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Presents a list of works on speech composition in England during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Focuses on the return of rhetoricians in 16th-century England to classicism concerning the nature of public speaking. Overview of English study of classicism; Continental works most cited by English writers; Contributions of Francis Bacon to the development of rhetorical theory.

Provides information on the activities at the Oxford Verse Speaking Contest and Festival in England in 1931. Background on previous celebrations of the festival; Participants in the festival; Details of the speeches and lectures given at the festival.

Features Sir Philip Ben Greet, a producer of Shakespearean plays in England and in the U.S., and his works. Description of the new fields of Shakespearean representation opened and cultivated by Sir Philip; Elements of woodland setting for Greet's open-air performances; Aims of Sir Philip in production.

Presents a brief account of the rhetorical exercises in vogue in Tudor, England. Nature of the rhetorical exercises; Extent to which the rhetorical exercises were employed; Importance of rhetorical exercises.

Discusses the life and works of English theatrical critic William Archer. Defense of love of the theater in the book 'The Theatrical World of 1893'; Ways in which the theatrical critic is more powerful than the literary critic; Archer's opinion on the qualities which a good critic must have; Practice of relating the story of a play in reviews; Archer's anticipation of the coming of playwrights and a theater that were expressive of modern England.

Narrates the success of American pastor and orator Henry Ward Beecher in persuading a hostile English press and public to favor U.S. Civil War in the year 1863. Perception of the war in England; Popularity of Beecher with the masses; Stance of English newspapers towards Beecher and his audience; Points of debate between Beecher and the press; Effect of Beecher's efforts.

Discusses English writer Samuel Johnson's scholarly interest in rhetoric and oratory. Philosophy of prose composition; Need for the orator to learn to meet indifference and opposition from audiences; Importance of ethos and the adaptation of topics to the opinions of the audience in Johnson's conception of persuasive discourse.

The article offers information on the conference entitled "Science and the Welfare of Mankind," which was held in London, England on February 15-17, 1946. The author noted that many foreign scientists attended this meeting as representatives of groups within their own respective countries. The author attended as observer for the Atomic Energy Committee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and as representative of the Federation of American Scientists. The background and works done by various organizations of scientists were also discussed.

The article presents a study on the demographic trends in marriage habits among men and women in England and Wales in the first half of twentieth century. The study has been carried out on the basis of nupitality tables. It further notes that the war of 1914-18 greatly reduced the number of men in certain generations and, therefore, among these men the proportions married were higher thereafter. In the corresponding age groups among women, the married proportions were decreased by the loss of men. These movements were mainly caused by shifts in the marriage probabilities at the younger ages. The pattern of changes differs somewhat between the sexes. Between 1900-02 and 1910-12 the marriage probabilities decreased at all ages under 40 among men, though the only serious decrease took place under age 25. Among women the probability of marriage increased between ages 25 and 35. The decrease in mortality since 1900 has resulted in a proportionately greater increase in the male than in the female survivors according to the life tables. This process has in a sense compensated the greater increase in female than in male nuptiality in the same period.

The article presents a study to compare the fertility of various sections of the building industry of varying social status. In accordance with the wishes expressed by the Statistics Committee of the Royal Commission on Population, maternities and infant deaths registered in England and Wales in 1939, in respect of which the occupation of the father had been coded and punched, were retabulated by the General Register Office by groups of occupations. A scheme of twenty-six type groups of occupations was adopted. For purposes of analysis it has been found convenient, in general, to aggregate these twenty-six groups in thirteen main types. It is noted that even the thirteen types provide a more detailed occupational analysis than has in general been used for the analysis of differential fertility. The full classification into twenty-six groups makes possible certain special comparisons. It is seen that the differences in age at marriage between occupations follow closely the differences in fertility, as was to be expected. The differences between occupations in the age of the mother at the birth of the first child are greater than the differences in the age at marriage. This is due to the differences in the average marriage duration at the birth of the first child.

