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The author comments on the importance of implementing space program, providing support to basic research, and the development of an international science foundation in the U.S. The author argues that enough allocation of funds and the availability of technically trained manpower can help combat the economic problems encountered by the country. Furthermore, the establishment of science foundation contributes to the improvement and progress of the country's technology.

The article presents the author's discussion regarding the two new thrusts for science in the future, first scientists must learn to participate in the solution of problems and second, scientists must help to demonstrate the value of international science. He states that predicting the future of Antarctica, a region primarily dedicated to science, might seem to be mainly a task of extending the existing patterns, but the world consists of the sum of all its parts. He stresses that it should not be assumed that even remote areas such as Antarctica do not or should not play some part in the shaping of the future of mankind.

The article describes the nonmilitary program in science carried out under the aegis of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Advanced Studies Institute Program has been the most successful of the NATO scientific programs and in some respects it is outstanding among the generally recognized international science programs. A number of institutions for the support of particular branches of applied science have been established within NATO. international collaborative projects in fields such as oceanography and meteorology and international collaborative projects in other fields are included in the programs.

The article looks at some general trends that are observable during the first half of the twentieth century. Nearly all scientific research was done in the universities. The decline of international science before the first world war is described. From 1919 to 1934 there was a fifteen year period in which science was unhampered by national boundaries, in which many great advances were made and in which cooperation of all kinds flourished so well that this was not a subject for special comment. This was the period that American science began to mature.

The article examines the gap between the underdeveloped and the rich countries. In this report, J. Leite Lopes of the Brazilian Physical Society has given emphasis on the scientific gap between European countries and the U.S. and the Soviet Union. According to Lopes, the gap between these two opposing sides had been increasing, in terms of the relative rate of development and the relative speed of growth. With this regard, Lopes suggested intensive national efforts to promote education, culture, scientific and technological research to create a legitimate development. Also, establishment of an international cooperation program is recommended to stimulate scientific research in underdeveloped nations, with the support of outstanding scientists from many advanced nations.

The article explores community-based research (CBR) and technoscience activism citing discussions at the Living Knowledge 3 Conference. The conference entitled "Living Knowledge: The International Science Shop Network," convened its third meeting from August 30 to September 1, 2007 in Paris, France. Discussions focused on developments in CBR and strategies initiated to promote it.

Reports on issues discussed at the Chemical Science and Commercialization Conference in Moscow, Russia in September 2004. Challenges to commercial collaboration in Russia and Eurasia; Focus of the researches presented at the conference; Benefits of working on a project through the International Science and Technology Center to Dow Chemical Co. and DuPont.

The author believes that it is more important to provide all students in the U.S. in 2011 the opportunity to experience the excitement of scientific discovery than to celebrate the winner of the science fair. He notes U.S. President Barack Obama's emphasis on the importance of science education and science research competitions. He details the history of U.S. science fairs and the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair but stresses the value of learning experience over competition.

In the Big Data era, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), including the Internet and sensors, digitises physical activity extensively. This leads to the development of ICT Driven Innovation (IDI) which may have a strong influence on National Innovation Efficiency (NIE). The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the impact of IDI on NIE in both advanced and emerging countries. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is employed to obtain the individual score for each country. We focus on comparing IDI between advanced and emerging economies in particular. We believe that IDI is an important reason why the average NIE score is higher in developed countries than in emerging countries. Obviously, developed countries have shown good capabilities in IDI in excess of most emerging countries. This includes but is not limited to R&D expenditure across the ICT industry, ICT patents etc. Several emerging economies received high NIE scores such as China and Brazil, who also have a good performance in IDI. On this basis, we discuss the mechanism of how IDI affects NIE. ICT industry innovation, non-ICT industries innovation, and ICT infrastructure are summarised as the primary factor affecting NIE by IDI. Further empirical research is required in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on scientific research and development in the Soviet Union during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Soviet Union. Comparing with the U.S., it has been found that the number of advanced researchers in engineering and natural sciences are more in Soviet Union. The threat of ideological interference in the research work was removed but at the cost of political and social liberty of the scientists. Brezhnev established the State Committee on Science and Technology in 1965 to plan the applied research. The committee was given the status equal to the Academy of Sciences, established by the previous government.

