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This paper draws on recent research on the construction of new religious buildings by diverse faith communities in the London Borough of Ealing in West London to compare the navigation of local planning processes in the realization of new permanent structures for worship. While existing research emphasizes barriers for minority faith communities, this paper suggests that faith communities are successful local actors able to navigate local planning governance particularly through accumulated expertise and social capital networks, although there are marked differences in capacity and experience between different faith groups. There is also evidence of the mobilization of narratives of "instutionalised multiculturalism" embedded in local policy documents in support for faith communities, but ongoing on-going austerity cuts since 2010 have reduced the capacity of the local state to support projects. Finally, the paper suggests that these planning processes indicate changing ideas of the nature of the suburbs and suburban multiculturalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emerges from an ethnography of the economic and cultural life of Rye Lane, an intensely multi-ethnic street in Peckham, South London. The effects of accelerated migration into London are explored through the reshaping and diversification of its interior, street and city spaces. A ‘trans-ethnography’ is pursued across the compendium of micro-, meso- and macro-urban spaces, without reifying one above the other. The ethnographic stretch across intimate, collective and symbolic city spaces serves to connect how the restrictions and circuits of urban migration have different impacts and expressions in these distinctive but interrelated urban localities. The paper argues for a trans-ethnography that engages within and across a compendium of urban localities, to understand how accelerated migration and urban ‘super-diversity’ transform the contemporary global city. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper is based on evaluative research in an inner-London borough on a programme designed to raise self esteem and deter minority ethnic young people from involvement in crime and participation in gangs. The aim of the programme was to work with young people 'at risk' or involved with gangs, violent crime and who may use weapons and to divert them from this behaviour. Essentially, the paper explores the way in which minority ethnic young people can be equipped to develop social capital. The paper firstly applies a brief contextual understanding of urban minority ethnic young people's experiences of school and 'street life'; secondly, it will describe the background and aims of the programme; and thirdly it will discuss whether and how the programme contributed to developing trust; to notions of awareness and empowerment; self-esteem and identity; and how it impacted on their social and family relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the social ties forged by Romanians in London with migrants of different origins in work and non-work contexts to offer a more nuanced view of ‘bridging’ social ties and related discussions of ‘everyday’ cosmopolitanism. Contrary to the overemphasis on ethnic ties seen as a form of bonding in migration research, the paper shows how Romanians bridge informally with many other migrants based on shared ‘non-native’ status. Alongside non-ethnically marked commonalities, ethnicity emerges as an important ingredient of cosmopolitan socialization, yet without necessarily signalling coexisting ethnic identities, as commonly assumed. Romanians' experiences further show that despite providing significant social and cultural capital, bridging ties with migrants, rather than natives, rarely accrue effective resources for social mobility. The findings suggest the need to disaggregate and qualify current understandings of ‘bridging’ social ties usually depicted in positive terms and uniformly as cross-ethnic relationships, or only linked with the ‘mainstream’ population. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the ongoing shift in the dynamics of retail development toward inner-city sites, mega-retail-led regeneration schemes have emerged as an important strategy for place marketing in the entrepreneurial city of London. While a number of studies have attempted to examine the effects of these schemes, the focus of previous studies has been limited to their wider economic and environmental effects. However, few studies have empirically investigated their impact on surrounding neighborhoods, particularly deprived neighborhoods. This paper investigates the effects of the Westfield London Shopping Centre on changes in housing price levels in the surrounding neighborhood of White City/Shepherd's Bush, in order to determine whether mega-retail-led regeneration schemes are a key determinant in the process of gentrification. A difference-in-differences analysis was used to assess differentials in the change rates of housing prices between control and treatment groups following the development of Westfield London. It was found that Westfield London development caused an increase in the change rate of housing prices of the treatment group relative to that of the control group. These findings indicate that mega-retail-led regeneration schemes may be a main cause of the pricing out of neighborhood residents who cannot afford the resulting increased rents and for altering the characteristics of neighborhoods and their social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses a new method to gauge eighteenth-century crime. It counts the crimes committed against metropolitan London's justices noted in newspapers and in the Old Bailey Sessions Papers, and finds crime more prevalent than current historiography acknowledges. The article contests current claims that the manner in which newspapers noted crime constructed their readers' perception of crime, making their readers believe crime was much more horrific, and the judicial system much more just, than readers would otherwise have thought they were. The article also argues that some crimes were attacks on the powerful because they were powerful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues for an alternative response to the 'consumer society' hypothesis for 18th-century England, which is seen to focus on large-scale development and obscure the relations between people and objects. Returning to Marx's theories regarding 'consumer fetishism' and utilising Bruno Latour's work on hybrids and the human and the non-human, the paper considers the manner in which people used objects