This concludes the study, the first part of which appeared in vol. I, no. 2 of Population Studies. The present section compares the results of the 1939 analysis with the pattern of occupational differences in fertility shown by the Registrar-General's statistics for 1921 and 1931. The comparison suggests that the proportion of all births contributed by occupations of low fertility has increased in recent years, but that the general pattern of occupational differences in fertility was probably unchanged in 1939. Appendices to the study discuss a number of related topics, including the application of reproduction rates to the measurement of differential fertility, and the problems involved in grouping occupations for fertility analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the technique of the Floor Space Index (FSI) in urban building development. The technique is first applied on a considerable scale in the preparation of the plan for the reconstruction of London, England. FSI is the relationship between available floor space on a site and the site area including half the width of adjacent streets. The FSI is believed to be useful provided that the usual injunctions are observed concerning servants gaining the upper hand and becoming onerous masters. It gives the planner a summary of what accommodation the area already possesses and how much floor space one must move for the better working of the future plan. It cites that the main results of the FSI are to come when central areas are redeveloped.

This article examines the validity of sociologist Gregory King's estimates of the population of England and Wales in 1695 and of its age composition. The estimates are analyzed in the light of the available King's manuscripts. A study of some of the original returns suggests that the population enumerations used by King in constructing his ratios of persons per house, while by no means perfect, were nevertheless reasonable in quality. The account given in the Kashnor manuscript provides some factual basis for King's allocation of houses between London, England the other cities and market towns, and the rest of England and Wales. Demographic ratios for London agree well with those obtained from more extensive contemporary material. For the rest of the nation, such a check is not possible. But analysis of the census returns for England and Wales during the nineteenth century suggests that, at least, the ratios used by King for the other towns and for the villages and hamlets were not unrealistic. How exactly King computed the numbers of towns in his various categories is not known, and the results cannot be tested for reliability until a fresh analysis of hearth-tax statistics has been made.

The article examines some of the problems of the technical officers of planning authorities in the administration of the Town and Country Planning Act of 1947 in England. It mentions the classifications of tasks of a planning department under the 1947 Act which include the carrying out of statutory and other consultation, and the collection of facts from which committee decisions will be drawn on applications for building and other forms of development; the preparation of the development plan in all its phases; and case work. One of the problems mentioned is the acquisition of adequate and properly trained staff.

The article discusses the historical development of the local government and management in England. It highlights on how local government authorities responds to local health, housing, and development problems, local laws and legislation for the community and how it partnered with the national government projects. It outlines principles in local governance, which include the legitimate power of local government to legislate, undertaking surveys about the conditions of the society, and delegation of parliamentary powers to the local Minister. The article also examines the functions of Minister of the city, especially on the possibility of abuse of powers to the benefit of personal interest.

The article presents an analysis on several practical problems and solutions of town planning in England and its process. The planning process includes three stages such as demand for land in terms of the number of people it serves, land should be measured in acres or other units and it must be defined on the ground. The economic and social analysis of town planning are discussed. Assessing future housing demand, determining the trends in employment and planning of the transport system are among the difficulties identified.

Focuses on the historical evolution of oratorical formulas in the seventeenth century England. Production of collection of oratorical formulas by Desiderius Erasmus; Similarity between formulas of John Clarke and Thomas Farnaby; Development of oratorical formulas in Latin language.

The article focuses on different sources for the history of English primary schools in London, England, or outside the Metropolis in Great Britain. Educational, like all other, charities are surveyed in the reports of the Charity Commissioners, who between 1819 and 1840 issued thirty two reports, the last in six parts, on the charities of England and Wales. Between 1851 and 1899 the educational trusts investigated by the Commissioners were administered by the Charity Commission. In 1899 the Commission began to transfer this branch of its responsibilities, together with the records, to the Board of Education. In 1874 this feature was replaced by one called Statistics of Affiliated Schools. The records of the British Society were destroyed by enemy action during the war of 1939-45. The reports and a few other books and documents kept in the Society's training colleges are the only primary sources for the history of the Society. Those records however are a source of outstanding importance for all students of the history of individual schools since 1870.