The article discusses the author's reports in developing the U.S. Antarctic Research Program. He states that the U.S. Antarctic Program pioneered management techniques in Big Science that worked and it demonstrated also that a partnership in this type of scientific exploration was feasible between the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Navy. He explains that the pattern of close cooperation was set by Laurence Gould and Admiral George Dufek in Operation Deep Freeze during the International Geophysical Year and the National Academy of Sciences managed the science and the Navy provided transportation, food, shelter and medical care for the scientists.

The commercialization of higher education institutions’ (HEIs’) research within the South African National System of Innovation (NSI) has received prominence in the post-apartheid era. Intra-African NSI dialogue to draw out context-specific and generic country experiences that could inform policy developments, and initiate and accelerate strengthening of research commercialization is important. However, there is a lack of data for a comprehensive and informed overview of the role of HEIs in commercialization of research and the main challenges they face. This paper intends to propose a more comprehensive platform for promoting, building, and managing commercialization of research. This mixed-method research confirmed that South African HEIs combine education, research and community engagement, but their base needs to be strengthened for research commercialization to occur. Findings identified that HEIs’ commercialization of research is constrained by lack of commercialization skills and low numbers of qualified staff, brain drain, aging of faculty, absence of intellectual property (IP) policy measures, and focus on lecturing rather than research-focused mandates. Proposed strategies to improve research commercialization should include development and implementation of fair IP policies and guidelines, bolstering of human and organizational capabilities at HEIs and research institutes, and strengthening periodic reviewing by the National Intellectual Property Management Office. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, I present a conceptual argument for ‘teaching-led research’ in which university lecturers construct courses that directly and positively influence their research, while at the same time, safeguard and enhance the student experience. A research-pedagogy for higher education considers the link between teaching and research, but rather than the more usual conception of research-led teaching, in which teaching is enhanced by research, it becomes teaching-led research in which research is enhanced by teaching. I argue that this idea is foundational to the modern research university, but also difficult to realize unless teaching and learning are designed for these ends. A potential model is teaching undergraduates as researchers with students learning by doing research and I present a case study from a science degree programme. I conclude by anticipating the likely cultural and political barriers to teaching-led research and suggest how tensions can be managed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We assessed the intake and major dietary sources of lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene (non-provitamin A carotenoids) in Spain using food consumption data from the Spanish National Dietary Intake Survey (2009–2010). Three-day diaries and one 24-h recall were used to collect dietary data and a software application that includes HPLC data was used. Average intake of those carotenoids was 4290.8 μg/d (67.1% total carotenoid intake), mainly from vegetables (3414.0 μg/d), followed by fruits (393.5 μg/d), oils/fats (204.0 μg/d) and eggs/egg products (170.0 μg/d). Main sources of lutein and zeaxanthin were vegetables (62.9% total diet, 1235.2 μg/person/d). Lycopene intake was 3055.6 μg/d (71.2% of non-provitamin A carotenoids), mainly from tomato and by-products (86.3%) and watermelon. Red- and orange-colored fruits and vegetables were the major contributors of non-provitamin carotenoids (3219.0 μg/person/d). Balanced diets should favor fruits and vegetables over other dietary sources (oils, eggs, processed foods) that contain components to be consumed with moderation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Accumulation of lipids in the liver can lead to cell dysfunction and steatosis, an important factor in pathogenesis causing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The mechanisms related to lipid deposition in the liver, however, remain poorly understood. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) on the lipolysis and expression of lipid-sensing genes in human liver cells with steatosis. A cellular steatosis model, which is suitable to experimentally investigate the impact of fat accumulation in the liver, was established in human normal liver cells (LO2 cells) with a mixture of free fatty acids (oleate/palmitate, 2:1) at 200 μm for 24 h incubation. MCFA was found to down-regulate expression of liver X receptor-α, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, CD 36 and lipoprotein lipase in this cellular model, and have positive effects on adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. These results suggest that MCFA may reduce lipid accumulation by regulating key lipid-sensing genes in human liver cells with steatosis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study reveals the discursive origins of the Autism MMR vaccine controversy through a rhetorical examination of the 1998 Wakefield et al. article. I argue the very practices of scientific publishing, specifically the tradition of hedging, help to create a scientifically acceptable text but also leave discursive gaps. These gaps allow for alternate interpretations as scientific texts pass from technical to public contexts, enabling insufficiently supported claims the standing of scientific knowledge among citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to predict the future habitability of Earth are examined in three interrelated IGBP and IHDP projects: Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE), Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC), and the Global Land Project (GLP). Drawing upon project documentation and research plans from 1986 to 2012, and 10 interviews with researchers involved in project design and implementation, we trace how these projects have represented the problem of global change in the modelling of ecosystem and land-use dynamics. The imagining of global change was recalibrated as project participants brought more aspects of natural and human life into their computations. A top-down gaze informed by atmospheric physics and predictable cause–effect relationships gave way to a more complex Anthropocene imaginary dominated by non-linearity and less predictable thresholds and pathways. Given intrinsic links between ways of representing and knowing a phenomenon and ways of acting upon it so as to transform it, qualitative change in how the Earth System is ‘rendered problematic’ may imply changes for the practices of environmental science and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Higher education in Russia is not able to provide the science personnel and research that the country needs for its future economic well-being. Urgent changes are needed to improve the situation, not least among them being significant increases in the salaries of scientists, bringing Russian science into line with world standards of scientific research, and linking science and business more closely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical studies have shown that the extent of innovation diffusion is greatly affected by the structure of the network in which innovation processes take place. This contribution aims to identify the complex structure of relationships at the basis of knowledge and innovation diffusion among actors from various organizations (firms, academic and research institutions) in a given territory. A multiplex approach is proposed to explain co-authorship and co-invention interaction among Author–Inventors community in a specific geographic area. To this end, we carry out a case study of the Trieste area (North-East Italy), characterized by a very high concentration of research organizations and by the emergence of a lively sector of small R&D firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways in which globalization is manifesting itself in higher education and research is through the increasing importance and emphasis on scientific mobility. This article seeks to provide an overview and analysis of current trends and policy tools for promoting mobility. The article argues that the mobility of scientific labour is an indispensable prerequisite for building capacity and world-class excellence. Many of the newly emerging economies have been able to leverage themselves to advantageous positions in the global scientific economy through the skilful deployment of international research networks. Mobility is still a mixed blessing since scientific labour, like other scarce resources, has a tendency to cluster towards the centre. However, given advances in communication technology and the presence of good research infrastructure, a core group of networked researchers can go a long way towards helping a country with modest scientific resources achieve world-class excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learned societies play a number of roles in countries around the world, including national representation of the research community; recognising and rewarding research achievement; and as funding agents for fellowships, research grants or research institutes. They have a networking role both within national research communities and in linking with international networks, and can provide a national and neutral forum for academia, government and industry. The roles learned societies play reflect their national context and history, and this article outlines the context, history and approach of the Royal Society of New Zealand, as a multidisciplinary national academy, encompassing science, social science, technology and the humanities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science and technology can play a crucial role in the long-term for the modernization of Russia and the armed forces, and many government initiatives have been approved but their implementation can be questioned. Russia has a strong science base into which it invests substantial funds, but that only to a limited extent generates competitive innovative products and services. The government still hopes the defense sector can be the driving force for innovation that is questioned in this article. The civilian research and development could be the driving force needed for promoting innovations but the problems that remain for the civilian science and technology sector are significant. The reform of the defense industry has been a long-time priority but very slow progress is being made due to difficulties to control it and because the problems facing the defense industries and research and development are even more serious in this sector in spite of large funding increases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background. The International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2008 represented a unique opportunity to further stimulate cooperation and coordination on Arctic health research and increase the awareness and visibility of Arctic regions. The Arctic Human Health Initiative (AHHI) was a US-led Arctic Council IPY coordinating project that aimed to build and expand on existing International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH) and Arctic Council human health interests. The project aimed to link researchers with potential international collaborators and to serve as a focal point for human health research, education, outreach and communication activities during the IPY. The progress of projects conducted as part of this initiative up until the end of the Arctic Council Swedish chairmanship in May 2013 is summarized in this report. Design. The overall goals of the AHHI was to increase awareness and visibility of human health concerns of Arctic peoples, foster human health research, and promote health strategies that will improve health and wellbeing of all Arctic residents. Proposed activities to be recognized through the initiative included: expanding research networks that will enhance surveillance and monitoring of health issues of concern to Arctic peoples, and increase collaboration and coordination of human health research; fostering research that will examine the health impact of anthropogenic pollution, rapid modernization and economic development, climate variability, infectious and chronic diseases, intentional and unintentional injuries, promoting education, outreach and communication that will focus public and political attention on Arctic health issues, using a variety of publications, printed and electronic reports from scientific conferences, symposia and workshops targeting researchers, students, communities and policy makers; promoting the translation of research into health policy and community action including implementation of prevention strategies and health promotion; and promoting synergy and strategic direction of Arctic human health research and health promotion. Results. As of 31 March, 2009, the official end of the IPY, AHHI represented a total of 38 proposals, including 21 individual Expressions of Intent (EoI), and 9 full proposals (FP), submitted to the IPY Joint Committee for review and approval from lead investigators from the US, Canada, Greenland, Norway, Finland, Sweden and the Russian Federation. In addition, there were 10 National Initiatives (NI-projects undertaken during IPY beyond the IPY Joint Committee review process). Individual project details can be viewed at www.arctichealth.org. The AHHI currently monitors the progress of 28 individual active human health projects in the following thematic areas: health network expansion (5 projects), infectious disease research (7 projects), environmental health research (7 projects), behavioural and mental health research (4 projects), and outreach education and communication (5 projects). Conclusions. While some projects have been completed, others will continue well beyond the IPY. The IPY 2007_2008 represented a unique opportunity to further stimulate cooperation and coordination on Arctic health research and increase the awareness and visibility of Arctic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 15 years (1994-2009), there has been considerable increased research interest in: (1) characterising the distinctive nature and constitutive elements of science literacy and (2) investigating classroom practices or necessary conditions that enable students to acquire this disciplinary capacity. This raises the question of the extent to which this research agenda and emerging findings have been reflected in science teaching journals that seek to influence classroom practice. In this paper, we review the content of science teaching journals in Australia, the UK and the USA, 1998-2008, to identify the degree of alignment between these two literatures. We found a research-practice gap, with the