warrants further prospective investigation in a randomised control trial. What is already known on this subject? Antimicrobial prophylaxis is recommended for women who have preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM). It has been shown to increase latency of delivery. However there are different regimens recommended in North America (amoxicillin and a macrolide) and the United Kingdom (macrolide monotherapy). What do the results of this study add? This study has shown that in our population, women who were prescribed the PPROM regimen of amoxicillin with azithromycin had a longer median latency from time of rupture of membranes to delivery, than women in a historical control group who were prescribed erythromycin monotherapy. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This retrospective study has shown that there may be a difference in latency between different antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens for PPROM. A randomised control trial, with sufficient patient numbers, is needed to determine the best regimen for prophylaxis, and would allow harmonisation of international guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mimulus guttatus (syn: Erythranthe guttata) is an important model organism in evolutionary ecology research. However, besides a few scattered reports of a single herbivore species at a time, there has only been one published list of herbivores that attack M. guttatus. I combined literature records as well as records from over five years of field surveys to include a range-wide list of species that attack M. guttatus. These records included plant populations from the native range in western North America and the non-native ranges in the United Kingdom and Eastern North America. I recorded over 86 species that consumed M. guttatus through its native and introduced ranges. In the native range, 77 species were found. In the UK, I reported 22 species of herbivores while in the eastern North America populations I recorded seven species feeding on M. guttatus. The native western North America range shared nine species with the UK range (mostly gastropods) and shared five herbivores with the eastern North America populations (mostly generalist mammal herbivores). I expect this list to grow as more studies focusing on plant–herbivore interactions in M. guttatus are published. I hope this list starts as a foundation for these future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New capacity laws have been introduced to many jurisdictions over the last decade. These laws have substantially changed the way in which mental health social workers and other professionals approach decisions about and for, clients. Most notably, there is now an expectation that mental health social workers engage more in supported decision-making to prevent the need for substitute decision-making. This article describes the legal and policy drivers that have led to these changes in practice, with a particular emphasis on the significance of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (the UNCRPD) and the importance of recovery approaches in mental health services. It then uses selected literature to explore the efficacy of the laws and decision-making in this area. The second part of the article identifies the role that mental health social workers can play in supporting legal capacity, drawing from the author's experience and knowledge of mental health social work and law in four jurisdictions: Victoria, Australia; Ontario, Canada; England and Wales and Northern Ireland. It is concluded that mental health and other social workers need to refine skills, knowledge and values to accommodate this paradigm shift in law, policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory frameworks around the world mandate that health and social care professional education programs graduate practitioners who have the competence and capability to practice effectively in interprofessional collaborative teams. Academic institutions are responding by offering interprofessional education (IPE); however, there is as yet no consensus regarding optimal strategies for the assessment of interprofessional learning (IPL). The Program Committee for the 17th Ottawa Conference in Perth, Australia in March, 2016, invited IPE champions to debate and discuss the current status of the assessment of IPL. A draft statement from this workshop was further discussed at the global All Together Better Health VIII conference in Oxford, UK in September, 2016. The outcomes of these deliberations and a final round of electronic consultation informed the work of a core group of international IPE leaders to develop this document. The consensus statement we present here is the result of the synthesized views of experts and global colleagues. It outlines the challenges and difficulties but endorses a set of desired learning outcome categories and methods of assessment that can be adapted to individual contexts and resources. The points of consensus focus on pre-qualification (pre-licensure) health professional students but may be transferable into post-qualification arenas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Student evaluations of teaching (SET) are widely used in both North America and the UK as a means of documenting and improving teaching quality. This article discusses current research on SET administration and interpretation in both regions. Sections of the article are dedicated to various problems associated with SETs and how these may be addressed. Attention is focused on the underlying theme of engaging students to become active participants in improving teacher quality. Given the large investment in SETs and the strong likelihood that they will continue to be used to measure teaching effectiveness and learning outcomes, it is important to maximise the practical information gained from them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An increasing number of eligible citizens in North America and Europe were born outside of these countries. As remarked by Heath et al. [2011. “Ethnic Heterogeneity in the Social Bases of Voting at the 2010 British General Election.”Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties21 (2): 255–277], in the case that voters with migration background respond differently to established correlates of turnout, understanding the role of immigration-specific factors becomes particularly important. On the basis of individual-level register data from the 2012 Finnish municipal elections (n = 585,839), we examine whether the effect of socioeconomic status on turnout differs according to citizenship status and test which indicators of social and political integration boost participation among foreign-born voters. We find, in line with the different response model, that the impact of age and education is weaker among voters with migration background. In addition, having a native spouse and minor children, past eligibility and being born in a democratic country increase turnout among foreign-born voters, lending support for the assimilation, exposure and transferability models. Finally, the findings concerning the resistance model were opposite to our expectations. Older age at the time of immigration increases participation, but only among migrants born in a democratic country. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the use of violence and intimidation by British political and economic elites operating in North America against white subordinates such as indentured servants, Native Americans, and black slaves during the 17th and 18th centuries. It examines the often brutal methods of punishment inherent in the British legal system of the time, English common law, the punitive slave codes in British America that permitted whippings and capital punishment for slaves, and attitudes towards Native Americans by colonial governments.