The article focuses on the problems associated with group research in an institute of education in Leicester, England. In order to meet the problems the administration limited itself mainly to observation and descriptive techniques which proved costly in time and in labor. As a result, a research provided useful exercise for the student in working within a framework and at the same time provided enough variation to allow for individual expression and assessment. But the study of the probation records emphasized the fact that it was the individual case record which provided valuable information on the interaction, in real life rather than experimental situations, of the various social and educational services. To overcome the problem of co-ordination of the material, the Institute is, accordingly, co-operating with the New Education Fellowship and the National Foundation for Educational Research in an attempt to examine the possibilities of coordinating case studies from a widely dispersed group of individuals accepting slight direction.

The article focuses on the history of education in Surrey, England. The Surrey county authority has taken advantage of the 1944 Education Act which permits local authorities, with the approval of the Minister, to make a provision for conducting or assisting the conduct of research as appears to the authority to be desirable for the purpose of improving the educational facilities provided for their area. For such advantages, a former Chief County Inspector made an association which has been exploring the possibility of making a comprehensive and well documented survey of the County's educational history. This association approved a preliminary master plan for the schools of the County that prepared many school biographies. These biographies focused on some topics like school's environment; school's origin and foundation; buildings and equipment; staff: their training, salary, etc.; pupils: age and sex distribution, attendance, attainments, health, dress, games and hobbies, holidays, employment; curriculum: textbooks, methods of instruction, discipline, inspection and other external influences and many more. The association has been surveying the study of the County's educational history against the wider background of historical studies generally.

The article discusses the reconstruction of the Lynmouth village in Devon, England. It states that the village is the site that is periodically affected by flood and the August 1952 inundation had caused damage and loss of life which soaked homes and goods but breaking no structures, drowning plants and animals but leaving a recompense of alluvial soils. It mentions the significance of valuing the Lynmouth's landscape, past associations, future visits, traffic flows, hydrology and geology by creating a policy that needs the assistance of the government in organizing the actions. The rebuilding of the village includes the alteration of the valley system as a means of preventing the recurrence of similar flood and the construction of the dams that would hinder the passage of boulders.

Describes features of the Oxford Union Society in Oxfordshire, England. Design of the society's building; Members of the society; Exterior of the Oxford Union; Activities performed by the society.

The article focuses on the efforts of Surrey teachers who are investigating and recording the history of education in England. It included an account of a conference held in May 1952, at which Justice Chuter Ede, and Professor A.V. Judges were the principal speakers, and which was accompanied by a small exhibition of source material. The latter, it was hoped, would be the precursor of a more comprehensive display which the progress of the survey would make possible. That hope has now been fulfilled in an Exhibition held at the Gipsy Hill Training College, Kingston-upon-Thames. The Exhibition was intended primarily to assist those who are writing school biographies, and its catalogue was designed as a first handbook on sources in general as well as a list of particular exhibits. These were divided into four main sections: School and Administrative Records; the Ancillary Services; Teaching Method and Pupils' Work; and Secondary sources in the form of books and journals. The Exhibition was opened by R. Beeloe, the Chief Education Officer, who welcomed especially Sir Sidney Marshall, Member of Parliament, a former Chairman of the County Council and County Education Committee.

The article focuses on humanist research at the University of Bristol Institute of Education. Research in education has, in fact, been unduly influenced by the success which has attended research in the pure sciences to use narrowly scientific methods. But the methods that are suitable to the investigation of material things are not necessarily suitable to investigate the world of thought, purpose and value. At Bristol researchers have broken boldly away from contemporary style of research and embarked on five projects which are frankly humanist in character. They have undertaken one that is consciously and narrowly scientific in type, and rightly so, because it is a research on a material aid to education. This is a technical research on the use of television in the classroom. The British Broadcasting Corp. has carried out its own research in Middlesex, but this has a limited validity because it occupied only a few hours and invoked little help from teachers. The Bristol experiment, carried out in Gloucestereshire rural schools, lasted many months and depended on the collaboration of many teachers as well as the British Broadcasting Corp.