science teaching journals more often citing research from literacy education than from science education. We conclude by considering the implications of these findings as well as possible strategies to develop a more generative relationship between research on the acquisition of science literacy and teacher journal prescriptions in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revolves around 'grounded theory', based on empirical work undertaken by the author since 2000 involving case studies of a set of application-oriented research centres/units at Western Cape universities. Most of these research groupings were involved in what are termed triple helix research relations linking university-industry-government (U-I-G). The first part of the paper relates this grounded theory to ideas of Henry Etkowitz and colleagues, about the new third mission (of socio-economic development) of universities undergoing what they term a '2nd academic revolution'. But it is argued that absent from the latter ideas are important additional concepts of "use-inspired basic research' and a (new post-1970s) 'third industrial capitalist revolution'. The second part relates this set of analytical concepts including the 'additions', to the theoretical framework of ideas and questions being developed by the author in a new research project: this focuses on what he terms the 'fourth helix' of university-civil society (U-CS) research relations, with new case studies to investigate these CS linkages. The latter currently have an 'orphan' status alongside the dominant triple helix relations -- but questions are raised about how a scholarship of engagement of university researchers with CS can be enhanced in South Africa and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interviews with key scientists involved in research on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), together with analysis of media reports and documentaries produced during and after the SARS epidemic, revealed many interesting aspects of nature of science (NOS) and authentic scientific inquiry. This novel insight into practice in the rapidly growing field of molecular biology was used in the development of instructional materials for use in the pre-service and in-service teacher education programme at The University of Hong Kong. The elements of NOS and scientific inquiry identified in the scientific research on SARS were explicitly emphasized in our instructional materials. The contemporary real-life context of SARS was found to be effective in promoting student-teachers' understanding of NOS and scientific inquiry, particularly in terms of: the realization of inseparable links between science and the social, cultural, and political environment; deeper understanding of how science and technology impact on each other; and a richer appreciation of the processes of authentic scientific inquiry and the humanistic character of scientists. The effectiveness is attributed to immediacy, relevance, and familiarity, making the abstract tangible, personal experience of science history, and the powerful affective impact of the interviews with scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's ratio of research and development (R&D) spending to its gross domestic product (GDP) more than doubled from 0.6 per cent in 1996 to 1.4 per cent in 2005. This study documents the pattern of science and technology (S & T) take-off, characterized by an abrupt increase in the R&D to GDP ratio. This abrupt increase, observed in many of the now Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, typically drives R&D intensity from below 1 per cent to the range of 2-3 per cent. The question addressed in this work is whether China has begun a similar S & T take-off. The study reviews several conditions identified in the endogenous growth literature that drives R&D intensification and notes their emergence in China during the past decade. It also speculates why China's R&D intensification appears to be starting at such a low level of income per capita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on an investigation of student teachers' learning about education for sustainable development (ESD). Phenomenographic data were collected using open proformas and interviews from student geography teachers taking the University of Oxford Post-Graduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) in 2003-2004. The data analysis focuses on what the cohort of student teachers perceived as their learning about ESD and the sources that contribute to it. Extracts from the data illustrate their conceptions of subject matter, regarding the relevance of sustainable development for school students, its complex and contested meanings, and the challenges it presents for learning and learners. Data on conceptions of pedagogy illustrate their depth of learning about the relationship between ESD subject matter and approaches and strategies in teaching and learning, and features of pedagogy that illustrate interactive teaching strategies. Various school and university-based sources were identified by the student teachers as leading to specific aspects of learning about ESD, although many of the accounts illustrate a combination of sources. Implications of the findings for teacher education and research in ESD are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the science‐related interests and out‐of‐school experiences of 583 ninth‐grade Greek students. The instrument of data collection consisted of a questionnaire including items on science‐related topics that could be of interest to students and on everyday, out‐of‐school, science‐related experiences. Factor analysis yielded six distinct fields of interest and five types of science‐related experiences. Significant gender differences emerge: girls are more interested in topics related to human biology, health, and fitness, and are more familiar with using instruments and devices, seeking information about nature, and doing cuisine and handicraft; while boys are more interested in science, technology, and their social dimension, and the threatening aspects of science and technology, and tend to engage more in manual work and computer use. The results of this study indicate that there is a need for the Greek science curriculum to become more appealing to students, by integrating topics and experiences that are interesting and relevant to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an illustration of how multilevel modelling, which is the standard method for assessing the ‘school effect’ in school effectiveness research, can be combined with the regression‐discontinuity approach. While multilevel modelling yields only estimates of relative school effects (differences between schools), the regression‐discontinuity approach allows the assessment of the absolute effect of schooling (schooling versus no schooling). A combination of both approaches yields an estimate of this absolute effect and its variation between schools. This study applied the method in a secondary analysis of data derived from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines why certain aspects of the student voice in science education have received increased research attention and reviews some of the studies undertaken. It comments upon the contribution that the findings might make to curricular and pedagogic reform and explores their significance for policy makers, researchers, curriculum developers and teachers. One of the most consistent messages to emerge from research concerned with the student voice in science education relates to gender. Another emerges from studies that have given some attention to students' views about their future careers.

