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This paper may be regarded as a first short step into a scheme of systematic geography, since it deals with an island off a young coastal plain that is Shriharikota, Madras, India. The island is probably the simplest part of the simplest type of land form. Moreover, its inhabitants, simple jungle folk, are in the most elemental stage of evolution. The island has the monsoon type of climate. The East Coast of India presents to the Bay of Bengal a shoreline backed. except in a few places, with a monotonously low relief. If one braves the tulmultous shallow inshore waters of the bay from the city Calcutta to Cape Comorin his typical view is of a silver strand surmounted by jungle growth.

The article focuses on the wolf-child histories from India. The recent publication of "Wolf Child and Human Child," by Arnold Gesell has reanimated a controversy that is now centuries old. Even more numerous are the stories of wolf-children which are told as factual narratives of actual occurrences. There is an account as early as 1341 of a boy found among wolves in Hesse. Since then many more reports have been published of children raised not only by wolves, but by bears, leopards, baboons, and jackals as well. India has incubated more of these tales than any other land. As in the latest instance of the two girls of Midnapore who form the subjects of Gesell's book, each report relates that the children, lost, strayed, or stolen, were nourished by the wolves and retained the marks of their lupine existence long after their rescue. It is noteworthy that all the wolf children tales which have come out of India are presented as true stories. The recent addition to the roster of wolf-child tales from India has been announced in a number of periodical articles, in many newspaper stories, and in Gesell's book.

The article discusses the "Black Hole" incident that happened in Calcutta in connection with the British conquest of India. Innumerable histories, major and minor, record the short but horrible tale; sober encyclopedias give it the respectable stamp of their authority and more recently, solid medical, engineering and psychological textbooks fathered by famous research commissions and past presidents of various scientific and professional associations have by their repeated references thereto all but universalized an awareness of this episode. One hardly encounters any lay or professional discussion of atmospheric or ventilation problems which does not compulsively mention the Black Hole, as though this chapter of technology could not be adequately covered or reported without this scholarly adornment. Later physiological chemists have questioned the popular Victorian explanation that the excess saturation of the available air with carbon dioxide or "human miasma" could have been the responsible cause for the deaths reported but not even these technicians extended their skepticism to the "event" as such.

From time to time attempts have been made to determine the trends of fertility of the Indian population. Actuarial analyses which have been undertaken in this connection, published in the Census Reports and elsewhere are admitted to be in the nature of makeshifts. The Census authorities decry the reliability of the census in anything else except the total count. But such caution is not always exercised by students who use the census information on age, birthplace and other characteristics. The differences are partly due to different procedures of standardisation or correction used and partly due to the differing standards of the people enumerated. A more realistic approach to the study of demographic tends would be to proceed step by step from smaller regions. The advantage of such an approach is that in a smaller region the data are more homogeneous. Reconstructions can therefore be based on the assumptions of a common local background. The census authorities of Bengal conducted an enquiry into the fertility of the rural population in 1931. In 1951 the West Bengal census authorities carried out a similar enquiry in the rural areas of West Bengal. These investigations are no perfect models of sample surveys. But they are very useful sources, generally more reliable than the census for estimating fertility.

This article focuses on the trend of the birth rate in India between the period 1911 to 1950. The Government of India, in connection with the Census of 1951, has published a report entitled Estimation of Birth and Death Rates in India during 1941-50. In this report the actuaries associated with the census of 1951 have analysed a mass of material and have tried to arrive at firm estimates of the birth and death rates for different regions of India during 1941-50. Economist Kingsley Davis has also tried to compute birth estimates for the major provinces of India during 1926-30. These two publications thus enable you to examine two independently estimated rates of omission in the two decades, i.e. 1926-30 and 1941-50. In the present paper it will be shown that the formula devised for West Bengal is valid for a much larger area, comprising the provinces of Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The rates of omission estimated by the author's formula for 1921-30 will be compared with the corresponding rates of omission for 1926-30 as estimated by Kingsley Davis, and it will be shown that in all the cases the two agree quite closely.

The article offers global news briefs related to atomic energy. Sponsored by India, five Asian countries met in Bombay July 23, 1956 to develop a common policy for closer cooperation in research and development of atomic energy. Work has commenced on Australia's first nuclear reactor-parts made in England will be assembled at Lucas Heights near Sydney. The nuclear energy organization in Austria is a stock company with the state owning 51 percent of the capital and the rest subscribed by firms.