and objects used people. Utilizing the courtesy books and 'it-narratives' of the 18th century and the later works of Jane Austen, the paper argues that goods should not be seen only as commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Cultural Geography is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the material benefits commonly received by almshouse residents from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, and attempts to assess how well off alms-people were compared with other poor people in the community. It considers not only the stipends or financial allowances received by many almspeople, but also other benefits provided, such as the accommodation, food, fuel and practical help. The evidence points to the experience of almshouse life varying a great deal, and suggests that the standard of living for many almspeople did not differ greatly from that of the poor generally. Many almspeople received poor relief; some were so poorly off that even the workhouse offered greater comfort and security. Yet, for most, there were distinct advantages to an almshouse place. Free accommodation and a regular income, no matter how small, gave them a measure of security; while their position as almshouse residents gave them status, respectability and the opportunity to benefit from further donations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If women in London in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries sought the perfect crime in which to participate, selecting receiving stolen goods provided excellent opportunities for profit and little chance of punishment. Low conviction rates, combined with the fact that no behaviour outside of gendered expectations was required in its commission, made dealing in stolen goods relatively easy for women in the metropolis. Although this particular offence has not been deeply analysed by historians of crime, its commission did alarm contemporaries, including members of the legal community and social commentators. This paper explores accusations against females in London for receiving, as well as the important roles that familial relationships and work played in their indictments for the crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses judicial records of the Sheriffs' Court of London and the royal Court of Common Pleas at Westminster to investigate whether the concept of a later medieval 'Golden Age' of female opportunity, as Caroline Barron has posited, is indicated by London's legal customs, as reflected in quantitative evidence of London women's court appearances and the types of cases in which they were litigants. It offers an introduction to economic and legal aspects of the 'Golden Age debate' and other quantitative investigations of women in later medieval courts; presents a comparative pre-plague to post-plague analysis of London women in the London Sheriffs' Court and royal Court of Common Pleas; and places trends regarding London women within a national context. It is concluded that women in London, as elsewhere in England, were less likely to act as litigants in the post-plague era, suggesting a general tightening up of patriarchal control over women's public activities that is inconsistent with a socially expressed 'Golden Age' of women in later medieval London. But, some evidence is presented that London women may nevertheless have enjoyed slightly enhanced economic opportunities in the fifteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-Directed Support claims that it makes the social work task 'more personal' in its engagement with people's real needs and wants. This paper explores this claim through the record of a piece of group work with 11 social work practitioners in a London borough. A brief description of the roots of Self-Directed Support, the Independent Living movement, provides the context for the subsequent examination of themes arising from the group discussion, and the implications of the participants' experiences for practice, the profession and employing organisations. We find that despite system and resource issues, Self-Directed Support has enabled people to do 'real social work', re-connecting with values and practice which were obscured by care management. It requires letting go of power and control, without abandoning engagement: and it is essential that the change is underpinned by learning from and working with staff who work directly with people seeking support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of new workhouses lay at the centre of poor law reform after 1834. In London, however, such prominent displays of the new system were relatively rare. This article explores why that was the case, arguing that the absence of new workhouses was not necessarily a reflection of the reluctance of London parishes to adopt the reforms but rather because adequate provision already existed or other forms of indoor relief were considered to be more appropriate. Prior to 1834, several London parishes embarked on extensive enlargement or rebuilding of workhouses, notably in rapidly growing districts surrounding the City. During the 1820s, in the wake of financial stringencies, relief practices were tightened. Therefore, when the Poor Law Amendment Act came into force in 1834, many London parishes had already embarked on reforms that pre-dated those recommended by the legislation. In the following years, rather than build new workhouses to accommodate the growing number of paupers, London vestries chose to cooperate and build specialist institutions: district schools for children and county asylums for the lunatic poor. Economies of scale arising from the spatial proximity of numerous large parishes and unions made this approach feasible. The lack of new workhouses, therefore, should not be taken as evidence that London parishes refused to implement the spirit of the new poor law. Far from it: early construction and tighter relief regimes prior to 1834 and the continuing dominance of indoor relief throughout the period suggest that London led rather than followed developments elsewhere in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the commercial exploitation of ethnic diaspora-based networks. Using qualitative data from four London minority-owned enterprises, diaspora-based linkages in the UK and beyond are examined and the implications for policy discussed. We conclude that, under certain conditions, diaspora-based networks enable higher levels of business competitiveness. They facilitate access to resources and markets by minority-owned businesses, particularly for those supplying ethnic goods and services,. Exploiting diaspora-based networks effectively depends