Discusses looming questions regarding our planetary system, our interactions within it, and our ability to steer ourselves toward a sustainable future. Suggestion that in order to answer these questions, a shift in our research agenda is necessary, particularly regarding the analysis of the total Earth Systems; View that the shift is already underway and that it will benefit the future of science. INSET: THE EARTH ALLIANCE.

In recent years, the EU has taken steps to promote European researcher mobility (European Commission, 2001ab). Despite increased attention to highly skilled mobility in research and policy circles, its corollary—return mobility—has been relatively sidelined. However, return mobility is essential for the promotion of balanced growth in an enlarging Europe since ‘the personal networks of the returned researcher are conduits for other student and researcher flows as well as new research and finance’ (Casey et al., 2001, p. 6). Nonetheless, it has been acknowledged that after a period abroad mobile researchers can potentially become ‘locked out’ of their home country or ‘locked into’ the host country. Using empirical data from the MOBEX1 study, this article attempts to explain some of the complex processes involved in scientific return mobility. It details the kinds of barriers that exist to returnees and contemplates the consequences of non-return for science communities. The article also reports on the Italian scientists’ call for their national system to change: in the interviews they appealed for a more international environment, for greater opportunities for researchers, for experience abroad to be valued and for more meritocratic progression channels to stimulate return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the identity problems faced by the scientific community in Iran. Kinds of scientists in the community; Relationship of the community to the international scientific community; Factor that influences the membership in the scientific community in Iran; Proposals for improving scientific research in the country.