Despite the increasing number of hospitality master’s programs, little is known about their curricula. Thus, we analyzed a total of 94 hospitality or tourism master’s programs in 4 regions (North America, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Europe) to examine similarities and differences in their characteristics and curricula using data collected from school Web sites. Results showed that master’s program models vary widely, indicating that there currently exists no representative model. Developing at least a common core set of competencies across regions will be necessary for hospitality and tourism to continue to evolve as a field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the link between language teaching and learning and internationalisation agendas not only in Great Britain but across the Western European and North American world. It examines whether internationalisation for higher education can be extended to schools. The role of language teaching in internationalisation is also discussed.

The author reflects on inequalities in the cities of Great Britain and North America. He says that inequality exists and governments have not admitted that it is harmful to the development of a society. He adds that inequality is downplayed in different forms which include poverty reduction in Britain and in the U.S., securing marriage equality for gays and lesbians. He believes that social inequalities and injustices are greater in Britain than in almost all of the rest of Western Europe.

This article assesses the literature in relation to youth bullying in the United Kingdom, Scandinavia and North America, focusing in particular on female aggression as it is expressed in adolescent peer relationships. It addresses the escalating problems of indirect aggression, especially those involving social networking interchanges such as texting, email and Facebook postings. The goal is to raise awareness of the need to improve peer relationships by teaching empathy, adopting whole school awareness and implementing peer mentoring systems within the school framework. Acknowledging that bullying is a worldwide problem, the aims of this review of the literature are to: provide a brief overview of the bullying problem among girls; discuss factors that contribute to the ongoing problem, such as by-standing; and assess the literature for successful bullying prevention programs and bystander interventions that work well for girls [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic journals in a specialist field provide an interesting historical record of its development and progression over time. This article describes the evolution of some major international journals of occupational medicine, including some historical background on their editorial board. As North America, the United Kingdom, and Northern Europe are known to have the highest contribution to scientific production, it was considered appropriate to investigate the main occupational medicine periodicals in these regions. Given the remarkable improvements in Japanese occupational health following the Second World War, it was also considered worthwhile to investigate the two English-language journals of occupational medicine from this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on whole of government accounts from a comparative perspective and identifies key lessons for Spain and other European countries with a continental accounting system. The authors examine the issues involved in whole of government financial reporting in New Zealand, Australia, the UK and North America. They conclude that whole public sector consolidated accounts are not currently feasible in Spain and that consolidation should start at each level of government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers some of the issues involved in more fully understanding continuing higher education participation for different social groups, based on a review of participation literature from North America and the United Kingdom. One of the challenges facing continuing higher education is how to expand and diversify the student population. It identifies a number of factors affecting people's choices about educational involvement using two classic psychological models of motivation.

Copyright of Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents a description of the articles contained in this issue including an invited essay from Peter Bramham and shorter pieces from five other authors containing personal insights about leisure studies. Karla Henderson explores the division between North American-based leisure sciences and UK-based leisure studies. Heather Gibson focuses on leisure activities and later life, while Karen Fox discusses Eurocentric practitioners.

