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The article presents information the coastal plains and block mountains in Japan. The whole region of Central Japan here considered is eloquent to the geographer of the inconstancy of the position of the boundary between, the land and the sea, and of the strong and varied influence of land forms upon an insular people who have been compelled to adapt themselves nicely to their environment under the high pressure of a dense population. In addition to that, the article presents various other related information.

Presents a geographic study in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Details on the temperature of the area; Availability of various agricultural lands; Number of manufacturing industries in the place.

Studies the specialization on apple growing of the people in the Iwaki Basin in Honshu, Japan. Percentage of apple crop contributed by the region on the nation's apple industry; Principal landscape features; Opportunity to study traits of land occupancy; Influence of climate on the ways of living on the local people; Differentiation of the Basin into three geographic units.

The article presents a study of the color preference of Japanese children, which was reported in the August, 1926 issue of "Japanese Journal of Psychology." The subjects of the experiment were 1059 school children from the first grade through the tenth grade. The colors were the Milton Bradley standard colors, red, blue, green, violet, orange, yellow, and white, all on coated papers. The method was the order of merit method from which color preference scales were derived. Not only were scales derived, but also central tendencies were obtained for the various colors. However, the authors did not believe that the latter method was the better one for handling such data since the facts are not as clearly represented as by the scale method. The subjects were children from the first through the tenth grades. In the first seven grades both boys and girls were subjects, but in the eighth, ninth, and tenth grades only boys participated in the experiment. Since most of the subjects could not write English, the experimenter was compelled to transcribe the records made by the subjects into English.

Provides basic information about the Yamato Basin in Japan. Internal political reorganization of the land area; Geographical features; Distribution of resources and political power.

Discusses teaching of english conversation in Japan. Use of intonations in teaching the language; Stimulation of conversation among students; Attempts of Japanese to take on Western civilization; Recitation and the presentation of biographical material by various members; use of dramatics by students to memorize words and phrases; Encouragement given by Japanese government to its students and teachers to travel.

The author cites his personal account of the Hiroshima bombing in 1945. The author described the condition of people after the explosion in Hiroshima. He described how he helped those who were injured. The author noted that thousands of wounded could have been rescued if they received proper treatment and care but rescue work had not been envisioned. Many of the wounded also died because they had been weakened by undernourishment and consequently lacked in strength to recover. The ethics of the use of bombs was discussed by the author.

Analyzes the public discussion programs in Japan. Importance of public discussions in establishing democracy; Impact of public discussions on the people.

Presents information on the history of cartography in Japan. Reliance of Japanese mapmakers on western sources; Influence of Portuguese on the construction of Japanese charts; Negligence of the students of early cartography on Japanese maps.

The article shares the author's observation on the effects of atomic bomb in Japan. The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission visited bomb fields and universities in Tokyo with the support and cooperation of the Eighth Army and Public Health and Welfare Division. The atomic visit and study of survivors were accompanied by the representatives of Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, the Japanese Ministry of Welfare and by the representative of the Research Council, Dr. Masao Tsuzuki. Information on atomic bomb casualties such as food scarcity, inflation, and destroyed houses is presented. Burns due to flash explosions caused the formation of keloids on survivor's skin and bomb radiation caused the birth of abnormal infants.

The author presents a record of the destruction of the cyclotrons in the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research in Tokyo. He describes how the Nishina laboratory was subjected to investigation by SCAP GHQ and how the authorizations to operate the laboratory were stopped through a memorandum transmitted through the Central Liaison Office. The destruction of two cyclotrons, one weighing 220 tons and the other 28 tons, was ordered by Major O'Hearn. It was accomplished by engineers of the 8th Army in five full days.

Focuses on the rhetoric of Japanese propaganda of the World War II as of February 1949. Changes in the pattern of Japanese propaganda during the last year of the War; Role of media in the propaganda of the War during first few months; Features of Japanese propaganda in Greater East Asia.

Focuses on the discovery of Yezo. State of Western cartography concerning the seas and islands north of the Japanese island of Honshu; Ignorance of the Japanese language; Designation of the island of Hokkaido.

The article presents a letter from describing the great devastation caused by the atomic bomb which fell in Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. The A-bomb left about 6,000 children orphan. Most of them were taken by relatives but due to the worse economic condition of Japan, the relatives could no longer support them, trading the children as servants, waiters or waitresses of cafes or saloons. During this period, the systems and institutions of social welfare were not established yet. The author and other concerned citizens then engaged in supporting the orphanage for the children.

Examines the discovery of the Bonin Islands in Japan. Assessment of the impricse methods of navigation and cartography; Evaluation of commercial value for a series of historical problems; Evidence of international relations.

