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The article presents abstracts of geographical research papers. In the research paper "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia," researcher R.H. Whitebeek discusses the geographic conditions of Nova Scotia. Lying nearer Europe and possessing many excellent harbors and peopled by immigrants from the best European stocks, the province of Nova Scotia in Canada has now, after 300 years, fewer people than the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Its total manufacturing output is less than that of single companies in New England, and the province has shared but slightly in Canada's economic growth.

The article offers information on the State Department's report on the control of atomic energy. The report centered on the necessity for the creation of a rational and workable initiative for the control of these weapons of mass destruction amidst the already initiated international armaments race. The declaration to this issue which was signed by the President of the United States and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain and Canada was underlined. With the already established destructive capability of these materials of war, the control of these materials is highly needed.

The article reports on the research functions of the Atomic Development Authority(ADA). The papers presented by Australia, Britain, U.S., Canada, Poland and France suggest that research concerned with bombs or radioactive poisons should be confined to the laboratories of the ADA. Sir Charles Darwin proposes the construction of two laboratories in North America, two in Western Europe, one in the southern hemisphere, and one in the U.S.S.R. Each laboratory should have a staff of 100 scientists with $10,000 salary.

The article presents a study of population trends and social change in Canada facilitated through the development of a system of record linkage which has recently been introduced. It provides a means whereby all the vital records about particular individuals may be brought together through a single master index. The idea of such a master index linking vital records to one another and to other social data was not developed primarily as a means of improving sources of material for the study of population trends and social conditions, although the desirability of some regular means of supplementing census data, available only on a decennial basis, had long been recognized, and it was considered that this might be accomplished through an extension of the vital statistics system. An important feature of the whole plan is the substitution of a birth card for the conventional certificate issued by the provincial offices. This card, which is already in use in some Canadian provinces and is coming into use in others, is pocket-size and shows only the name, sex, place and date of birth, the date the original registration was filed, the identifying number, and the seal of the registration authority of the province.

The article offers various United Nations atomic energy news. The United Nations Atomic Energy Commission met on September 10 and 11, 1947 and adopted the second report to the Security Council. The nations who voted in favor of the report are Australia, France, United States, Brazil, Canada, and China. Russia rejected the report, and Poland abstained. The proposals submitted by Russia involves the investigation of mining and production facilities and accounting of atomic materials, and the conduct of investigations in case of violation of the weapons ban.

The article reports on the vital contribution of Canadian scientists to the wartime development of atomic energy. It discusses the possibility of new and strong powerful military explosive through the findings that U235 atoms undergo fission and this is where Canada comes in since Canada is a major producer of uranium that contains U235. It offers an overview of the joint United Kingdom and Canadian atomic energy research project and the establishment of a laboratory under the administration of the National Research Council of Canada headed by H. H. Halban.

The article presents information on the longevity of Jews in Canada. Only two attempts appear to have been made so far to express the longevity and mortality of Jews by means of a life table. The Jewish populations of the United States and of Canada have great similarities in their social and economic structures. They also share, very largely, in their European origins and they have come to North America during the same period. It is, therefore, a fair assumption that the longevity and mortality characteristics of the relatively small Jewish population of Canada may be indicative of what might be found for the millions of Jews in the United States, for whom such information is not available.

The article focuses on the global need to eradicate the use of atomic energy and atomic methods of destruction to achieve peace. A three nation agreed declaration on atomic energy which is comprised of the U.S., Great Britain and Canada was issued on November 16, 1945 and called for the establishment of a Commission which must be under the United Nations and is required to make certain proposals. Its list of proposals include holding out to all nations the exchange of primary scientific data aimed to achieve peace, control of the use of atomic energy and to check its use which is for attaining peace. The General Assembly created the Commission which had its first meeting on June 14, 1946.

The article discusses the sources of uranium, and observes its principal occurrence in several countries around the world. The carrying out of uranium research has been kept in the highest level of concealment from media. However, its confidentiality has subsided due to the open statements made by government officials in several countries they possess radioactive resources. These countries include Canada, Australia, France and Sweden. In the U.S. alone, its geologic effort to explore possible resources of uranium is extensive ranging from the Belgian Congo and Canada, and some quantities derived from Colorado. Details about the exploration activities carried out by U.S. Geological Survey are outlined, as well as the three classification of uranium deposits.