The paper attempts to study the implications of the hypothesis that personality patterns organize the forces operating in a social milieu. The findings of a Rorschach experiment on a group of 24 students from India are interpreted in terms of the childhood experiences, family discipline, and social pressures. An ambiequal pattern leaning toward introversiveness is indicated. This is found to be the product of early permissiveness, subsequent rigidity of behavior code, and later status role. The authoritarian character of the Indian family structure and the early socialization process are found to be largely responsible for the evolution of rigid control and withdrawal mechanisms. The paper concludes by suggesting that the study of personality-culture phenomena may be profitably conducted by analysing the defense system that a culture tends to evolve in its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the composition of Indian emigration to Fiji is analysed from documentary data. Most emigrants went as indentured labourers from 1879 to 1916. The system of recruitment, the considerable resistances to emigration and pressure stimulating it, places of origin, age, sex, marital status, economic position, religion and caste and expectations of emigrants are considered; 75 % of the emigrants embarked at Calcutta. In the main they were unaccompanied, young men and women, came from the north-eastern United Provinces and were a fair cross section of village castes. The emigrants were driven primarily by economic but also by social pressure and intended to return to India. Emigration from Madras differed in some respects. Other Indian emigration to Fiji, of Puniabis and Gujratis particularly, is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the abolition of slavery in British colonies in 1834, many thousand labourers left India under indenture for employment on colonial plantations. Their efforts resulted in a striking rise in exports of plantation products. At the end of their indenture, many Indians decided to settle in their new home, especially' in British Guiana, Trinidad, Mauritius and Fiji. The paper discusses the districts in India from which labourers were recruited; the conditions of service under the indenture system, and its advantages and abuses. It discusses the opportunities open to the Indian labourer at the end of his indenture, and the facilities which the government or the planters provided for his settlement on the land. Those who did not settle on the land turned to the professions or trades, often with success. The paper discusses the attitude of the communities of reception" to the Indian during and after indenture, and his adjustment to a multi-racial society. It analyses his change in outlook as a result of emigration, the increase in his ambition and initiative, and his transition from submissiveness to independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a report on an attempt to investigate the racial attitudes of the average educated Indian. There is a special emphasis on color prejudice and the relation between prejudice of this type and the liberal-conservative attitude. Three tests were used: Vetter's Attitude Scale, Bogardus' Social Distance Test, and a general questionnaire of 20 questions. The subjects consisted of 550 male Hindus, 200 male Muslims, and 60 women not further classified. The positive correlation between color prejudice as revealed by the Social Distance Test and Radicalism- Conservatism as revealed by Vetter's Test is a finding of major importance in the present investigation. In view of the traditional beliefs about the tolerance of the East, the high negative scores in the Social Distance Test come as a surprise. Not only the white races but also the coloured races get negative marks. Taking the subjects as a whole, it is found that three white races are ranked above two colored races (Japanese and Negroes). There is more prejudice among Indian students than among Indian professionals and that this prejudice is not always of colour but of race also.