Focuses on science education research in South Africa. Summary of science education research that has been done in South Africa; Growth of South African science education research; Roles that students have in choosing their research topics.

Deals with the response of Japan the European Union and the U.S. to globalization, as of summer 2003. Pioneers in establishing an international research and development (R&D) presence; Increase in R&D expenditures by foreign companies in the U.S.; Decision of Japanese firms to establish overseas research facilities during the 1970s.

Community learning of science and technology has undergone radical review in the past few years. This paper outlines changes that have taken place in research methods that have addressed the informal learning of science, particularly in the museum sector. We discuss the shift in perspective that has occurred over the past three decades in the public understanding movement, examine some current issues, and suggest future directions for research. The paper concludes with a personal vision for the future of community learning about science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private sector incentives to participate in research partnerships can be grouped roughly into two categories: cost-economizing incentives and strategic incentives. This paper summarizes the argument in two streams of thought that are often identified with these two sides: the transaction-cost/incomplete contracts approach and the strategic management approach. The paper recounts business motives to engage in research partnerships in each and points out that di3erentiating between more traditional economic perspectives (transaction costs, incomplete contracts) and strategic management/organizational theory perspectives (strategic networks, resource-dependent view, dynamic capabilities, knowledge-based view, organizational learning, options approach) may not be as sharp as one might suppose at first. The complementary nature of these perspectives should be encouraging for theoreticians looking for a more integrated model of collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental study confirmed by the calculations is performed for the angular dependences of the size of the ring of second harmonic (SH) radiation at vector OOE-synchronism during rotation of the niobate lithium crystal sample. The possibility to determine the angle of the SH radiation external cone from the observation of changing the size of ring of the SH radiation and from the offset of the ring center from the incident beam during the crystal rotation is shown. The value of this angle is used for determination of the Li/Nb ratio in the crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A historical overview of European science and technology suggests the existence of two parallel trends: those of nationalization and de-nationalization. Since the Enlightenment, besides the modernist universalist perspective on science we find nationalist pressures pushing the idea of socially constructed technology, thus generating scientific results determined by national (cultural) factors. Nationalization and de-nationalization thrive together in certain circumstances--for instance, in disciplines such as geology, meteorology, botany or even physics and chemistry. The entry into the scene of commercial interests gives rise to national interests, in turn hampering efficiency and progress from the scientific perspective. Through national research policies these differential development patterns have tended to create an often unnecessary conflict between basic and applied research. The EU RTD framework has still to resolve these contradictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considers the post-communist status of scientific research in Ukraine. Reasons for the reluctance of the country's scientists to embrace capitalism; Factors that contributed to the decline in the country's scientific research.

The article discusses the impact of science education on economic development's trend, relationship and research in the U.S. It points out that globalization and international economic competition are the factors that contribute to the establishment of a competitive edge. The significance of understanding science education, as a necessary training for the workers in an economy integrated into the global market, is the basis of national and international policies of education, development and science. Moreover, it discusses comparative studies on the links between science education and economic development.