Age for age, the birth rates for Jewish women of Canada are far below those for women of French origin, particularly toward the end of reproductive life. Women of British origin also have the higher birth rates, but their margin over Jews is by no means as great as for the French. The changes in age-specific birth rates for these three ethnic groups for 1930-2 to 1940-2 indicate that Jewish families restrict their size to a greater extent than the British or French, and that this tendency increases with the duration of marriage. In the current generation of young persons in Canada, Jews marry later in life than persons of British or French origin. The delay in marriage among young Jews may result from a tendency to prolong schooling. The net reproduction rate for Jews in Canada, based upon female fertility and mortality in 1940-2, is only 0.65, compared with 1.27 for all females in Canada. Low net reproduction rates for Jews, of about the same order as in Canada, have been found for Chicago and a number of cities in Central Europe. Compared with a crude rate of natural increase of 7.89 per 1000 for Jewish families in Canada in 1940-2, there is a negative intrinsic rate of natural increase, namely, - 14.58 per 1000. Unless there is a substantial rise in the fertility of the Jewish population of Canada, or a considerable immigration, the proportion of aged among them will rise considerably and their number will ultimately decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the announcement given by the Canadian Trade Minister C. D. Howe regarding the plan to build an atomic pile at Chalk River in Ontario, Canada. The approval for the proposal is certain, although it was not yet submitted to the Parliament. The new pile is going to be commercial research project, and the sale of plutonium and isotopes is expected to put Chalk River on a paying basis. Howe suggests that the new development enables Canada to discuss the problems in atomic development specifically with the breeding of fissionable material and the design of atomic power plants.

It has long been believed that, although civil registration of births and deaths in England and Wales was prescribed by the 1836 Act and implemented in 1837, birth registration at least was not completely effective for some decades. In making these computations it is obvious that the approach cannot be of the type current in the U.S.A. and Canada, involving a search for the birth certificates of a group of individuals enumerated at a particular census. And any method applied solely to the published data is bound, at best, to be less satisfactory, since it must involve various assumptions, some of which are unverifiable. The main technical question is that of constructing estimates of child populations from the statistics of births and deaths, and the method applied here is that used, though for a different purpose, in connection with the 1911 census of England and Wales. At the same time, provided that births are fairly steady and that infant mortality does not fluctuate violently, the higher "separation factor" used in the above formula would not introduce any significant error.

The article reports on the issue about the use of the United States of bacteriological methods of warfare in Korea which is discussed at the quadrennial meeting of the International Red Cross Conference in Toronto, Canada. The issue was first raised by a Russian representative before the Disarmament Commission of the United Nations. The US representative at the UN commission urged the establishment of a foolproof system of arms reduction that would include the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction. It cites that the safeguards would differ with those of atomic energy and other types of nonatomic weapons.

Most of the numerous studies of differential fertility are based either on census or vital registration records, which are substantially complete or on large portions of a population, which are considered as samples. Before the nature of sampling error was understood it seemed dangerous to base conclusions on a small number of cases, but this need no longer be so. Small samples may make possible investigations, which avoid the limitations of census tables in which only a few variables can be cross-tabulated. In any serious attempt to study the effect of a particular variable, freed from the effects of other relevant variables, at least ten directions of simultaneous cross-classification are required rather than the three or four which is the maximum usually given in a census. An earlier sample investigation of French Catholic families in the Province of Quebec aimed to ascertain whether families living near cities had fewer children than those living farther away. The objects of this article are to find (a) whether the relationship between distance from cities and family size which was revealed for French Catholic families of Quebec holds for English Protestant families of Ontario, (b) whether the direct relationship between education and family size found for Quebec holds also for Ontario and (c) to ascertain the differences in family size between Quebec and Ontario for groups similar in age at marriage, etc.

The article offers news briefs regarding the development of atomic power in several countries outside the U.S. Queen Elizabeth of Great Britain has announced the proposal regarding the transfer of the responsibility for atomic energy from the Ministry of Supply to a statutory corporation. An announcement regarding the transfer of the nuclear power development in Canada to a private enterprise has been made by the Canadian Minister for Production.

The article presents an overview of the discoveries related to the works of Tutus Smith, junior, of Nova Scotia. Looking at the Nova Scotia of a century and a half ago through his eyes for some time, and taking his journals into the field, following or crossing his trail on dozens of occasions, have made clear what an extraordinarily competent geographer he was. Upon investigation it appears that his training might well be the envy of a modern geographer. The explorations were conducted in two successive years, those of 1801, which Smith called the Eastern and Western Tours, and that of 1802, the Northern Tour.