The study relates to an investigation of the fertility pattern of a sample of 1018 tires drawn from Lucknow and Kanpur, the two biggest cities of Uttar Pradesh. The sample is stratified with respect to religion and caste, and income. It reveals significant inter-community differences, Muslims and low-caste Hindus showing nearly equal fertility, arid high-caste Hindus tad Christians showing comparatively lower levels. The proportion of small families (three children or less) is obviously higher in groups with lower fertility, but there is a wide measure of dispersion in each group. Fertility is seen to decline with a rise in income, but not until we cross the income level of Rs 300 per month. Consistent with the differential trends in fertility, striking variations are also observed in the extent of contraceptive practice in different groups. Groups with lower fertility also show a higher frequency of birth control. Birth controllers have lower fertility than the non-controllers, tad birth control appears to play a not inconsequential tóle in causing differential trends in fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses the attitudes of college students of Orissa, India, towards some 16 politico-economic issues. In the last decade or so there have been rapid changes in the political and economic fields of India. These changes are bound to have repercussions in the ideologies and attitudes of people. Now India is passing through a transitional period of history which is working as a bridge between the old and the new. So it would be extremely interesting to study systematically the rapidly changing attitudes and ideologies of people who are consciously or unconsciously making history. In order to make a systematic study of the change of attitudes of college students over several years the article author started his first investigation in 1952, and drew certain conclusions from the distribution of responses of about 800 college students to 16 politico-economic issues. The investigator using the same questionnaire on a five-point scale has tried to measure the attitudes of another group of about 450 college students after four years from the same institutions, and compare the results of this sample with those of the 1952 investigation.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the stereotypes of 100 college freshmen and 100 service holders of Orissa towards their own nationality namely "Indian" and four other out-groups namely American, British, Russian, and Chinese. All the subjects were the genuine inhabitants of the State of Orissa (India). A list of .60 adjectives was prepared after the necessary pre-test. The scores of the student and the service holder groups were kept separately for comparison. Attributes checked by at least 20 per cent of either group were selected for discussion in this paper. It was interesting to note that the subjects chose the largest number of derogatory traits for the Americans and the British whereas they chose only two bad traits out of 16 selected for the Russians, and not a single such trait for the Chinese for whom there were 15 good attributes. For the we-group they selected 18 good and 5 bad traits. The rank correlation between the two sets of scores (i.e., the scores of students and service holders) in relation to these five reference groups were highly significant. This means that though the samples belonged to two dissimilar populations yet they very closely agreed in choosing the attributes for these groups. The mean scores of the service holders were higher than those of the student group in all cases. The results might suggest that the traits which had been selected by the two groups were perhaps the commonly held attributes for these groups in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the history and influence of Europe on science in India before 1850. About 1785 began the transmission of western scientific ideas and practices in India. In view of the importance of modern science in the world today the matter is of some interest, and the notable achievements of twentieth century Indians in extending and applying scientific knowledge are the more remarkable in that they stem from the introduction of western science only a century and a half ago. For science in India had progressed little during the six centuries which preceded the eighteenth. Up to the twelfth century there was no great difference between the east and the west with respect to scientific ideas and though some important mathematical principles were probably discovered and some medical and surgical practices initiated by Indians, much of the scientific knowledge which then existed was shared by east and west so that it is often difficult to say where a particular idea originated. After the twelfth century western science alone progressed and only the vestiges of earlier knowledge, together with a variety of technological and metallurgical skills persisted until the time when the British rule was established.

.Focuses on the various aspects of urbanization in India. Growth of towns and cities across the country brought about by the increased number of populations; Problems with socioeconomic conditions in the country; Social implications of industrialization and urbanization.

This article offers insights about the artwork of Arjun Ray, wife of a well-known architect from Calcutta, India. She is an artist that does not deal with theories. The work produced by Ray are made of leather, straw, felt, and other materials. It also include statuettes, which at first seem to be made of porcelain, but which are really shells. One of the statuettes created by Ray is known as "After Me Cometh One." Her artwork may come from a piece of sapwood, bark or root and is mounted on a base. However, without Ray's creativity, these works of art would be no more than twisted roots and brambles and branches of deodar, cedar and gardenia.

The article reports developments related to nuclear power policies of several countries worldwide. An atomic power plant will be built in India by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The government of Spain offered to sell 140 tons of uranium to the International Atomic Energy Agency. Japan's uranium supply for its first atomic power station will be provided by the British Atomic Energy Authority.

Discusses the triangle trade, the term used to explain the trade between England, Africa and the West Indies which blossomed during the eighteenth century. Description of the slave trade and the West India trade; How these two trades merged into one; Way that the war that began in 1689 changed trade; Monopoly which the Royal African Company had on the supply of slaves to the West Indies; Decline of the company due to the fall of sugar prices; Relationship between sugar and slaves in regards to trade.

This paper re-examines the matter of rural-urban fertility differentials in India. It is a commonplace that urban fertility is lower than rural fertility in the West, and it is frequently assumed that this holds for non-Western populations as well. In the case of India, previous studies of rural-urban fertility ratios have appeared to bear out this expectation. However, fertility ratios based on the most recent available age distributions show no significant rural-urban fertility differentials. This conclusion is supported by several recent sample surveys of children ever born and is consistent with the generally accepted fact that contraception is negligible even in the cities of India. It is noted that the virtual disappearance of the Indian rural-urban fertility ratio differential over time has in all likelihood resulted from a narrowing of the rural-urban infant and child mortality differential.