The traditional historical meta-narratives around leisure have focused on one Greek concept, ΣXOΛH, translated as schole and connected to the Latin ( licentia ) and English words. Direct lines were drawn from an interpretation of this Greek word in particular contexts to the current privileged leisure ideal first in Europe and the United Kingdom and then in North America. The complex history of the ancient Mediterranean world and the continuing histories of “leisures” in Europe and the United Kingdom not to mention other parts of the world were left invisible. As a performance of scholarship in leisure, we use a jazz, rap, and hip hop musical metaphorical strategy and draw upon scholarship from other disciplines to sound out the partiality of the historical meta-narrative of leisure and its resultant effects within current leisure scholarship and practices. Furthermore, we add historiographically to a redescription of the histories of leisure and imaginatively contribute to remixes of theories about leisures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite historical and linguistic connections, archaeology in North America and archaeology in Britain are alienated by a curious mixture of provincialism and mutual indifference. This estrangement is part of a larger cultural alienation that was decades in the making. Field methods and practice and academic organization of the discipline differ in ways that variously favor both regions. Yet, in other respects, British and North American archaeology share a cosmopolitan attraction to glamorous foreign places, a fondness that converged in recent years on China. Ironically, this shared worldliness does not extend to each one's serious contemplation of the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the Department for International Development (DfID) funding being made available to support a 'global dimension' in the school curriculum it seems an appropriate time to review the field of global education in the UK. This article therefore highlights some key principles and precedents in the emergence of this field in the UK and North America. It identifies the 'core elements' that need to be present before any initiative can claim to be 'global education' and concludes with a note on appropriate use of 'global' terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the structural and spatial trends in retailing in Great Britain within the period of 1850-1939. It investigates the relationship between structural and spatial trends in retail evolution. This structural-spatial nexus is significant in determining the nature of retail change at two inter-related levels; that of inter-type competition, and at the firm level. Three main issues are raised in this article. First, discussion focuses on the fragmented nature of existing literature on retail change and in particular the increasing bias towards North America. This serves to underpin the second theme, which describes the methodology of a new research project aimed at examining the growth of British multiples prior to 1939. Particular emphasis is given to the issue of competition and its impact on retail location. The third part of the article explores some early ideas from the research project by considering the spatial strategies adopted by variety store multiples operating in south-west Great Britain.

Contrasts British proprietary ideals with North American realities. Relation to some of the cultural, social, economic and political issues; Economic growth of northwestern Europe between 1650 and 1750; Behavioral parameters for life and community in colonial British America; Attitudes of special importance to the development of Anglo-America.

Focuses on the factors that have influenced the overall level of home ownership in Great Britain and North America. Social class differences in the levels of home ownership since the nineteenth century; National differences in urbanization, income and growth, and land prices; Resurgence of immigration and advancements in construction technology.

This article highlights the differences of cities in North America and Great Britain during the Victorian period. The advent of industrial revolution has made the study of residential congregation patterns in the 19th-century complex. The notion of modern city is viewed differently by historians. Traditionally modern city is described as having at the center the rich and the poor at the periphery. The advent of mass transportation has reversed the description of modern. The rich abandoned the center and stayed at the periphery and segregation is basically by status and income.

The article discusses the assessment on environmental impact related to its retrospect and prospect. It stresses that the evolution of Environmental Impact Analysis finds its origins during post war period with growing environmental awareness of affluent western societies. It notes that the legislation relating to the improvement of the environment in Europe and North America was brought about the interaction of government and articulate pressure groups. It emphasizes that the best guardians of the physical environment are responsible governments and an informed and alert public specifically in western world. It points out that the British government have commented that Environmental Impact Analysis brings nothing substantially new to the best practice in Great Britain.

Explores the strange product of the mingling of races which followed the British entry into North America that survives in the presence of a number of localized strains of peoples of mixed ancestry. Recognition of the part white varying populations of Indian and Negro blood; Larger mixed-blood strains of the Croatan Indians of North Carolina, the Melungeons in Tennessee, the Redbones of Louisiana, the Cajans of Alabama and others; Interpretation of mixed-blood distribution; Origin of the mixed-blood groups.

This article suggests that although United Kingdom leisure studies and North American leisure sciences are characterized by different epistemological, methodological, and theoretical perspectives, they haveboth arrived at a similar recognition: their relative failure to develop an understanding of the societal, cultural, and individual meanings associated with leisure. The predominantly sociological leisure studies has adopted a society in leisure approach, exploring how broader sociocultural structures are reflected in leisure and largely ignoring issues of individual meaning. The predominantly sociopsychological leisure sciences, with its stress on positivist methodology, has often produced analyses of leisure without society and failed to address issues of the social and cultural meanings associated with leisure. Assertions about a 'postmodern condition' have highlighted the gapsin leisure studies' understanding of leisure meanings, and critics within leisure sciences have argued that the predominance of one methodology mitigates against adoption of the qualitative methodologies necessary to address the increasingly important issues of leisure diversity and meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]