The article reports developments related to the U.S. Department of Defense. According to sources, a compromise $ 31.8 billion defense appropriations bill was passed by the House and the Senate for the fiscal year starting July 1, 1955, which is considered a $ 3 billion increase over the previous fiscal year. Moreover, in June 1955, agreements to share information on atomic weapons with Great Britain and Canada were signed, where under the terms of the U.S. Atomic Energy Act of 1954, the agreements state that there will be no transfer of weapons or special nuclear materials.

Focuses on the influence of agriculture on the human settlement in Eastern Nova Scotia. Decline in agricultural productivity due to the domestic immigration of rural industries to urban areas; Historical background on the origin of settlers in the country; Crops produced in the country.

The article reports on the submission of proposals for partial measures of disarmament to the disarmament committee by Great Britain, Canada, France, and the U.S. The proposal represents the final basis for a first-step arms control treaty, and being regarded as a realistic program which could be put into effect at once. Meanwhile, the West offered an inspection of a latitudinal zone which includes all the Arctic Circle plus Alaska and a portion of Eastern Siberia, and a longitudinal zone covering nearly all of Europe and part of Soviet Asia.

The article compares the after-effects of an atomic bomb explosion with that of nuclear tests, based on facts and arguments posed at the 1957 international Pugwash conference in Canada. One of the most frequently discussed fact in the conference is that the main causes of radiological injuries in atomic explosions is the setting of radiostrontium. The author points the external radiation of the explosion from the precipitation lying on the ground and the radiation from inside due to the absorption of radiostrontium.

Focuses on the simultaneous advance and retreat of the agricultural frontier in the Great Clay Belt in Canada. Pattern of rural population distribution in the area; Major axis of the settlement pattern set by the railroads; Contribution of the widespread farm abandonment to wider dispersion of rural population.

Minority groups differ from one another, among other things, in the extent to which they are integrated into or apart from the societies to which they belong. The extent of this integration or apartness is reflected in the various ways in which the minorities differ from the rest of the population, such as in the effect of economic class upon voting. No minority group is ever completely integrated into its society, for complete integration is tantamount to the extinction of group identity. No minority group is ever completely apart, for the term "minority" implies the existence of a majority with which the minority forms a common society. The dimension of integration-apartness is related to but not identical with the dimension of assimilation. Assimilation refers to the replacement or modification of group characteristics as a consequence of out-group contacts. Integration refers to the extent a minority actually forms a part of the body politic of its society. Thus, German "non-Aryan" Christians were fully assimilated but, in the Third Reich, certainly not integrated into the German society. In general, the term "integration" is applicable at various levels of analysis. We talk of the integration of individuals into groupings, the integration of these groupings into further units, and the integration of these into larger units in turn. In the case of our study, individuals are more or less integrated into their respective minority groups, and these in turn are more or less integrated into their respective societies. We are concerned in this paper with developing a measure for the degree of integration of minority groups into their societies. The basic proposition of this paper is: The more apart a minority group is from its society, the more will it differ from that society as a whole in the effect of economic class upon voting. An analysis of the voting of two minorities in Central Europe illustrates the above proposition. This is followed by comments on minority group voting in the United States and Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the importance of transportation on politics in Canada. Resistance of the play of history to the effacement by geography; Proclamation of freedom of navigation; Rivalry between the transportation route of the St. Lawrence and the Hudson.

In this paper harmonic analysis is employed to investigate regional variations of the annual march of precipitation over Canada. In order to examine the regional variations of the annual march of precipitation, the researcher is confronted with the problem of presenting variations of space as well as time. A method of objectively describing and mapping these space-time characteristics of precipitation is that of harmonic analysis. Before proceeding to examine the area distribution of the two major variance components, the annual and semiannual, it is useful to establish the distribution of the total variance and also the relationship of the two major components to the total variance and to one another.