This paper analyzes the relationships between certain socio-cultural and demographic or family size variables and attitudes toward family planning held by a sample of industrial workers in Ambarnath, a western Indian city. A comparison is made between these findings and those obtained from the nearby village of Badlapur. The major finding is that the variables which predict the presence or absence of favorable attitudes toward family planning in the village male sample are the most important ones in the male industrial sample. In both studies the education was the first ranking variable, followed by number of living sons. Caste, too, was significant in both studies. This evidence seems to indicate that the urban-industrial milieu's effect is almost non-existent in developing this attitude. Favorableness toward birth control seems to be part of a non-traditional value complex chiefly associated with educational attainment, not urban-industrial exposure or effects associated with this environment.

This article presents the results of a family planning attitude survey conducted in four villages near metropolitan Delhi, India. Information was obtained through questionnaires from married females of reproductive age. The author seeks to report the level of knowledge and awareness of women in family planning and birth control methods. The women thought that a family should have four children, and spacing between them should be roughly four years.

The study of fertility in any given society involves the study of the family and its institutional characteristics. Reproduction is one of the primary functions of the family, and it is through this that the society maintains itself against the hazards of mortality. This article examines fertility in relation to the age at return marriage using the data from a study in a rural area in India. The author discusses how the interval from return marriage to first birth is usually long among Indian women and explores the factors that contribute to the low incidence of childlessness in the country.

The article presents a study of Indian students' attitude towards motion pictures. The influence of motion pictures on contemporary culture is obvious. It reflects the attitudes, values, and habits of the society in which it operates, and is also one of the main avenues through which the basic belief systems of the society are changed. Its effect on the personality organization of the people is very great. This is all the more true in a population in which literacy is low, as in India. Sex is an important variable in shaping and directing the attitudes, and there has been a long standing impression that the biological imprint of the sex is responsible for creating difference in attitudes towards an issue in question. The aim of the study presented in this article is two-fold: firstly to construct a scale for measuring attitudes towards the motion picture, secondly to find out the attitude of higher secondary and college students in general, towards the motion picture and to see the difference if any, in the attitude scores of the: male and female students; students of different educational levels; and students belonging to different age groups.

The article presents a cross cultural study of film preferences on an Indian student population. Studies on film preferences of children and adolescents have been undertaken using indirect techniques. In previous studies, it had become difficult to assess what it was in a particular film that made an appeal. Furthermore, no attempt was made to find out whether film preference was a function of the students' age, sex, and educational background. The present authors therefore, propose to take into account the age, sex and educational background of students while investigating this problem through direct techniques. Research in this area seems to be somewhat limited in number. In India, no significant attempt has been made to understand the film preference of students even though recent years have recognized the need for and importance of audiovisual education. No less important are the factors which determine their film preferences. The main objective of the study is to make a comparative analysis of the film preferences of students of various groups.

This article presents a study analyzing student attitudes toward religion, the spiritual and the supernatural, in India. The study tests the hypothesis that the Indian student is becoming increasingly materialistic in his outlook and that one of the reasons for this is higher education especially of the scientific type as well as the effect of social, economic and cultural backgrounds on student religion. There seems to be a high associative tendency between The Nature of God and Personal Religion. This is indicative of the realization that prayer, communal worship, a study of sacred books and religious festivals are important adjutants to a faith in God. The findings suggest that follows there seems to be a relation between the liberal-conservative attitude and the religious attitude. Science students seem to be more religious than arts students. Economic status seems to have some effect on the religious attitude of students. Rural and urban backgrounds have effect on the religious attitude of students. In students, religion, prayer, sacred books, communal worship and festivals play a more important part than priests, the future life and the spirit world.

This paper presents three methods for mapping levels of economic development and applies each to the case of India. First, to provide a substantive addition to knowledge about the economic geography of India; second, to demonstrate that even within nations generally recognized simply as "underdeveloped" one can meaningfully map differential sub-levels of development; and third, to stimulate critical discussion of the various methods by which maps of economic development can be made. The chief statistical problem is how best to combine the several series of individual indices into a single set of areal ratings.

This article focuses on the range of a central good in Punjab, India. Walther Christaller is particularly explicit in distinguishing between the population of a center and that center's importance. He observes that the ranges of non-essential goods, with elastic demands, will be most affected by a widespread change in price. He demonstrates that price-induced changes in the range of a good may alter the rank of a good from high to lower orders with price reductions, and from lower to higher orders with price rises. The commodity utilized in the study, milled white cotton cloth, was selected as an item commonly and frequently purchased in districts of Punjab.