The article describes the historical development of science in Japan. Since then, Japanese history shows several ebbs and flows, but the arts, particularly painting and industrial arts, possessed a high standard, and influenced strongly occidental arts in some periods. Science is the youngest of human cultural achievement, and its propagation from its source of origin in the West to the distant East took time. Japan had her doors closed to Western civilization during the most important period, when the seeds of science were germinating in the soil of the Occident.

The article examines the evidence of the radioactive fallout as described by the Japanese scientists on human beings. Accordingly, it was when the death f a Japanese fisherman on September 23, 1954 made the radioactive fallout appear the most fearful consequence of hydrogen bomb. This case is one of the unexpected consequences of the series of American nuclear weapons tests in the spring of 1954. Nearly three hundred persons received unpleasantly large doses of radiation. Radioactive fish turned up in Japan. Radioactive rain was observed in many places. From these events flowed political results, chief among them being apparently a sharp growth of anti-American feeling in Japan. Other significant information, views and analyses of the author are presented.

The article presents an open letter addressed to many geneticists and evolutionists in the U.S. from their Japanese colleagues. The letter contains an appeal to the sympathy of the U.S. for the inestimable victims due to the atomic weapons. The writers of the letter also talked of a research on the estimation of the critical values of the frequency of human mutation, which hoped to realize in future the possibility of finding out some effective ways of mutation prophylaxis toward the progress of human beings. Furthermore, the writers hope that the Western evolutionists, would take the leadership of the destructive influence due to the radiation upon the life of the earth.

The article discusses the behavior of civilians under bombardment to their behavior in a future atomic devastation. The author presented the discussion with the use of an atomic attack chronology which consisted of four phases. The author cites a study on beliefs about the implications of the atomic bomb which found that about 60% of the a sample of Chicagoans believed they would be killed in an atomic attack. He also notes that the responses of the relatively unwounded in the period immediately succeeding the explosions at Hiroshima and Nagasaki ranged from individual disruption and disorganization to cogent, coherent activity. Reactions of the wounded in the period immediately after the disaster are also discussed by the author.

Focuses on the business performance of the companies at the Kita Kyushu Industrial Zone in Japan. Increase on the number of factory workers in the area; Level of competitive advantage; Expansion of business opportunities.

The article reports developments related to nuclear power policies of several countries worldwide. An atomic power plant will be built in India by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The government of Spain offered to sell 140 tons of uranium to the International Atomic Energy Agency. Japan's uranium supply for its first atomic power station will be provided by the British Atomic Energy Authority.

The variations in the initiation, course, speed and terminations of demographic transitions may involve cultural and temporal specificities as well as historic incidents. This article explores three of the critical questions involved in the typicality and predictability of the Japanese experience and its wider relevance. The first is the validity of the official record of increasing fertility, with special reference to the reputed prevalence and later decline of infanticide. The second concerns the almost classic pattern of differential fertility in the late twenties and early thirties and its relevance to the use of transition theory for projective purposes. The third question concerns the continuities in the patterns of differential fertility at the sharply reduced levels of recent years.

This article reports on some interrelationships between urbanization and social change in Japan since 1600. Japan is proposed for investigation of some possible interrelationships between urbanization and social change for several reasons. In the first place, Japan is the most highly industrialized and urbanized of the major nations of Asia. In Asia lives the bulk of the world's population, a population that is now in the midst of major social, economic and political transformations of enormous consequence to the rest of the world. In the second place, Japan lends itself to the testing of hypotheses regarding social and cultural change, which have been primarily documented with data on European, and European-dominated peoples. Third, Japan is an appropriate concern of American scholars because of close past and present relationships between the two countries. It is the central argument of this article that Japanese history since 1600 may profitably be regarded in terms of three remarkable experiments in planned social change undertaken by powerful, centralized governments which were relatively free to exercise unlimited authority. In each of these three instances the regime consciously set out to fashion Japan's national life after a preconceived pattern and in each case the planned change was in substantial degree realized.

This article discusses urban regions and their problems in Japan. Geographical studies of urban problems and regions in Japan have made remarkable progress since 1951. Japanese studies in urban geography range over a wide variety of topics and problems, not only in the social sciences, but also in the physical and biological sciences. But the most pressing current research problems are encompassed by the general topics of (1) recent migration to metropolitan centers, (2) the growing localization of industries in the larger urban areas, and (3) the changing economic and social functions of cities.