The article discusses the study on science education in Great Britain. It states that the most obvious point to make about research in science education is its relative newness, which suggests a need for some caution in assessing the contribution to educational policy or practice. Moreover, it points out that comparative research studies in science education have been relatively rare and science education literature has been dominated by research findings concerned with children's understanding of natural phenomena. Science education has been nourished by literature with references to constructivist learning and teaching, together with constructivist views of science, science education, science curriculum of curriculum reform, and the professional development of science teachers.

Recounts failed attempts to reform fundamental research in the Academics of Sciences in Russia and Ukraine. Prospects for reform in 1992; Effects of the persistence of Stalinist model of research and development; Approaches in solving small-science problems; Western funding and policy initiatives to help Russian and Ukrainian science.

Discusses the transformation of research & development (R&D) potential in the Ukraine. Science and technology (S&T) in the perestroika; Ideologic and educational changes in the Ukrainian R&D; Private companies and joint ventures in R&D; Brain drain problem in the R&D section.

Reports on changes in the way China runs its research & development (R&D) as the country moves toward a market economy. Redeployment of limited resources; Implementation of recruiting practices to attract young scientists back to the country; Competition between government and university research.

The article recognizes the outstanding contribution of Dr. David Treagust for the development of science education through research by receiving the Research Career Award given by the National Association for Research in Science Teaching (NARST) on April 2006. He's exemplary contributions include on the seminar research on the role of analogies and mental modelling in conceptual change teaching and learning, seminar research on two-tier diagnostic assessments and original and creative thinking in the design of research programs and projects. He's leadership ability is also recognized as he was the president of NARST and regional editor on various international journals on science education. He also supported the expansion development on science education in Asia, and south Africa.

Purpose: To develop a simple and convenient inflammation-nutrition-adiposity biomarker to complement the TNM staging system, further assess the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer cachexia. Methods: This study was a multi-centre cohort study. The triceps skinfold thickness-albumin index (TA) was calculated by combining the triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) and serum albumin levels. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional risk regression models were used to assess the relationship between the TA and all-cause mortality. Internal validation was carried out. Results: We included 1025 patients with colorectal cancer cachexia, 61.2% of whom were male, with a mean age of 58.91 (12.45) years. As the TA increased, overall mortality decreased in female patients (hazard ratio [HR], 0.95) but not in male patients (HR, 0.99). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that patients in the normal TA group had a significantly lower risk of death than those in the low TA group (HR, 0.53, 95% CI, 0.40–0.72). Patients with a normal TA had a lower risk of malnutrition, poor quality of life, and poor short-term prognosis than those with a low TA. Conclusions: TA index enables clinicians to assess the prognosis of patients as early as possible to improve the survival of patients with colorectal cancer cachexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the differences in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels and clinical symptoms with first-episode depression at different ages. Ninety patients (15–60 years old) diagnosed with first-episode depression were enrolled as the study group, and they were divided into early-onset, adult and late-onset groups. The age-matched control groups were healthy volunteers. Serum BDNF and GDNF concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). GraphPad Prism 9 was used for t tests, one-way ANOVAs, chi-square tests, and correlation analyses. p < 0.05 indicated significant differences. Serum BDNF and GDNF levels were lower in the whole study group and the three subgroups than in the healthy groups. Illness severity, anxiety and education were higher in the early-onset than late-onset patients. Serum BDNF levels were lower in the adult than late-onset patients. Serum BDNF levels were negatively correlated with patient CGI-SI scores. After the LSD test for multiple comparisons, the results were also significant. Low serum BDNF and GDNF levels may be involved in the pathophysiology of first-episode depression, and there were differences in serum BDNF levels at different ages, verifying that serum BDNF and GDNF could serve as potential biomarkers of depression. Depression is often conceptualised as a systemic illness with different biological mechanisms, but satisfactory explanations have not been provided thus far. The aim of our study was to investigate differences in serum BDNF and GDNF levels and their relationships with clinical symptoms in patients with first-episode depression at different ages. The potential of the neurotrophic factor hypothesis to advance the diagnosis and treatment of depression will be a very exciting new strategy for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]