An area of research in which sociologists and historians would seem to share a rather obvious concern is that of social change. In his presidential address before the joint meeting of the Canadian Historical and Canadian Political Science Association, S. D. Clark emphasized this. "We cannot become students of change," he said, "without becoming historians. It is only by looking at what has happened to societies of the past, and over time, that the sociologist can derive the data on which to build his principles of social change." That is to say that the study of social change requires recognition of processes in time and must deal, insofar as time past is involved, with evidence that is historical. The student of social change must become a historian and the historian, insofar as he is interested in understanding and interpreting general processes, must become a social scientist. When, however, one searches the literature for particular studies of historical social change, one's findings are meager indeed, especially if one's standards, theoretically and methodologically, are reflective of those of contemporary social science, and one's historiographical standards, of contemporary history. If, in addition, one is searching for social change studies of a particular national history, then the material is even more limited. For this reason I have expanded this review, which was originally concerned with the American nineteenth century only, to include two studies of English history, because these two studies include important theoretical and methodological contributions to the study of history and social change in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present a classification of American and Canadian railroads based upon the character of their freight traffic. The functions upon which this classification is based are those that constitute the principal role of a railroad in the Anglo-American railnet namely: the carriage of freight internally, that is, over its new lines; the origination of traffic; the termination of traffic or the carriage of freight between other railroads. A shortcoming of this type of classification scheme is that it categorizes entire railroads according to a single predominant function.

A sample survey of post-war immigrants in Canada, undertaken in 1961, showed significant differences between immigrants from Great Britain and those from other countries in the occupations of fathers, immigrants' occupations in former country, first occupation in Canada and occupation at the time of the survey. Immigration tended to reinforce the existing tendency for Canadians of British origin or descent to have a higher social status than others. Patterns of intergenerational and intragenerational mobility were examined. It was found that at the time of the survey, 15 per cent of the immigrants had the same social status as the fathers, the remainder having raised and fallen in almost equal proportions. Compared with the occupation in the former country, 15 per cent had risen in status in their first employment in Canada and 31 per cent had risen at the time of the survey. Forty-four per cent fell in status in their first employment and 27 per cent were still below the level of their former occupation at the time of the survey. However, only 14 per cent felt that their position in the community had fallen and 7 per cent that their standard of living had declined.

The article presents the author's experience during the invasion of Poland by Germany led by Adolf Hitler which started the World War II in 1939. The author said that during the tragedy in Poland the nation seemed to be a great cemetery where three million Jews with his family were buried. Due to Poland's tragedy, he returned to his native country in Canada which possessed characteristics of decency, dullness, sadness, and depression. This terrible experience lead the author to suggest that if people are aiming to give freedom to their children and free mankind from injustices, they must work together for disarmament to end the cold war.

In the following paper certain fads and tendencies in the field of university education in Sweden will be reviewed and some original findings reported, which all seem to have a bearing on the social role of universities in modern society. In one respect the situation in Sweden is by no means unusual though it raises important questions. Measured by student enrollment or similar statistics, universities are currently growing at a rate which has no earlier parallels. Another feature is less common and therefore deserves particular attention. There is relatively little selection between the senior secondary school stage and the university stage, a large proportion of those who graduate from the former proceed to a university or a professional school of equivalent status. There is selection social and intellectual at an earlier stage; the transition from the junior secondary school, or the new comprehensive school, to the gymnasium. In the earlier part of the paper statistical and other information will be offered which is national and overall in coverage, that is to say, describes the system as a whole or major branches of it. The later part will be based on a more intensive study of a panel of students in Lund, Canada who have been interviewed or approached by a questionnaire and followed through their first university years.

The article examines the condition of the educational system in Canada. The changes in education are isolated and superficial. Complacency and concessions in change patterns are more prevalent. The autonomy is an obstacle to the educational progress of the country, already hampered by the continual movement of students across borders, in an increasingly mobile society. The confusion of identity and absence of institutional patterns is the result of cultural influences and immature social development.

Discusses efforts to advance the field of speech instruction in Canadian higher education. Barriers to developments in speech education in Canada; Results of a study of the state of speech education in the country; Information on the speech proficiency examinations and speech programs provided to Canadian students.