It is informed that traditional Japanese theory attributes rapid population growth in the period following the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the economic development resulting from the contact with Western civilization. This theory appears to be supported by the fact that the birth rate, as indicated in official statistics, grew very rapidly in this period, as compared with those of the European countries in the middle of the nineteenth century, when their populations were also showing rapid increase. Incompleteness of registration is common in any developing country, especially in the early stages of organizing the registration system. The early Meiji period was no exception. Underregistration applied not only to births and deaths, but also to the registration of population itself. The Population Registration Act of 1871, which prescribed that all nationals be registered at their permanent residences, came into operation in January 1872, but there were many people who did not immediately comply with the law. Official records concerning the operation of the registration scheme show that delayed registrations amounted to a considerable number during the first ten or twenty years following the passing of the law. The annual growth of population in the last quarter of the nineteenth century includes, therefore, not only the actual natural and social increase of population, but also a kind of spurious population increase which originated from the delayed registration of those people who had not been registered at the time the law came into force, as well as those who were born later but not registered as new births.

The article discusses the investigations of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in the U.S. to the possible delay effects of the bombings in Japan. The investigation points that the explosions were not monitored for radiation yield and that bombs of similar type have been tested which lead to tentative air-dose distance curves. Some of the effects of the explosion in Japan include the high occurrence of leukemia, increase of cancer in the survivors of the bombings, and cataracts. It also notes that the growth and development of children exposed in radiation have delayed in normal maturation growth.

Examines the technological progress and state support in the shipbuilding industry in Japan in the 1900s. State of world shipbuilding from 1950 to 1962; Characteristics of the Japanese economic history; Historical background on the shipbuilding industry until the end of the Second World War.

The article examines educational developments and social problems in Japan. Nine years of education is currently compulsory and free in the country. Free text books are slowly extended from the elementary level up through the secondary level. Increasing pressure of numbers of successful high school graduates brings a flow of talent to an increasing range of institutions. Competitiveness at the entrance to the universities having the best job augury has been acute. Meanwhile, the dearth of student supervision may be due to the fact that professors are very busy. Some research-oriented professors pay little attention to student progress.

Focuses on the performance of the broadcasting industry in Japan. Influence of Japanese broadcasting on the society; Number of households with television; Average television viewing hours of Japanese.

Discusses the factors favoring the increase of productivity in Japanese agriculture during the period 1950 to 1962, using the pre-war period for comparison. Impact on agriculture of the rapid growth in the non-agriculture sector; Classification of technical innovations in agricultural production; Necessity of improvement in the structure of agriculture.

The article shares the author's insights on the containment effort of the U.S. to retain its position as a major power in Asia which results to a struggle with China. The author points out that the U.S. containment of China depends on the chain of military bases in China's periphery. Vietnam on the other hand, represents the chain's anchor in Southeast Asia with its vast ports and airfields and its commitment to the American troops. The author cites that the U.S. military bases in Japan are responsible for the country's defense, yet the U.S. failed to link Japan to the containment policy. He suggested that the U.S. should refrain from military maneuvering in order to force Japan into a deeper commitment with its interests and to encourage increasing contacts between Japan and China.

The article discusses evaluation and cross-cultural application of a Japanese form of the survey of interpersonal values. There is a growing literature reporting studies in which American paper and- pencil personality tests have been translated and then used in cross-cultural research. The present paper reports such an evaluation of a Japanese translation of the Survey of Interpersonal Values (SIV) prior to cross-cultural application. The scales in the SIV originally had been identified by means of an item factor analysis. A similar analysis was proposed for the translated items in order to determine whether the same constructs would emerge as factors in the Japanese culture. The results of the factor analysis indicated that the constructs incorporated in the SIV do emerge as factors in the Japanese culture, and that the large majority of the items in translation have their principle loadings on the same factors as did the corresponding original items. Data were gathered at five Japanese universities for samples of 258 males and 505 females selected so as to be comparable in educational and socioeconomic level to the individuals comprising the American normative group. In addition, 249 male and 227 female students were similarly selected and tested at three different Japanese urban high schools. The latter two groups were to be compared with an American sample made up of students from five Southern California high schools, of similar age and grade level.

This article presents practical expression to the primacy-recency problem in persuasion. The conflicting results obtained by the investigators may be viewed in retrospect as presaging a series of later studies that have generated similarly contradictory and inconclusive findings. Scientists presented subjects with arguments both proposing and attacking higher protective tariffs for the United States. Half of subjects heard the affirmative argument first, and the remaining half heard the negative argument first. Opinion questionnaires were administered initially to all of the subjects and again after each of the two opposing communications. In the present experiment, Japanese university students were exposed to conflicting communications on the subject of the Cold War in an attempt to determine whether the first or the second of the arguments would be more effective in influencing attitudes. The possibility existed that the lively concern of Japanese students with international issues might generate results less equivocal than those that have been reported with American subjects.