Discusses the attic story of the elocutionary career of the famous elocutionist Thomas Sheridan. Description of Sheridan's early life and theatrical career in England; Significance of the book 'British Education,' written by Sheridan; Sheridan's plan to build an Irish academy; Attic entertainments; Publication of the General Dictionary of the English language by Sheridan.

The article focuses on the Royal Military Academy, Chelsea, the pioneer of army education. The Royal Military Asylum at Chelsea opened its doors in 1803 to one hundred and twenty-three orphans. The foundation and growth of this establishment provided training during the year 1812 to some hundred and twenty Serjeant Schoolmasters for the Army. In its early days, the Royal Military Academy catered for all ranks, and the subjects it considered essential to a military education still form the basis of the educational curriculum of the soldier. In attempting any general estimate, it is doubtful whether it could lay claim to eminence as an educational pioneer. In one respect, however, the Royal Military Asylum made an altogether unexpected contribution to the field of adult education. The Royal Duke's well-known ability as an army administrator led him to see the possibility of using the orphanage as a training ground for the Serjeants selected to act as teachers in the regimental schools of 1812. These schools were to spring up all over the world and provided the foundations on which the first Inspector General of Military Schools was to build a quarter of a century later.

The article presents information on the First World Conference on Medical Education was held in London, England in August 1953. The general theme was undergraduate medical education. No fewer than 32 countries contributed papers. Sectional discussions covered complex and various aspects of almost the whole field of medical education, including requirements for entry into medical schools, the aims and content of the curriculum, techniques and methods of medical education, and preventive and social medicine. As is common with conferences of this nature, what was sometimes really most valuable were the questions raised rather than the answers provided. For the historian of education Professor J.F. Fulton of Yale address on the History of Medical Education. In it he showed the supreme importance for medical education of an intimate teacher-pupil relationship, drawing his evidence from Sanskrit medical literature of 500 B.C. as well as from Plato, Hippocrates and Galen. After tracing the story through the Middle Ages to modern times he pays what is perhaps an overdue tribute to British Government-sponsored studies and reports.

The article focuses on various publications of research institutes and educational societies in Durham and Newcastle in England. The publication of educational writing at all levels is regarded by the Durham Institute of Education as an important aspect of its work. Three periodicals are edited by members of the Institute staff. Research Review, an annual publication started in 1950, is the only one that aspires to be a national journal. It is intended to supplement the inadequate number devoted to educational research. From the Education Society of King's College, Newcastle, came the "Education Papers," an annual miscellany of mature reflection on educational topics, statements on method of teaching subjects or age groups by the Institute staff and descriptive articles by local teachers giving a picture of some facet of their work. The standard of most of these contributions is high enough to make them generally relevant although their setting is mainly regional. The Journal of the Institute of Education is a domestic affair. Appearing five times a year, it clearly provides a point of exchange for all concerned with local education. Here Institute staff teachers, examiners, administrators and youth workers exchange views in the vernacular as it were.

The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.

Focuses on the pro-Northern movement in England during 1861-1865. Government ban on the supply of English ships for the southern parts of world during the period; Participants of the movement; Efforts of pro-Northern English speakers to elaborate the situation to the Britishers.

This article presents information about the proceedings of the annual meeting of the Standing Conference on Studies in Education, held on January 5, 1954, in the Council Room at King's College, London, England. College's Principal Peter Noble had welcomed the Conference members. Conference secretary J.W. Tibble had presented a report on the work of the Conference Committee during the year. After that, executive editor of the "British Journal of Educational Studies" A.C.F. Beales reported on the journal. He recalled the policy which had decided the form and make-up of the journal originally, and also the suggestions made during discussion at the previous annual meeting. The Editorial Board felt that the spread of the main articles in this year's issue was better balanced than in the past, and that the contents of the journal were still avoiding successfully any overlap into the fields for which other specialist journals already existed. In the course of discussion on the report several positive suggestions for future contents were offered for the Editorial Board's consideration. A revised draft of the Standing Conference, previously circulated, was then considered in conference, amended, and adopted.