not only on business owners' capabilities and motivations to do so but also on diaspora structures—their size, geographical and sectoral locations—and the resources and opportunities they make available to business owners. Conversely, in certain circumstances, engagement with diaspora-based networks can constrain business competitiveness, particularly where this restricts the resources and markets available. Diaspora-based networks are potentially important influences on business competitiveness but do not negate the importance of class resources such as property, education and skills in processes of business formation and development among minority groups. The implications for existing theory and for policy are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed qualitative data are used to explore the processes perpetuating labour market disadvantage among young UK-Bangladeshi men living in central London. Strong forces of inclusion within the Bangladeshi community are found to interact with forces of exclusion from 'mainstream' society to constrain aspirations and limit opportunities. Though diverse forms of young Bangladeshi masculinity are found, a common pattern is heavy dependency on intra-ethnic networks. Negative experiences of and isolation from 'mainstream' society further reinforce reliance on 'our own people'. However, acute ambivalence towards belonging to a dense Bangladeshi community exists, exemplified in the widespread denigration of the restaurant trade. Many respondents express the desire to 'break out' and access new experiences. The findings support current policy emphasis on 'connecting people to work' but highlight the more fundamental need to connect people across ethnic boundaries. The paper urges researchers to 'unpack' ethnicity - to consider carefully what ethnic identity implies in terms of access to resources and opportunities for different individuals in different contexts - in order better to understand the diversity of labour market outcomes and the persistence of disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key trend in home care in recent years in England has been movement away from "in-house" service provision by local government authorities (e.g.. counties) towards models of service commissioning from independent providers. A national survey in 2003 identified that there were lower levels of satisfaction and perceptions of quality of care among older users of independent providers compared with in-house providers. This paper reports the results of a study that related service users' views of 121 providers with the characteristics of these providers. For the most pan, characteristics associated with positive perceptions of quality were more prevalent among in-house providers. Multivariate analyses of independent providers suggested that aspects of the workforce itself, in terms of age and experience, provider perceptions of staff turnover, and allowance of travel time, were the most critical influences on service user experiences of service quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers socio-economic restructuring in London's small areas over two decades, in relation to broader changes in labour and housing markets. The relation of changing social structure to wider evidence of changes in inequality is discussed, with particular regard to the impact of socio-economic structure on health and mortality. The scale of the analysis is at ward level using census data for 1971, 1981 and 1991 and mortality data over 1990/92. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the vagrant removals in Middlesex County, England during the late 18th century, including the role that the vagrant contractor Henry Adams' sending of vagrants to correctional institutions known as houses of corrections. An overview of the social conditions of poor people in Middlesex County, including in regard to poor laws, poor relief and their placement in workhouses, is provided.

The place of London in the Irish Revival is sometimes overlooked, yet, at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the city served as a place where Irish political and cultural identities were reinvigorated amongst the migrant community there and fed directly into events back home. The experience of living in London, at one remove from Ireland, appears to have reinforced a sense of belonging and nationhood for many writers, the most prominent of which was Yeats. This article examines the life and work of Winifred M. Patton, a gifted Irish writer and nationalist who lived there between 1893 and 1914. Whilst she never achieved the same reputation as some of her contemporaries, Patton, nevertheless, published widely in Irish nationalist newspapers of the time. Apart from writing poetry, short stories and essays, she was also active in political and cultural organisations such as the Gaelic League and the Irish Fireside Club helping ferment Irish nationalist aspirations at a crucial turning point in British–Irish relations. Based on new research into an archival collection of Patton's papers, this article examines the relationship between migration, gender and nationalism and the role of literature in mediations of cultural identity in the Irish diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

According to early modern notions of appropriate gender roles, men should 'travaile abroad' to earn their livings and support their families, while women's proper place was to 'save that which is gotten' by their husbands within the private spaces of the household. Yet practice did not always conform to theory. In Taunton during the late seventeenth century, Elizabeth and William Harvey reversed these roles in their professional lives. It was an important part of Elizabeth Harvey's work as an entrepreneur in the cloth trade to 'travaile abroad' to collect and sell her wares. Meanwhile William, a lawyer and civic official, often stayed at home in Elizabeth's absence to oversee family affairs. Whether despite or because of this atypical arrangement, the picture that emerges from Elizabeth's letters and other archival documents is of a successful partnership, a loving marriage and a happy family life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with anthropologist Colin Bell is presented. When asked about his travel to Banbury, England in which he had written "Banbury will forever be the social system with which I compare all else. It is my Nuer land and my Tikopia," he states that the statement is no longer be true because he was carried away with the changes in Banbury. Relative to this, he also added that Banbury already had poor people but titled and had a working economy.