Both sericultural and manufacturing branches of Japan's once highly important raw silk industry suffered severe dislocations following peak production about 1930. World economic depression, synthetic fiber development, and World War II were fundamental causes. Reeling mill closures stemmed from bankruptcies, governmental readjustment programs, conversions into defense plants, bombings, and post-war business rationalization, Mulberry acreage shrank principally owing to wartime food shortages and profitable post-war alternatives, particularly orcharding. This paper contrasts changes observed in two of the most specialized Japanese cocoon-producing regions, Gumma Prefecture, on the Kant&obar; lowlands where sweet potatoes and upland rice characteristically followed mulberry, and the Nagano Basin, representative of highland basins in central and northern Honshu, where orchards common replaced mulberry. Proportional losses in both reeling capacity, measured in number of reeling machines and in mulberry acreage were above the national average in the Nagano Basin and below it in Gumma Governmental policies and local factors caused these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses results of a survey about college aspirations and career perspectives among senior secondary students in Japan. Data was taken from questionnaires given in December 1966 to more than 7,000 Japanese boys enrolled in the final year of senior-secondary school. The analysis has delineated the educational and occupational goals of survey respondents conveying different intentions with regards to college attendance. Results reveal that a big proportion of Japanese boys will experience frustration of their educational aspirations. Findings also show that hopes for college attendance and occupational expectations are linked.

Thirty-one residents of Tokyo, all practitioners or teachers of flower arranging, tea ceremony, or other traditional arts, judged which was the esthetically better work in each of 51 pairs of black-and-white photographic prints and 24 pairs of colored abstract-painting postcards. U.S. experts had shown good agreement among themselves about which work in each pair was better. The Japanese subjects showed significant tendency to agree with the U.S. experts on the prints. On the abstract paintings, the Japanese subjects did not show statistically significant agreement with the U.S. experts. An outside comparison group believed to have little esthetic orientation showed, however, systematic tendency to prefer the abstract painting judged poorer by U.S. experts. In differing significantly from this comparison group, the Japanese group gives indirect evidence of tendency to share the judgments of U.S. experts. These findings add to the growing evidence that esthetic evaluations developed in different cultural settings may tend toward agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes a look at the belief that the number of couples currently desiring to limit family size is sufficiently large that the provision of supplies, services and education will be adequate to bring the birth rate down to acceptable levels within a reasonable time period. Current family planning programmes emphasize the provision of supplies, services and education. Attempts to change motivation through the use of monetary incentives have raised a very minor role so far. Implicit in this ordering of priorities must be the belief that the number of couples latently or actively desiring to limit family size is sufficiently large - or can be made sufficiently large through education and persuasion - to bring the birth rate down to acceptable levels reasonable soon. A debate is in progress about the extent to which the official family planning programmes in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea have been responsible for the fall in their rates. Monetary incentives were not widely or intensively used in these programmes. While there is no doubt that they speeded up the process of demographic transition, it is not clear how successful they would have been had they been initiated ten or twenty years earlier, before the socioeconomic situation became favorable.

The article traces the impact of mass breakthoughts witnessed in the field of education at school and college level in 1960s on education in 1970s in various countries. In Europe, it is largely the "upper secondary" level which is likely to be impacted. The impact in the U.S. is likely to be different from Europe due to various reasons. The paper primarily concerns the mass elites of Europe and Japan. It analyzes how the whole situation might appear to an economist, and how the perceptions of recent and prospective changes are related to perceptions of the nature of people and their variabilities in potentials for learning and productive life. 1960s was a decade of fantastic world-wide expansion in educational establishments, both public and private. Educators offer a viewpoint which is different from economists. For them, one of the more interesting implications of the economist's way of thinking must be with respect to the use of student time even among pupils too young to participate in the labour force. Pupil time is inherently limited, and hence costly.

Discusses the recent development in the Japanese student movement. Reasons behind the student violence in Japan; 'University Management Emergency Measures Law' to cope the disruption and violence of the students in the country; Resolution passed by Japan's senior high school principals to cope violence by high school students.