This article focuses on vasectomy camps in Maharashtra. In 1957 the government of the state of Maharashtra recognized sterilization as an accepted method of limiting family size. A similar decision was taken by the government of India in 1959. Hence though sterilization was viewed much earlier as a possible method of contraception, vigorous action in the direction of popularizing vasectomy could not be taken by the state government until 1960. In fact, November 1960 was regarded as a vasectomy month in the state of Maharashtra and each of the 26 districts of the state was given a quota of 600 vasectomies to be performed during this campaign. According to the 1961 census, the total population of the state was 39,553,718. This meant a target of less than half a vasectomy per thousand populations. Though the target was not reached for each individual district, it was attained for the state as a whole. The number of vasectomy cases from different districts varied greatly, the range of variation being from no vasectomy to more than 2,000 vasectomies.

Focuses on college debating in India and Pakistan which was part of an international debate exchange program. Objectives of the debate; Rules of the debate; Significance of the debate in the field of speech.

The major conclusions from the present enquiry may be summarized as follows: 1. African students have more prejudice against Indian settlers in Africa than against Indians from India. 2. Their prejudice against Afrikaners is very high. 3. Political rights like "full citizenship" are more valued by the African students than the right to intermarry. 4. Forming friendship with Indians seems to have some effect in reducing prejudice among African students. 5. There seems to be a marked deterioration in the favourable attitude of African students towards Indians because of the experiences of Africans in the country. 6. In the minds of the African students, there is a strong belief that Indians have a high amount of colour prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the pattern of industrial expansion in the major Indian manufacturing regions and to describe changes in the locational pattern of six principal industries during 1950s. The study involves a comparison, on a distinct basis, of the number of persons employed in manufacturing in 1950 with the persons employed in 1960. The year 1950 preceded the launching of India's first Five Year Plan of economic development and 1960 is the latest year for which industrial employment data are available.

The article offers information on the discussions on science and technology for developing countries at the Twelfth Conference conducted by the International Pugwash Continuing Committee in Udaipar, India. The committee recognized the role of modern science and technology in the transformation of the conditions of human life and the future of mankind. Developed and developing countries were rapidly establishing a wide economic gap, leading to political instability and threat to world peace.

The article reports on the new national laboratories and research institutes in India. The Indian government has set 29 laboratories and cost from $5.1 million in 1963 to 1964. The council research projects are funded through annual grants from the central government and farmed out to independent central government. The central government's expenditure on agricultural research has increased from $1.2 million in 1946 to 1947 and reaches to $10.1 million in 1963 to 1964. The object of enumerating the council's difficulties is to highlight the challenges and problems that the scientific and industrial India faces today.

The present paper summarizes papers given at the 8th International Family Research Seminar in Oslo, Norway, 1963, which describe and explain differential frequencies of those decisions to marry which result in teenage marriage. Sociological analysis of marriage usually points out that age at marriage varies with the type of society and, therefore, reflects the stage of industrialization and urbanization. The lowest ages at marriage are generally found in peasant agricultural countries, such as India and China. During the rapid growth phase of urban industrial nations, age at marriage apparently rises, but later the age at marriage once again turns downward, though not rapidly. One way of viewing trends of teenage marriage is in terms of the percentage of males and females under 20 years of age involved in marriages contracted. During 1961, in 6% of all marriages contracted in Yugoslavia one or both spouses were under the age of 18. However, in such marriages the wife was under 18 years of age in 91 % of the cases, the husband in only 9 %. From 1953-1961 there was a gradual decrease in the percentage married under 18 years from 6.6 % to 6.0 %.

