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To address the problems associated with the management of increasing numbers of large ungulates in many European countries, more holistic approaches, such as ecosystem or landscape management, are called on to replace, for example, sectoral and single-species management. The implementation of holistic approaches, however, requires changes in societal institutions, which have proven to be both complicated and conflicting. The purpose of this article is to examine the institutional obstacles and incentives associated with the implementation of two holistic approaches to wildlife management, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the European Landscape Convention (ELC). Examination of the operational guidelines of the two approaches identified a number of challenges associated with multilevel and multiparty decision-making procedures. These institutional challenges need to be addressed in a systematic way in order to increase the adaptive capacity of the management of wildlife in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Japanese hunter numbers have been declining from a peak of 532,265 in 1970 to 166,386 in 2005. We analyzed demographic changes in hunter numbers from 1965 to 2005 using data from all 47 Prefectures. Most hunters were licensed for guns in 1965, but hunter numbers have declined in every Prefecture after 1975. The number of hunters who were licensed to trap increased in most Prefectures after 1985. A Hunter Recruitment Index (HRI) of younger age classes was positive in most Prefectures between 1965 and 1975. HRI of all age classes was negative in most Prefectures during the1980s, but those of older age classes mostly turned positive drastically after 1995. Trends in the number of gun hunters and recruitment of younger hunters affected hunter population dynamics until the 1980s. The increase in the number of those who desire to catch nuisance animals using a trap would have affected it since 1990. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on a study by Christian Nellemann of the United Nations Environment Program which investigated the decreasing population of wild reindeer in Europe. Percentage of summer population densities; Factors that affected birth rates; Responsibilities of the Norwegian government.