A discussion of the modernization of enterprises in Japan always involves an analysis and evaluation of the changes following the three historical events which have forced Japan to face the outside world, namely, the Meiji Restoration (1868) (a), the end of World War II, and the present situation. Actually, these came, respectively, in the forms of an introduction of Western civilization, reconstruction and technological innovation, and liberalization of international trade. The same can be said in any discussion concerning the way in which Japanese management has absorbed the Western way, which seems to Japanese managers always to be modern and new. In many Japanese management practices, therefore, translations of American terms are used. However, the meanings are not always the same as those used in the West. in other words, it is not a mere "imitation." it is not a coexistence of the old and the new either — it is well "Japanized." In the following article the author reviews this peculiar process of modernization and seeks a new way, which survival in world business competition seems to demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reprints the paper "Kokusai Keiei Kanri Josetsu," by Noritake Kobayashi, previously published in a 1968 issue of the journal "Kokusai Keiei." It focuses on the problems of international business management in Japan. Japanese are most unskilled in international activities. The reason for this is that as an island Japan has maintained her orderly society with pride for the past 2,000 years based upon her national homogeneity. It is undeniable that this homogeneity has been a major motivating force for the rapid industrial development of Japan. But it should be recognized that among a world population of several billion there is a limit to what can be done by one hundred million Japanese, no matter how efficient they may be. There has been a tendency in Japan to ignore this reality. Today, in the face of an increasing degree of liberalization of trade and capital movements, it is crucial for them to face the reality and to find out how they can overcome this limit. But, in actuality, Japanese business has been so proud of being independent that it has often forgotten the reality that Japan is but a component of the world and has also been prone to the illusion that the world moves according to the convenience of Japan.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between the various aspects of maturity and school achievement in Japanese primary age children. Earlier, researchers have reported that academic maturity relates more highly to American second-grade achievement indexes than standardized intelligence and achievement scores. This pattern was anticipated in Japanese schools. A second purpose was to compare the structure of behavioral maturity of Japanese second-graders to American second graders. The problem of searching for similar maturity factors in other cultures is risky, since socialization in each culture has some unique features. The structure of behavioral maturity among Japanese second graders was studied with the Behavioral Maturity Scale, an instrument developed for American primary-grade use. The factor structure of Japanese behavioral maturity was essentially the same as the structure found when several independent American samples were used. The major components of maturity were academic, emotional, and interpersonal maturity. Correlations of these factors with achievement indexes were quite high relative to correlations of intelligence with achievement.

This article explores the different forms of managerial decision-making in Japan. The traditional process of decision-making in Japanese management is that of group decision-making. Flowing deep inside the lifetime employment system is the group consciousness of the Japanese. The Japanese people have racial homogeneity and a collective nature. These characteristics have appeared in the form of a closed-type lifetime employment. Japanese management is an organic structure which differs from the mechanical structure of the West. The Japanese business organization is a living entity with a spirit and a soul. Individuals are positioned as members of this common entity. The management people are also a part of this common entity and cannot claim the company as their personal property. In Japan, the company cannot be put up for sale by the management. There are scarcely any cases in Japan where mergers are carried out through the buying-up of enterprises. There are numerous cases where mergers on an equal basis or through absorption are carried out, but in such mergers the deciding point in the success of the merged company is the personnel problem. The labor union is a union based on the company, and so the opinion of the trade union about a merger becomes important in the planning of one.

Discusses the religious approach adopted by Nara Prefecture, Japan-based Tenri University in the area of international education. Overview of Tenrikyo; Educational facilities provided by the University; Contributions of Japanese Language School.

Focuses on the Japanese pattern of communication and the concept of 'amae' in Japanese language. English translation of the term; Application of the word to any interpersonal relationship between adults; Central importance of amae for the Japanese pattern of emotion.

Focuses on achievements and frustrations experienced by political and social reformer Yukichi Fukuzawa while pioneering endeavors to introduce western rhetoric in Japan. Studies conducted on the nature of Japanese rhetoric; Impetus behind the enlightenment movement to modernize feudalistic Japan; Educational and family background of Fukuzawa; Japanese definition of speech.

Discusses factors that create favorable prerequisites for the development of the Far East's trade with Japan. Natural resources of the Far East; List of products produced by Far Eastern enterprises that are being exported; Role of Japan in Soviet foreign trade; Details of a trade treaty between the Soviet Union and Japan.

Manifold factors have been identified as causal mechanisms in social change, but an important one—temporality—has been neglected. Temporality is the social time that characterizes any society, and that social time is consequential for the rate and direction of change. The three dimensions of temporality are temporal pattern, temporal orientation, and temporal perspective. The differences between the Japanese and Chinese along these three dimensions help explain their differential responses to the 19th century Western challenge. Specifically, two propositions are examined in the light of the historical data: a society's temporality limits the range of adaptive responses to new circumstances, and the symbols of social time act as a mechanism of social control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]