A sampling procedure involving repeated application of double sampling for stratification on several successive occasions is considered. The formulae for the estimate of the mean on any current occasion and its variance are obtained. The determination of optimum allocation of available resources and the extension of the procedures for uni-stage sampling, to multi-stage sampling, are briefly indicated. The use of the design, suggested in this paper, is illustrated by its application to a recently conducted survey for estimation of coconut production in the State of Assam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional distribution of rural population in East Rajasthan, India, shows considerable inequality in a region of diverse types of geographical environment. A correlation of the various indices of physical and cultural landscape factors with the rural, physiologic, and agricultural densities in the different subregions of the area under study reveals that agriculture shows mature adjustments to landforms and water resources, and rural population distribution follows food production possibilities. Human habitations form an index of the distribution of population. Between two extreme types of grouping of rural settlements, the isolated farmstead and the nucleated village, there are numerous gradations which depend upon the interplay of physical and nonphysical factors. An analysis of the trends of food production and population increase in this area indicates that the already densely populated areas have a greater potential for population increase than the sparsely settled areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern Singapore has been a focus of contact between the three cultural blocs of China, India, and Indonesia, and between Orient and Occident. Asian migrants came as laborers, artisans, and entrepreneurs; the much smaller European migrant group introduced western economic and administrative institutions. Subsequent modernization and development, necessitating improved coordination and development of all resources, has been hampered by substantial cultural divergences relating to economic and social practice and attitude. Contrasting cultural patterns are commonly identified with ethnic differences and can most readily be analyzed on this basis; the ethnic data utilized in this paper serve to highlight significant cultural differences which are only gradually breaking down despite sustained locational contiguity and the unifying force of political independence within, and subsequently outside the Federation of Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ratings of the leaders' Initiation of Structure and Consideration were obtained from members of 36 intercultural discussion groups consisting of one American and one Indian graduate student plus an American leader. Ratings of Group Atmosphere, Esteem for Leader, and Effectiveness of Leader were also obtained after each group had completed an intercultural-negotiation task and also after completing a group-creativity task. Results showed that on both tasks the American and the Indian members' Esteem for Leader ratings and Group Atmosphere ratings were positively correlated with their leaders' considerate behaviors, but were not related to their leaders' structuring behaviors. The leaders' effectiveness, as rated by Americans, was positively correlated with both Consideration and Initiation of Structure scores. When rated by the Indian subjects, the leaders' effectiveness was correlated only with their Consideration scores. The leaders' self-ratings of Consideration and Initiation of Structure were positively correlated with their own ratings of the Group Atmosphere and with their ratings of their own Effectiveness. The group- performance scores were unrelated to Consideration ratings; however, group performance was positively related to the Initiation of Structure ratings (but this finding was specific to the culture and the task). The results were discussed in terms of differences in "role expectations" between the two cultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the distributions of persons by per capita household consumer expenditure on all items estimated from the 13th Round (Sept. 1957-May 1958) of the Indian National Sample Survey (NSS) separately for the rural and urban sectors of the different states of India [19]. For rural India, urban India and all-India, the disparities in consumption are analyzed into between states and within states components. This is easily done by an analysis of variance of logarithms. Greater attention is given to measures related to the Gini-Lorenz concentration curve; but while the 'between states' concentration curve could be defined in an interesting manner, the 'within states' component could not be defined with equal success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author illustrates the usefulness of a sectoral approach to developmental constraints by a detailed analysis of some of the more important constraints on one sector of the Indian economy, transportation. The Indian Railways, a monopoly directly administered by a Ministry of the Government of India, have not suffered from a shortage of foreign exchange, thanks to foreign aid and the preference given to them for the available supply of foreign exchange. According to the author almost none of the widely held beliefs concerning the major constraints on Indian development apply to the Railways. But on the whole the Railways have had few serious constraints on their growth and development and have met most of the demands put upon them during the last 15 years. But this is not to say that the extent of such development is necessarily desirable from the point of view of Indian development as a whole. Because the Indian Railways are a Government enterprise,it is not necessary for them to pay any particular set amount in capital charges to an external private agency.

If social problems be defined as significant behaviors out of harmony with practiced social values, which the society believes can be brought back into harmony, then the study of social problems cannot ignore the dominant social values. This means that similar objective conditions involved in a social problem will be different in significance from society to society, and that the social problems of a given society must be analyzed in the context of the culture of that society. It is in this spirit that we shall approach a discussion of the social problems of India, a society very different from the Western societies in which the study of social problems has developed. Fortunately, there is a new guide available: Contemporary Social Problems in India, by Bela Dutt Gupta. It is a competent survey, in the light of extensive coverage of the Western literature, of the meager data concerning Indian housing inadequacies, family disorganization, prostitution, juvenile delinquency, bad working conditions for women, child labor, the physically handicapped, and the difficulties associated with leisure and recreation. The book is one of the few sociological studies of India produced by an Indian, a woman who teaches sociology at Calcutta University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information about the cooperative education programs African Education Program and Indian Program. These programs aim to promote science and mathematics teaching in developing countries, and improve educational system which will turn out trained people to create a contemporary industrialized society. They are carried out by groups in the U.S. to provide higher technological training. The curriculums in the African Education Program are handled by the private, nonprofit organization Educational Development Center in Newton, Massachusetts, while the Indian Program is supported by a consortium of the best engineering schools in the U.S.