This article present information on the proceedings of the first world conference on medical education, held in London, England, in August 1953. The entire proceedings of the conference has recently been published by the Oxford University Press under the title "Proceedings of the First World Conference on Medical Education, London 1953, Held Under the Auspices of the World Medical Association," edited by Hugh Clegg. This publication covers major issues related to medical education that were discussed during the conference. The discussions cover: requirements for entry into medical schools; aims and content of the medical curriculum; techniques and methods of medical education; and preventive and social medicines. In the discussions on entrance-requirements the case for the humanities was put strongly, while resisting however the implication that science is in some way inferior. It was felt that entrance-requirements should be kept flexible. There was considerable support for the view that much of the traditional anatomy teaching is unnecessary and that a student should have the opportunity of watching an operation, where he will have a better opportunity of learning anatomy than in the dissecting-room.

The article examines the changes in Northumberland and Pilgrim Streets in Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. Accordingly, the paper studies the substantial changes which have occurred in the thoroughfare of Northumberland and Pilgrim Streets during the present century. It also discusses the significance of the streets' present landscape and presented some figures that shows the location of that area within Central Newcastle. Moreover, the paper discusses some of the studies in street geography which is mostly for West European examples.

The article evaluates the medical evidence related to demographic transformations in England in the eighteenth century. The evidence supports the conclusion that specific medical measures introduced during the eighteenth century are unlikely to have contributed substantially to a reduction in the death rate. It also suggests that decline in mortality is the main cause of the increase in population than a rise in the birth rate. Eighteenth century saw the expansion of hospital, dispensary and midwifery services; notable changes in medical education; advances in understanding of physiology and morbid anatomy. However it would be wrong to conclude that these changes contributed materially to the health of the people. To arrive at a reliable opinion one must look closely at the work of doctors during the eighteenth century, and enquire whether modern knowledge has contributed to the health of their patients. It is widely believed that a rise in the birth rate was the primary cause of the increase in population during the second half of the eighteenth century.

Provides information on spoken English and the teacher certificate in England. Main channels through which the supply of teachers for the public schools of England is assured; Annual outturn of teachers for the two channels; Criteria for awarding the Teachers' Certificate.

The article focuses on the history of the department of education of the deaf at the University of Manchester. In 1956 new schools for handicapped children of all categories was established. To staff them the National Advisory Council of the Training and Supply of Teachers has recommended that new courses of full-time specialist training be instituted for teachers and the provision of new courses is taking place. The founder of the Department of Education of the Deaf was Sir James E. Jones, a Lancashire cotton merchant, whose son was born deaf and was so well educated by private teachers that he was able, with the help of a tutor, to follow a course of study in the University of Oxford. When he founded the Department of Education of the Deaf at Manchester University in 1919, Sir James was Chairman of the Governors of the Royal Schools for the Deaf at Old Trafford, Manchester, which had been opened as a charitable institution for the deaf and dumb in 1823. The President of the schools was Lord Sheffield.

This article reports that the Standing Conference on Studies in Education held its Annual Meeting on December 15, 1955 at King's College, London, England. It had been decided, on the recommendation of the General Purposes Committee and of the Editorial Board, that following the Business Meeting there should be a discussion on "The Place of the Philosophy of Education in One-Year Courses of Training for Graduates." In general, the study of the Philosophy of Education, in one form or another, is included in a course entitled "The Principles of Education," only rarely is there a specific course named The Philosophy of Education. It may be assumed that everywhere the ultimate aim is to develop a philosophical outlook on education, to guide the students towards a philosophical approach to education. This aim is pursued by means of a wide diversity of more immediate aims, which appear to resolve themselves into three main classes: an introduction to systems of philosophy, e.g. idealism, pragmatism; a historical survey of theories of education; a view of the nature of education in the perspective afforded by fundamental concepts such as freedom, or the history of ideas, or general literature.