Explores various aspects of state regulated sex education in England in the 1990s. Implications of political manoeuvering of the New Right on policy formation for young people; Function of the state; Promotion and limits of heterosexual practices; Sexual control and age relations; Sexual regulation and class relation.

Thinking of racism through the lens of its geographies and temporality - a transnational lens, as I understand it - is productive for our understanding of the current process of social integration of immigrants in European cities. I argue that an interactive model of racism can help us understand the spread (and revival) of racism in Europe, and develop a new take on intersections of racism and immigration. Using the example of the Polish "post-enlargement" immigration to England, I scrutinize how racism is altered through social networks spanning localities within and across national borders. I demonstrate how the research participants incorporate, reproduce, and transform racism present in the British multicultural public space into a cultural repertoire (habitus) they internalized before migration. I argue that racism is a transnational outcome of ongoing negotiations between past and current experiences, and between parties in two or more geographical locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an outline of the development of the English almshouse across the second millennium, and its place within the broader spectrum of social welfare. It discusses the evolution of the almshouse into its modern form, as privately endowed housing dedicated to the elderly poor. It presents the results of new research that provides a firmer quantitative foundation for consideration of the role of the almshouse in welfare history and revisits the issue of the mixed economy of welfare to demonstrate the complex relationship between public and private provision. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The French immigrants of early modern London are recorded as having been a clearly recognizable community with similarities in language, religion, occupation and material culture. However, analysis of the excavated and documentary evidence of their domestic artefacts reveals few differences when compared with their English counterparts. Although isolated artefacts may reasonably be linked to an immigrant identity, the majority of refugees do not appear to have commonly expressed their group identity through their domestic material culture in historically identifiable ways. This may indicate that the nature of French immigrant identity was more complex and varied than contemporary accounts imply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covering the period 1290-1584, the Paston, Plumpton, Cely and Stonor letters, although for the most part 'business letters', concerned with the administration of their households and estates, nevertheless throw fascinating light on aspects of contemporary society. They reveal that the lives of those who strove to survive and prosper as landowning gentry were played out against a background of civil war, violent Scottish incursions over the northern borders, and military reversals in France. Closer to home, they struggled with predatory lords, tight-fisted dowagers, disgruntled sons, wretched daughters and bitterly contested wills. Faced with many imponderables, they marshalled their defences: judicious marriages and kinship networks, compliant children, the patronage of influential magnates - perhaps even of the king himself, such protection as was afforded by the law and unceasing vigilance. Parental affection and true love and devotion also find welcome expression among what were severely practical concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the public discourse concerning juvenile delinquency in 20th century England. Particular focus is given to how crime statistics influence public perception and the government's understanding of juvenile delinquency. An overview is presented contrasting England's local and national press's reporting on youth crime. An overview of crime in the working class East End of London, England, including victimization, property claims and theft, is provided. The author contends that youth crime in mid-20th century England was not a result of fundamental behavioral change of the youth and that the fear of juvenile delinquency should be treated as a historical phenomenon in its own right.