Analyzes the sources of growth in Indian manufacturing industry from 1950 to 1966 to identify and measure the extent of import substitution in particular sectors and industries. Domestic production of manufacturing industry; Proportions of domestic production in total supply and of exports in domestic production; Growth rates of domestic industrial production.

Although the national and regional political structure of India was Muslim- controlled and centralized in nature through the latter half of the medieval period, the Brahmanic Hindu lineages, mainly Rajput, evolved as the dominant local powers in various territories of eastern Uttar Pradesh These lineages articulated a strong cultural and political dominance over other groups of peoples in their territories through the intricate Hindu caste and jajmani system. There developed a three-tier territorial segmentation in each locality on the functional basis of kinship of the dominant lineage- the occupied territority became the pargana which was segmented into secondary clan areas known as tappas, and the latter were further parcelled into smaller territories of gaon, or village units. Corresponding with these territorial segmentations, there also proliferated three basic settlement units, whereas the pargana and tappa head-quarters evolved as quasi-urban settlements because of their viable territorial commands. the gaon became the basic rural settlement unit. It is hypothesized that it is this dominant lineage territory which was a more nearly self-contained culture-bearing unit in traditional rural India (as against the popular notion of the self-sufficient Indian village) in which the village arid town settlements proliferated on the landscape, as shown through a model, through the social cultural, economic, and political interdependence pattern of the local inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents empirical findings on the demand for money in India for the period 1948 to 1964. Description of nature of a demand function used in the statistical analysis; Reasons for using a simple demand function.

The article examines developments in higher education in India. Developments in higher education sponsored by National Council of Educational Research and Training and recommended in the Kothari Report seem to be going a long way towards addressing problems in education in the country. The role of institutions has been changed, the limited money available reallocated, courses and methods changed in such a way that students' motivation is likely to be stronger and therefore less disciplined. The biggest problem in higher education was said to be to make people more practical, to integrate theory and practice.

The Twenty Statement Test (TST) was first reported by Kuhn and McPartland (1954) as a valid instrument for identifying and measuring self-attitudes as they are defined in the self theory of C. H. Cooley, G. H. Mead, H. S. Sullivan, T. Newcomb, and others. Since 1954 the TST has been used in studies of the general adult population, businessmen, students, the professions, and other populations in order to learn how self-conceptions vary and how they are related to changes in age, the reference set, and other social variables. Although this instrument and its associated theory have been assessed in several ways (see Wylie, 1961; Kuhn, 1964; Kemper, 1966), it has not been assessed in terms of its cross-cultural adequacy in eliciting self-conceptions. Yet, this evaluation is quite important both because self theory is not viewed as having subcultural or cultural boundaries and because the users of the TST implicitly suggest its rather general applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative analysis of the concept of happy life was made among 300 Indian farmers from the developed and 290 from undeveloped villages. The pattern of needs and values reflected in such projections were similar in the two groups. Villagers were overwhelmingly concerned with immediate economic values and did not frequently display needs transcending their purely personal or familial spheres. Differences existed with regard to clarity with which the needs were expressed, and to the extent they were realistic or fanciful. The projections of the farmers from the developed group were comparatively more reality-oriented, and characterized by greater precision and clarity than those from the undeveloped group. On the other hand, farmers from the undeveloped villages tended more frequently than farmers from the developed villages to indicate needs beyond their span of attainment, and in terms which were general and vague. The need for proper channelization of urges as an important precondition for rapid socioeconomic development is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparison of four Indian political groups on a measure of authoritarianism. The members of various all-India political parties differ in their social and political attitudes, and are placed at different points of a rightist-leftist continuum, with the Swatantry and Jana Sangh (JS) at the extreme right, the two Communist parties at the extreme left, and the other parties like the Congress, the Praja Socialist Party (PSP), and the Sanyukta Socialist Party (SSP) falling in between the two extremes. On ideological grounds it was expected that the JS and CPI groups would score significantly higher on the F-scale than the remaining two groups. But the results showed that although the JS members scored highest on the F-scale, the CPI scored lowest While comparing the four political groups on the F-scale, one cannot ignore the high mean score of the sample, which is quite close to the mean Fscore of politically "neutral" Indian college students. Such high scores on the F-scale in tradition oriented and authoritarian Indian culture may be taken as an evidence for the validity of the scale.