This article focuses on local population projections in England and Wales. Population projections are still made frequently, although it is more widely recognised that their predictive value for more than relatively few years ahead is generally low. They can be used to bring out the implications of assumptions about population tendencies, such as the continuance or specified future development of certain rates of fertility, mortality or marriage. The set of 16 projections made for the Royal Commission on Population is largely of this nature. Often, however, they are made for administrative needs, for which a tough figure is better than none and even fairly long-term calculations may be useful as a working basis, for it is usually possible to adapt the resulting decisions later to changes in conditions involving revisions in the projections. The methods employed have been many and various. In the past mathematical curves, such as the logistic, have often been used to project total numbers. Some kind of component method, extrapolating in the first place the elements of population change, is perhaps mote accurate; it is more or less essential if a breakdown by sex and age or other characteristics is needed.

The article presents an account of information resources that provide an insight into the history of technical education in England. The origins of technical instruction go back to the early Christian Church. The Greeks and Romans bequeathed little beyond the conception that such activities were banausic, and it was the early fathers who insisted that mastery of a trade was an essential part of human learning. From there, the tradition was brought to England. The book "The Monastic Order in England," by D. Knowles, provides for their work and that of their successors. Knowles said that the monasteries by giving centres of peace, leisure to work, expert tuition and criticism, and a steady demand for objects of beauty and price, focused and developed the talent of the country in a way that no other institution in the society of those times could have done. The tradition continued secular clergies were imposed on the duty of learning some handicraft in order to train the youth of their parishes in some form of skilled labour. The books "From Magic to Science," by C. Singer, and "Introduction to the History of Science," by G. Sarton, throw light on the growth of science in them.

The article discusses the dereliction of plenty of pits and their vegetation in England. It mentions that the rate at which vegetation moves exceeds the rate of spread of plants to heap that had not been fired because the process of combustion helps the weathering process. It notes that favourable conditions on many spoil heaps, a tree cover can be established in about forty years and then gradually the heaps become assimilated into the landscape. However, a closed cover of vegetation is usually achieved despite the slow process of weathering leading to the receptive stage and all the hazards to colonization.

The article focuses on the aspect of the afforestation of pit heaps in County Durham. It states that trees growing on pit heaps are being widened by the further planting on heaps having a wide variation of site conditions. It is noted that the broadleaved trees encouraged the growth of grasses on the tips which is suitable especially where the woods are likely to be used by the public when the trees have matured. It is inferred that apart from losing trees due to their destruction by children and rabbits, the severe spring drought has brought losses and checked the growth of many of the recently planted trees. Moreover, it is implied that vandalism and atmospheric pollution were likely to be the two most serious factors working against successful afforestation of pit heaps.

The article presents information on a survey of population in an area of Worcestershire, England from 1660-1850. The object of this survey was to test the practicability of using parish registers to gain additional knowledge about population movements in the eighteenth century. Widespread dissatisfaction exists amongst historians and demographers concerning the factual basis of the conventional hypotheses. The article should be taken as a guide to possible methods in further exploration, rather than as considered statement of the causes of population increase. It was decided at the outset that in order to avoid distortions, it would be necessary to carry out the survey in a single continuous area, preferably around a known centre of importance. If that is not done, local accident may destroy the value of the figures obtained. The 1801 census has been ignored, as being probably less reliable than that of 1811. It will be seen that the overestimate from the registers gets worse after 1811, undoubtedly due to the increasing rate of migration into Birmingham and the Black Country.