This article examines East European migrants' relationships with other communities in the context of waged work through in-depth interviews with recent Polish and Lithuanian migrants to London. These migrants found themselves newly surrounded by greater racial and ethnic diversity. By distinguishing themselves from other workers on the basis of skin color and legal status, they present themselves as members of the host country's 'white' majority, which places them in a position of power in relation to other migrant groups in London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the early nineteenth century common lodging-houses were well-established institutions in English towns and cities. In the 1840s their numbers grew in response to the rising demand for cheap accommodation as people travelled the country in search of work. They became, in Raphael Samuel's memorable phrase, 'the night-time haven of the wandering tribes'. This study examines common lodging-houses in St Thomas', Oxford in terms of their numbers, longevity, physical structure and distribution and of the occupations, places of birth, gender and family status of their keepers and lodgers. Attitudes towards lodging-houses in the parish are examined, as are the steps taken by the local authorities and by the university to address the problems they were seen to pose. Comparisons are made with lodging-house provision in other towns, and findings are set in the context of social and economic developments in Oxford and against the national background of changing attitudes to poverty, sanitation and housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that the workplace provides an important site for the production of gender identities. However, it is less-well understood how this identity construction might operate in the context of migrant workers, who bring with them particular notions of gender from their countries of origin that interact with 'local' gender practices. Through an in-depth case study of a London hotel and hospital, masculinity and economic status were observed to be intricately related in the ways in which male migrants described their work performances in terms of either 'women's work' or 'lower-class work'. Men originating from middle- and upper-class economic positions were observed to be 'flexible' with their economic identity and take on work considered 'lower-class' in their country of origin in order to contest their gender identities in the UK. In contrast, men who migrated for economic gain and had family obligations to send remittances were observed to be 'strategically' flexible with their gender identities and often performed what they considered to be 'women's work' in order to be able to fulfil economic expectations. We suggest that a migrant's willingness and/or desire to enact 'flexible and strategic masculinities' is tied to the perceived trade-offs of his/her employment in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines the rich local cultural sporting practices endemic in south and east Lancashire from the 1820s through to the 1880s, particularly in the Bolton-Darwen-Blackburn triangle. These included playing football and foot-racing for money and other prizes; links with commercialism via the licensed trade and betting are also stressed. The existence of a localized football culture in this area, in a period when many historians have suggested that football development was confined to the public schools, helps to explain the transition to full professionalism in Lancashire during the 1880s. The transitional links are especially evident in the small-sided games played for money at athletics festivals organized by the newly-formed association clubs from the 1870s and into the early 1880s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors trace the successive transformations of the large London commercial law firm, which entered the 20th century as a small group of partners, typically from one or more family groups, surrounded by a large group of working class clerks who performed much of the 'professional work'. After mid-century this firm based on kinship and class hierarchy gave way to a larger firm consisting of non-kin partners selected meritocratically presiding over an increasing band of assistant solicitors and trainees recruited on the basis of their educational credentials and taking part in a promotion-to-partnership tournament. In the last decade of the century, the central institutions and understandings of this meritocratic firm gave way to a constellation of larger, less stable, and increasingly supra-national aggregations, in a setting pervaded by a fascination, both instrumental and narcissistic, with rank and image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the possible sources for the demographic history of the North-East in the sixteenth century, eliminates subsidy assessments and muster rolls as too fragmentary, and shows that parish registers are too few and too incomplete to be useful in studying population trends in the period 1538–1600. It identifies the chantry certificates for Durham, Northumberland and Yorkshire of 1546–48 and the ecclesiastical census of 1563 for Durham and Chester dioceses as useful sources for calculating estimated populations. Their quality is studied, and multipliers for calculating total population are validated, by reference to work done elsewhere in England. Problems in eliminating results with improbably high rates of change caused mainly by scribal error are examined, and it is shown that, after allowing for such scribal error, population in Durham, Northumberland and N.W. Yorkshire probably dropped by around 12.5 per cent during the years 1548 to 1563, in contrast to much higher mortality west of the Pennines and south of the Trent. Thus the North-East suffered less from the 'mid-Tudor' population crisis caused mainly by influenza than the rest of England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implication of the presence of apprentices in the English society during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. According to the article, they were treated as uniform group which revolved and has been divided around wealth and poverty. In addition, it states that apprenticeship gives dependent children legal settlements and assured them of subsistence for long years as well as trainings. Furthermore, it relates that poor and charity apprentices have been known to endure poor treatment from their master since they are young and their guardians lack resources for their protection.