During the American Revolution, white settlers entered the Niagara Peninsula by way of the four entry points previously established by the Indians. The aboriginal trails served as the avenues of penetration, but with fuller settlement these trails were improved, abandoned, or extended according to the needs of the settlers. The river road became the most prevalent type of route because of the felt need for a juxtaposition of land and water transport. New roads were cut across the inherited network to tie remote areas to the administrative centers. With full settlement of the land the survey roads came to dominate. The analysis leads to the conclusions that the Indian trails did not predetermine the road alignments, that towns create roads rather than vice versa, that the true urban centers were the loci for six or more through routes, and that the sequence of development has been strongly at variance with the model suggested by Taaffe, Morrill, and Gould. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade the world's iron ore map has been experiencing significant changes; the increasing importance of iron ore pellet production with its associated mining and processing activities exemplifies one of the most important of these changes. Increased demands of the steel industry for iron ore pellets have helped stimulate the development of large and expensive concentrating and pelletizing establishments. Capital requirements and the need for technical cooperation have tended to create a greater symbiotic relationship between the iron ore mining and steel producing industries; steel companies have become increasingly committed financially to pellet producing projects. Competition from pellets is placing a growing strain upon mining regions dependent on direct-shipping ores, especially those regions forced to use underground mining methods. Development of low-grade ores capable of beneficiation has helped in some mining regions to reverse a long-standing trend of decreasing employment and has improved the general economic conditions of those regions. During the coming decades, world iron ore pellet production will continue to increase, and its impact upon the iron mining and steel producing industries will become even more significant, especially in Canada and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the labor market in Canada. An effort has been made in the present study to examine the condition of excess demand for labor in terms of vacancy and unemployment data. More specifically, the objective of this study has been to relate the statistics of unemployment and of unfilled vacancies and construct indices of the pressure of labor demand for the Canadian economy on the basis of the relationship developed. This study closely follows the spirit and in many ways the form of their pioneer exploration. The results show that the data on unfilled job vacancies can be successfully related to unemployment figures, and a meaningful index of the demand for labor constructed. The index seems to do well both when it is used to reflect the low and high periods of excess demand over both the trade cycle and the employment ratio cycle and in the explanation of wage changes in the post-war Canada. Because of the nature of the index, the authors have made no inferences in the study about policy decisions, causal relations and remedies.

The paper focuses on the article written by the author on C.U.A. rate-making procedure, which is biased against high risk categories because of the double-counting which results from treating dependent risk classes as if they were independent. An analyst has presented some data on industry loss ratios, which seem to deny the author's conclusion when applied to the specific case of driving record classes. The data does not refute the author's conclusion that C.U.A. rates are biased upwards for high risk classes, but it does seem to deny the C.U.A. assumption that persons should be classified as high risks simply because they have had an accident in one of the previous three years.

Focuses on the impact of politics and government regulations on the broadcasting company, Canadian Broadcasting Corp. (CBC). Efforts of the government to control the operations of CBC; Need of independent autonomy for CBC to operate its programs.

This study attempts to probe more deeply into the relationship between R and D and industrial growth in Canada. The first part of the paper explores the nature of the simple relationship for several definitions of research intensity and for alternative time periods. The second part of the paper explores the nature of the relationship within a more complete production framework and analyses the interaction of R and D with other efficiency factors. The format of the paper parallels the approach originally adopted by Leonard in the previously cited study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reflects on a paper entitled "Stop Before Turning" by Eugene Rabinowitch presented at the third Pugwash Conference held in Lac Beauport, Canada. The paper argues that the immediate challenge before all nations is to freeze existing political divisions and recognize all de facto governments. It reports that such freeze was needed before a forward movement could begin towards a war-free world, which is a prerequisite for the viability of humanity in the atomic age. It states that the proposal was not declared for the special justice of the political divisions, and legitimacy of the national regimes established in the wake of World War 2.

The article reproduces the four original papers which served as the thematic base for the media production of the 1970 National Convention of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (AAHPER) in Seattle, Washington and at the Canadian Biennial AHPER Convention of 1971. These papers are "Is Sport the Struggle or the Triumph?," by W. R. Morford, "Are Sports Education?," L. F. Locke, "Is Sport Really Colorblind?," and "Is Sport Experience?," by Seymour Kleinman. The papers examine the relevance of sports in a changing society.

Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to examine English-Canadian and French-Canadian children's attitudes toward the October Crisis in Quebec. Three questions were examined. In the first place, the data indicated that all children were well aware of the kidnapping of Cross and the murder of Laporte. But many young children tended to assign the responsibility for these events on the basis of cultural rather than political memberships Second, the data indicated that French-Canadian children were frequently critical of the Canadian government's application of emergency measures. Finally, the findings revealed that while most children were critical of the actions of the Front du Liberation du Quebec, some backlash of sympathy for the terrorists occurred among French-Canadians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses highlights of the convention on educational psychology to be held in Quebec, Montreal from August 27-31, 1973. Information on the work done by educational psychologist Benjamin S. Bloom in the field of mastery achievement; Progress report on the first year of National Institute of Education by the institute's director Thomas K. Glennan; Details on a paper session devoted to the topic of teacher behavior and evaluation.

An index of tree growth based on the mean growth curve of black spruce shows that tree growth in the boreal forest of central Canada decreases linearly as the forest-tundra boundary is approached. A theoretical tree line is defined by black spruce growth data. The distribution of tree growth and the theoretical tree line indicate that the forest-tundra boundary is the mean summer position of the arctic front. The growth of white spruce is briefly considered, but because of a small sample size, no conclusions are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1851-61, the crude birth rate in Canada was 45. In 1972, it was approximately 16. Not only have birth rates decreased but the average family size has declined from five or six children per family at the turn of the century to two or three children in the 1970'S. The Association for Voluntary Sterilization estimates that up to ten years ago, 75 % of all sterilization operations were performed on women, but presently 75 % of the patients are men. Family limitation nowadays is a generally accepted goal, and vasectomy is a safe, sure, and inexpensive means to this goal. It is also compatible with the traditional values and norms of Western society. Men, through withdrawal and the use of the condom, have taken an active part in family planning. It may be argued either that men are beginning to reassert themselves in the decision making process in the area of family planning, or, equally likely, that women are influencing men to undergo the operation, rather than being sterilized themselves or continuing the use of frequently undesirable other, less effective forms of contraception.

The approach underlying the model proposed in this article constitutes a considerable departure from the conventional methods used for the projection of birth series. Instead of following the customary procedure of directly projecting the age-specific fertility rates, they can be derived with this model from only three relatively simple fertility measures, namely, total fertility rate, mean age of fertility, and modal age of fertility. In order to calculate the number of births in any given year, one merely multiplies the number of women at each age by the fertility rate of the corresponding age, and then sums the products which are obtained. The model has been submitted to a series of empirical tests using data for Canada. Thus, the annual number of births for the period 1926-1970, that is, for all the years for which the required data are available, were generated from the model and compared with the actual number of births for the same period. Although the data are limited to only one country, they nevertheless reflect demographic conditions of considerable diversity. During the course of the period examined, Canadian women experienced great changes in their fertility level and age pattern. The results of the tests presented in the above section lead to the conclusion that instead of following the conventional procedure of obtaining the annual number of births by directly projecting age specific fertility rates, it is more advantageous to obtain them by using the model.

Annual variations are often more brutal for nuptiality than they are for other demographic phenomena. Short-term economic movements, in particular, seem to have a more direct impact. In the long run, however, nuptiality is generally considered as a much more stable factor than, say, fertility which has undergone profound changes in all industrialized countries over the past hundred years. In this article the social scientists will attempt to study these recent trends in the light of longer-term ones, by comparing nuptiality movements in four countries: Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. In this paper, they study the nuptiality of birth cohorts by calculating the proportion ever-married at age 50, and mean age at first marriage. Data are not always strictly comparable between one census and another, especially in Canada and the United States where geographical coverage has varied through time. However, the numbers involved were small. Moreover, the definition of marital status has not been changed, at least not the basic distinction between single and ever-married. Through a study of nuptiality trends for the single for about a hundred different birth cohorts, they will attempt to determine whether attitudes towards marriage have changed. But first, they must eliminate the structural effects which affect the phenomenon studied. For instance, marriage becomes more difficult for women and female nuptiality decreases when there is a scarcity of potential male partners.

Plans to raise the Ross Dam on the Skagit River by the American utility, City Light, will flood a valley in Canada and have generated a conflict of resource use between conservationists and proponents of economic progress. This paper examines the variety of uses of the valley at present, and their expansion for recreational use by modest improvements. Such expanded use is compared with uses available if the valley is flooded. The comparison is expressed in economic terms. The paper then continues with a critique of economic analysis to such problems of resource allocation and develops an approach to ecological resource allocation. A schedule and analysis of alternative uses is offered. The economic and ecological conclusions are examined, and it is found that the latter method is more appropriate to practical problems of allocation, at least with regard to natural resources than the former.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]