The article discusses a study on fertility of teachers in England and Wales, Great Britain. A sample of teachers differs from a population sample as it may be reduced not only by death but also by other factors which may have a direct bearing on fertility, such as health or change of occupation. In order to compare the fertility of teachers with other occupational groups, the Family Census material was used. The two samples are not entirely identical. The Family Census included divorced and widowed women provided they were divorced or widowed after their 45th birthday. The analysis which follows the pattern set by the Family census' of 1946 describes fertility in terms of numbers of live-born children per married male teacher by marriage cohort and duration of marriage. The data were collected partly by postal questionnaire and partly by personal interview. The postal and interview data were compared and showed no significant difference with respect to the factors under discussion in the present study and only minor differences for other factors.

The article presents a bibliography of information resources that provide insight into the history of technical education in England. Some of them are: "Lectures on the Results of the Great Exhibition 1851"; "Papers Relating to Proposals for Establishing Colleges of Arts and Manufactures for the Better Instruction of the Industrial Classes," by J.A. Lloyd; "Means for Improving the Efficiency of British Artisans," by Thomas Twining; "Notes on the Organisation of an Industrial College for Artisans," by Thomas Twining; "Education and Educational Institutions Considered with Reference to the Industrial Professions," by James Booth; "The Intellectual Element of Production on the Continent"; "Memorial of Working Men Belonging to the Royal Polytechnic, the London Mechanics' and Other Institutes in London to the President of the Council on Education and to the Vice President, 1856"; "The Royal School of Mines," by M. Reeks; "The Directory or Code of Rules for Establishing and Conducting Science and Art Schools and Classes"; "The Calendar, History and General Summary of Regulations."

It is informed that in view of the widespread post-war interest in problems of marriage breakdown, it is surprising that so little is known of the demographic and sociological aspects of divorce in England and Wales. Since there had appeared for some time to be a need for mote information, the members of the Population Investigation Committee decided to initiate a statistical inquiry into marriage and marital breakdown. This study, now in progress, includes an analysis of the published statistics on divorce and also an examination of statistical material extracted from samples of divorce petitions filed in the two census years, 1871 and 1951. Before the middle of the nineteenth century divorce was an extremely expensive and complicated judicial, ecclesiastical and legislative process. The 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act, which first made civil divorce available, was not a great legal innovation, its main purpose being merely to simplify, and incidentally to cheapen, procedure so that it might become accessible at need to the rising middle classes. Under the Act a petitioner, who previously had to go first to a civil court, next to the ecclesiastical court and finally to Parliament for a private Act, was able to sue at all stages of divorce in one specially established section of the High Court. The grounds on which the new court could grant decrees were exactly the same as under the former ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

This article presents information on child animism. It is informed that young children pass through a stage where their relationship to the physical world is characterized by "animism," defined broadly as the tendency to regard objects as living and endowed with will. The present status of this concept is somewhat uncertain. Information on a study is being provided wherein 98 Hopi subjects were evaluated. Research on the psychology of European children was carried out in Birmingham, England. Written tests were given to 452 school children aged 7-12, and 262 more aged 5-11 were personally interviewed. The types of objects considered included sun, moon, cloud, wind, and such other active and moving ones such as bicycle, candle, and motor car. The results look somewhat odd, being grossly at variance with most other research in the field. Thus in the oral administration, the over-all percentages of animism obtained from 5, 6, and 7-year olds were respectively 1,17, and 7. The general incidence of animism according to the written test was about 21 percent, with a comparable figure of only 6 percent for the interviews.

Discusses the history of elocutionary movement in England during 1700-1748. Literary style of Neo-Ciceronian; Native sources from where the english elocutionary movement received its name; Potential role of early writers in teaching about the genesis of the English elocutionary movement.

Focuses on the United Kingdom Soapmakers' Association and the English soap trade between 1867 and 1896. Prosperity of the soap trade; Rise in working-class purchasing power; Description of the Soapmaker's Association and the soap trade; Difficulty of enforcing agreements; Competition between soap enterprises; Attempt of the association to regulate prices; Depression in the soap trade.

Focuses on material collected in the Record Office at the Liverpool Public Library and its bearing on local business history in England. Sparseness of industry in the collection, since the nineteenth century was marked by commercial growth rather than industrial development; Way that personal papers often illuminate some aspects of business.