This article draws on research undertaken in Inner London on gentrification and focuses on one particular community in South-East London. It argues that there is a complex interaction in this community which values diversity in relation to both other social groups in the neighbourhood and other gentrifiers. This is constructed by the creation of strong social networks, often formed around the local school, which see the area as having many of the facets of a traditional village community in which everybody knows each other and everybody has their place. Diversity and otherness have a crucial place in this narrative although such people, though present, are spectacularly absent in respondents' narratives of their lives that are almost entirely constructed around the descriptions of their peer group. They contrast themselves with middle-class groups elsewhere in gentrified London which are characterised as much more urban and aspirational than the more gentle and diverse middle class of Telegraph Hill. This, it is argued, reflects the unease that confronts respondents as they come to terms with how neo-liberalism is felt to be impacting on their sense of social and economic security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In explaining the long-term decline of violence in English society, historians have failed to recognize the importance of changing gender-based conceptions of honour. During the eighteenth century the per capita rate of homicide in London decreased dramatically, and because 93% of homicides were committed by men, this decline essentially involved a change in male behaviour. At the start of the period violence served to enhance or defend men's reputations, and thereby to reinforce their social and gender identities. In order to maintain their honour, most men felt the need to physically challenge anyone who insulted them or questioned their honesty or courage. Such disputes often took the form of duels and other ritualized staged fights and were conducted by men of all social classes. While the violence was limited by accepted rules (violence committed by women, though much rarer, more easily got out of hand), fatalities nonetheless occurred. Over the course of the century, however, these types of disputes became far less common as reputations came to be defined much less publicly in London, and men found new ways of establishing and defending their honour, and thus of asserting gender and social differences. However, private violence, notably wife beating, continued behind closed doors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses rural surveys used by Henry Rider Haggard in England during the early 20th century. Placement of Haggard into the context of other social researchers; Comparison with methods used by Charles Booth, Seebohm Rowntree and other social investigators in urban Britain in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods; Intention of enquiring into the state of the English countryside.

This article uses the diaries of the Sussex shopkeeper Thomas Turner, the Reverends James Woodforde of Norfolk and William Holland of Somerset, and the Yorkshire schoolmaster Robert Sharp to explore men's multiple relations to the consumer market in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England. Arguing that historians have unduly discounted male participation in household provisioning and personal purchasing, it documents these diarists' engagement with a host of quotidian exchange activities. Avid purchasers and consumers of fish, potatoes, lace, buttons,china and clocks,these men were also active in promoting extended gift relations among neighbours, friends and kin. Their strategic deployment of gifts fostered sociability and commerce while bolstering hierarchical distinctions within the community and the state. Helping to constitute a broad-based ‘moral economy’ of exchange, these masculine gifting behaviours meshed easily with the men's identities as acquisitive purchasers of consumer goods but undercut their ability to act as economic free agents. An understanding of men's shifting relations to the world of things in this period helps to explain the broader changes in English market moralities that underpinned the transition from custom to contract in the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports some of the findings from a two-year study into crime and disadvantage on Merseyside in north-west England. Particular attention is paid to how a GIS has been used in conjunction with crime pattern analysis software to explore relations between crime and the distribution of different types of disadvantaged, middle income and affluent residential neighbourhood. The GIS has also been used to examine crime incidents in relation to the distribution of residential properties, community facilities, administrative boundaries and the street network. Discussion is focused on the utility of combining disaggregate information with aggregate statistics in crime pattern analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the dialectics of human movement, mobility, and settlement in early modern England for signs of contradiction. Continuity of settlement; Conception of space; Popular culture; Elders' conception of the town; Movement of the working population through the regions of the ruling classes.

Focuses on the changing geography of social housing supply in England. Effect of the passage of the 1988 Housing Act on the national housing policy; Examination of construction rates for lower-tier local authority; Impact of local party control and housing need on building rates.

The article analyzes marital status for cohorts of men and women born in England and Wales between 1900 and 1945. Marital status life tables, which follow a real or synthetic birth cohort through life and the marital statuses of "never" married, "presently married", "widowed" and "divorced" reflect observed marriage, divorce and mortality behavior and provide a detailed record of a cohort's experience. The result is that cohorts deviate substantially from the "European pattern" of late marriage and high proportions never marrying. Also, dramatic rise in divorce has taken place and one marriage out of four ends in divorce. The aftermath of World War II and divorce reform legislation were both associated with sharp increases in period divorce rates. The magnitude and suddenness of those declines was dramatic, leading to speculation that the traditional European marriage pattern had been largely abandoned. The proportions ever married and the modal age at first marriage had changed substantially in female cohorts, whereas for males the only significant change was a decline in the age at first marriage. As marriage and divorce are closely related, they are best analyzed in the context of a single, comprehensive model.