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Viola dalatensis, belonging to the Violaceae family, is an endemic species to Vietnam. The present study aimed to determine phenolic compounds in extracts from aerial parts of the plant species using high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). In addition, free radical scavenging and bovine albumin denaturation inhibition assays were performed to evaluate the antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts. Most of the phenolic compounds in the methanolic extract were detected at the greatest concentrations compared to the other extracts, which was also supported by the highest total phenolic content (26.70 ± 0.1059 mg GAE/g). In general, the antioxidant activities of the methanolic and ethanolic extracts were found to be stronger than those of the other extracts. The aqueous extract exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on albumin denaturation (IC50 = 90.39 ± 8.415 µg/mL), comparable with that of diclofenac. Through principal component analysis, 88.60% of the total variance in the phenolic dataset was explained. The correlation analysis showed that chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, rutin, and kaempferol may play important roles in antioxidant activity while gallic acid could contribute to in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts. The findings of this study provide the first evidence of the bioactive compounds present in V. dalatensis and shed light on the potential health-promoting properties linked to its aerial parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild grapevines are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds. Various environmental factors can influence these bioactive metabolites, contributing to stress mitigation and adaptation. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of prolonged drought stress on the accumulation of phytochemicals, antioxidants, and antimicrobial activity in the roots of the endangered Tunisian wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris) "Tebaba" genotype. The results revealed that under prolonged drought stress, there was a significant increase in total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid content, and stilbenes, which showed a positive and significant correlation with the total antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the ethanolic extracts demonstrated an enhanced in vitro antibacterial effect against selected human pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, relative to prolonged drought stress, ranged from 125 to 250 µg/mL. The values of the ratio between MBC and the MIC showed that the activity of the root extract was bactericidal in all cases (MBC/MIC ≤ 2). This study highlights the potential of wild grapevine roots enriched with drought-inducible phenolic compounds, as a promising source of antimicrobial agents relevant to human health applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical studies have shown extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC has antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and the potential to treat some diseases. This study investigated the phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and phytochemical potential of B. trimera leaf extract obtained by decoction on ATCC standard bacterial strains and 23 swine clinical isolates. Water was used as an extraction solvent based on the principles of green chemistry and at a low cost. The decoction process resulted in an extract rich in phenolic compounds and a high capacity for scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts was performed using HPLC-DAD, and high concentrations of chlorogenic, ferulic, caffeic, and cinnamic phenolic acids were found. Antimicrobial activity was observed against gram-negative bacteria. B. trimera aqueous extract may be a promising low-cost agent for prophylactic treatment against swine enteropathogens and contribute to reducing production costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some factors in the salting-out extraction (SOE) method play a major role. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of the phase forming components and consequently select the best conditions to achieve a highly efficient recovery of phenolic compounds from walnut green husks (Juglans regia L.) using mixtures of ethanol and aqueous ammonium sulfate solutions. According to the results that were analyzed by response surface methodology, the optimal extraction conditions were obtained at ethanol: salt: water ratio of 34.8: 15.1: 54.4 (w/w) at a pH of 6–6.5 and 25 °C. At the optimal conditions, the overall phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were significantly higher than obtained by the conventional method. In addition, at a higher scale (i.e., 5 kg), similar results were obtained. Thus, it can be concluded that SOE has the potential to be scaled up for the simultaneous separation and purification of compounds from plant biomass. This paper is addressing extraction techniques, measurement, and characterization of new natural phenolic compounds from an agricultural by-product and valorization of waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus niruri is a well-known medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological properties. This medicinal plant possesses different bioactive compounds that include phenolic compounds. In this study, the kinetics on the extraction of phenolics from P. niruri leaves using the microwave-enhanced method was examined to understand the impact of microwave power, sample-to-solvent ratio, and extraction temperature on the second-order model by varying the extraction time. Additionally, the effective diffusivity and functional groups in the leaf extract of P. niruri were determined. The outcome of this study indicated that the intensified microwave-enhanced extraction process yielded total phenolic content of 135.05 mg GAE/g extract. Moreover, the effective diffusivity ranged between 2.619 × 10−12 and 2.684 × 10−12 m2/s. The results from this study can help in predicting the estimation operation conditions for implementation in the industry. Likewise, fingerprints of the P. niruri leaf extract showed the existence of functional groups related to phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 30 years, thousands of articles have appeared examining the effects of soaking and germinating brown rice (BR). Variable germination conditions and methods have been employed to measure different health-beneficial parameters in a diverse germplasm of BR. Research results may therefore appear inconsistent with occasional anomalies, and it may be difficult to reach consensus concerning expected trends. Herein, we amassed a comprehensive review on germinated brown rice (GBR), attempting to codify 133 peer-reviewed articles regarding the effects on 164 chemical parameters related to health and nutrition in BR and in value-added food products. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-2020) approach was used to direct the flow of the literature search. A pair-wise comparison t-test was performed to deliver an overall approach indicating when a given compound has been found to significantly increase or decrease through germination, which was grouped into GABA and polyamines, γ-Oryzanol and phytosterols, phenolic compounds, vitamins, proteins and amino acids, starchy carbohydrates, free sugars, lipids, minerals and phytic acid. This resource will stimulate interest in germinating rice and optimistically help increase both production and consumption of highly nutritious, health-beneficial rice with pigmented bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) hold high nutritional and medicinal value as they contain an abundance of health-promoting compounds. However, the effect of long-term postharvest storage on the variation in the levels of health-promoting compounds has not been extensively studied. In this study, we investigated the changes in the levels of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, eritadenine, and ergothioneine in shiitake mushrooms stored at three different temperatures (1, 3, and 5 °C) for 4 weeks. Compared to mushrooms stored at lower temperatures, those stored at 5 °C exhibited a higher level of total phenolics in their pileus after 2 weeks of storage; however, storage at 5 °C also increased the deterioration of the fruiting body of these mushrooms. In mushrooms stored at all temperatures, the eritadenine content in the pilei tended to increase up to 2 weeks of storage. In contrast, the ergothioneine content in the pileus decreased during storage, with a significantly lower level detected in mushrooms stored at 5 °C for 4 weeks. Together, these results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of phenolics and eritadenine may be related to mushroom deterioration during storage. Our findings indicate that the levels of health-promoting compounds in shiitake mushrooms are influenced by storage temperature, suggesting the potential to control adjustments of specific bioactive compounds by regulating storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a current interest in healthy diets and supplements, indicating the relevance of novel delivery systems for plant extracts rich in bioactive compounds and probiotics. This simultaneous delivery system can be prospective for health. In this sense, investigating foods rich in bioactive compounds or supplemented by them for incorporating probiotics and some approaches to improve probiotic survivability, such as the choice of resistant probiotic strains or microencapsulation, is valuable. This review addresses a brief discussion about the role of phenolic compounds, chlorophyll and carotenoids from plants and probiotics in gut health, indicating the benefits of this association. Also, an overview of delivery systems used in recent studies is shown, considering their advantages for incorporation in food matrices. Delivery systems containing compounds recovered from plants can reduce probiotic oxidative stress, improving survivability. However, investigating the beneficial concentration of some bioactive compounds from plant extracts is relevant due to their antimicrobial potential. In addition, further clinical trials and toxicological studies of plant extracts are pertinent to ensure safety. Thus, the recovery of extracts from plants emerges as an alternative to providing multiple compounds with antioxidant potential, increasing the preservation of probiotics and allowing the fortification or enrichment of food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data implicating the mutation in penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 3 and occasionally PBP5 in the resistance of Escherichia coli to beta−lactams is intriguing. Thus, the identification of an improved class of inhibitors of PBP3 and PBP5 is imperative, and in this study, phenolics due to their promising antibacterial activities were screened using structure−based pharmacophore and molecular docking approaches against PBP3, and the ability of the lead phenolics to modulate PBP3 and PBP5 was studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The results demonstrated various inhibitory capacities of the lead phenolics, with lysidicichin (−41.66 kcal/mol) and silicristin (−31.11 kcal/mol) being the most potent against PBP3, while epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methylgallate) (−38.97 kcal/mol) and epigallocatechin-4-benzyl thioether (−37.01 kcal/mol) had higher affinities towards PBP5. Overall, epicatechin gallate had the best broad-spectrum of activity, as the compound was able to bind favourably to both targets. Additionally, the thermodynamic information confirmed the stability of the lead phenolics with both targets. Conclusively, while these observations are suggestive of the modulatory role of the lead phenolics on the growth of E. coli, further in vitro and in vivo validation of the activity elicited by the phenolics in this study is imperative, and efforts are underway in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigmented rice has attracted considerable attention due to its nutritional value, which is in large conferred by its abundant content of phenolic compounds, considerable micronutrient concentrations, as well as its higher resistant starch and thereby slower digestibility properties. A wide range of phenolic compounds identified in pigmented rice exhibit biological activities such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Post-harvest processes significantly reduce the levels of these phytochemicals, but recent developments in processing methods have allowed greater retention of their contents. Pigmented rice has also been converted to different products for food preservation and to derive functional foods. Profiling a large set of pigmented rice cultivars will thus not only provide new insights into the phytochemical diversity of rice and the genes underlying the vast array of secondary metabolites present in this species but also provide information concerning their nutritional benefits, which will be instrumental in breeding healthier rice. The present review mainly focuses on the nutritional composition of pigmented rice and how it can impact human health alongside the effects of post-harvest processes and product development methods to retain the ambient level of phytochemicals in the final processed form in which it is consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants but becomes toxic at excess concentrations in soil. Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants and exhibit a salt-mediated increase in tolerance to other stresses, including heavy metals toxicity. This study investigated Lepidium latifolium (Brassicaceae), a facultative halophyte with invasive behavior and rapid spread under submerged conditions, for Mn accumulation and tolerance in the absence or presence of salt (100 mM NaCl). Under excess Mn concentration (1 mM), toxicity symptoms were observed as black spots on the young leaves but as brown, dark-purple speckles on the older leaves, with colocation of phenolics and Mn. The H2O2 concentration and peroxidase activity in the leaf apoplast were both significantly reduced by excess Mn. This indicated a decrease in the oxidation of MnII and phenolics in the leaf apoplast, likely a mechanism for this species' high Mn toxicity tolerance. Salt treatment improved the biomass and leaf pigments of Mn-stressed plants, enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased Mn accumulation, and restored the leaf Fe concentration. Our data suggest that L. latifolium is a species with high Mn tolerance and accumulation capacity (∼10 mg g−1 DW) and is suitable for studying salt-induced heavy metal tolerance in Brassicaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum grain is a staple food for about 500 million people in 30 countries in Africa and Asia. Despite this contribution to global food production, most of the world's sorghum grain, and nearly all in Western countries, is used as animal feed. A combination of the increasingly important ability of sorghum crops to resist heat and drought, the limited history of the use of sorghum in Western foods, and the excellent functional properties of sorghum grain in healthy diets, suggests a greater focus on the development of new sorghum-based foods. An understanding of the structural and functional properties of sorghum grain to develop processes for production of new sorghum-based foods is required. In this review, we discuss the potential of sorghum in new food products, including sorghum grain composition, the functional properties of sorghum in foods, processing of sorghum-based products, the digestibility of sorghum protein and starch compared to other grains, and the health benefits of sorghum. In the potential for sorghum as a major ingredient in new foods, we suggest that the gluten-free status of sorghum is of relatively minor importance compared to the functionality of the slowly digested starch and the health benefits of the phenolic compounds present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From Camellia nitidissima Chi flowers four undescribed flavonoids, nitidissimol A, nitidissimol B, sexangularetin 3-O-(6''-trans-p-coumarolyglucopyranoside) and sexangularetin 3-O-(2''-trans-p-coumarolyglucopyranoside) (1–4), and two previously unreported phenolics, nitidissimol C, D (9, 10), were isolated first time along with ten known compounds, kaempferol 3-O-(6"-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-D- glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (6), Quercetin-3'-O-β-D-glucoside (7), kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (8), erythro-guaiacylglycerol-O-4'-coniferyl ether (11), threo-guaiacylglycerol-O-4'-coniferyl ether (12), protocatechuic acid (13), 1,2-Diethoxybenzene (14), ethyl shikimate (15), 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid 4-O-allopyranoside (16). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis of 1 D- and 2 D-NMR and MS data. Moreover, all isolated compounds (1-16) were tested for the antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and their quorum sensing inhibitory activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. However, no one showed signifcant inhibition of X. oryzae pv. oryzae (MIC90 > 0.1 mg/mL), nor did they significantly inhibit the pyocyanin synthesis, which is controlled by quorum sensing in PAO1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, so its effect on quality parameters must be considered prior to any potential food application. The effect of gaseous ozone on the quality-related attributes of onion bulbs was examined. Onions were exposed to different ozone concentrations (100, 200, 300 ppm) at pulse mode (i.e., frequency of exposures 1, 2, 3). The pungency imparting pyruvic acid and ascorbic acid contents decreased with an increase in the concentration of ozone and the number of exposures, while total phenol and flavonoid content increased to an effective concentration of 400 ppm of ozone. Higher concentrations inadvertently decreased the antioxidant properties. Ozone treatment resulted in a non-significant decrease in firmness, anthocyanin content, and color of onion. Scanning electron microscopic analysis exhibited structural breakdown in the tunic (outer surface) of ozone-treated onion. At higher concentrations, structural changes were observed up to the first bulb scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ephedra (Ephedraceae) is used in medicine for various purposes as having, antioxidant, anticarcinogen, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory hepatoprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral and diuretic activities. In this study the aim was to investigate chemical constituents of Ephedra alata and understand the possible effects of those constituents in antioxidant activity and alzheimer's disease essay. For this purpose, natural compounds from E.alata were characterized by LC–DAD–ESI-MS/MS using negative and positive ionization modes, while the bioactivity was assessed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition study and determining of antioxidant activity; DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching assays were used to assess the antioxidant potential. The proposed method of spectrometry provided tentative identification of 27 compounds including alkaloids and phenolic compounds as flavonoids. The methanolic extract showed high contents of total phenolic and exhibited an important antioxidant potential and demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase (IC50: 11,25 ± 0,25 µg/mL). The results showed that the plant possesses a therapeutic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using various chromatographic methods, four new phenolics, coroffesters A-D (1 − 4) were isolated from the fruit of Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae). Their structures (1 − 4) were elucidated unambiguously by spectroscopic methods such as one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1 D- and 2 D-NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was also evaluated. All compounds (1 − 4) showed moderate inhibitory activity against NO production in a dose-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical investigation of Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mortizi (F. rukam) leaves and bark led to the isolation and characterization of seventeen compounds of which four phenolics were not previously described; 2-[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-phenyl-O-β-xylosyl-(1→2)-β-glucopyranoside (1), 2-[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-4-hydroxyphenyl-O-β-xylosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2-hydroxy-5-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)phenoxy-β-glucopyranoside (3) and biphenyl-1,1′,2,2′-tetraol (5). Interestingly, the later compound is known as a synthetic but this is the first report for its isolation from nature. Chemical structures were established using extensive analysis of spectroscopic data (1 D and 2 D NMR and HRESIMS). Biphenyl-1,1,2,2′-tetrol (5) exhibited a good activity against Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigotes with IC50= 6.66 ug/mL. Compounds 2, 5, 9, 10, 11 and 12 showed a good in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity using proteinase inhibitory assay. On the contrary, all tested compounds were inactive as antileishmanial or antimalarial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinvestigation of a methanol extract of Uraria crinita afforded a new 3- hydroxyisoflavanone, 3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyisoflavanone (1), two new monoaryl glucosides, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl 1-O-(6′-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl 1-O-(6′-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), in addition to three known compounds, 3′-O-methylorobol (4), robusflavone B (5), and apigenin (6). The structural elucidation of these compounds was achieved by analyses of their spectroscopic data (HR-ESI-MS, 1 D- and 2 D-NMR) and acidic hydrolysis. The U. crinita extracts and compounds 1–6 exhibited weak or no cytotoxic activity against KB, HepG2, Lu and MCF7 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated antioxidant properties, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanol extract of the leaf, stem bark, and fruit of Olea ferruginea Royle, Olea europaea L., and Tilia europaea L. grow naturally in the north-west Indian Himalaya. Phenolics and flavonoids content was found to be maximum in methanol extracts of stem bark and leaf (9.28 mg GAE/g fw and 14.73 mg QE/g fw, respectively) of O. ferruginea plants. Ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH radical scavenging activity were found to be maximum in leaf and stem bark (38.88 mM AAE/g fw and 20.31 mM AAE/g fw, respectively) of O. ferrugenia plants, whereas maximum ABTS radical scavenging activity (4.52 mM AAE/g fw) was recorded with stem bark of T. europaea plants. These tree species were found rich in natural compounds and also possess antioxidant activities. Therefore, their pharmaceutical and local uses for the health benefits are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To design a rapid, simple, and low-cost procedure for yeast selection with differential adsorption activities toward phenolics and ochratoxin A, 284 yeast strains were screened. This was done by evaluating the type of growth during grape must fermentation, acetic acid production on Chalk agar, H2S production on BiGGY agar, and spore-formation on acetate agar. After that initial step, 84 strains were pre-selected and further studied by Petri plate tests and to determine their wine-making ability in trials and evaluating their differential adsorption activities toward phenolics and ochratoxin A. Three yeast strains were selected based on the above evaluations. After confirming that they belonged to Saccharomyces cerevisiae species and were diploids, a spore clonal selection was performed. The strain Sc1741A_1D was selected and used in winemaking at six Calabrian wineries and found to be suitable as wine starter to improve quality and safety of red wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, phenolics extracted from male walnut flowers were purified and analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. After ultrasonic extraction of male walnut flowers with 60% ethanol, AB-8, D3520, NKA-9, D101, and NKA macroporous adsorption resins were compared for purification. The AB-8 macroporous resin gave the best adsorption and desorption performance for 0.7 mg gallic acid equivalents/mL samples (pH 3.0) loaded at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Elution was carried out with 50% ethanol without pH adjustment. The purity of the phenolics in the eluate (72.5%) was 3.1 times that in the original extract. Analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry identified 16 compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins in the purified phenolics. The most abundant compounds were chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, and methoxycoumarin. Two compounds were got in male walnut flowers for the first time, and those need yet to be proved by further experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new [nilotinins M8‒M10 (1‒3)] and two known [tamarixinin A (4) and gemin D (5)] ellagitannins and seven simple phenolics [gallic acid (6), methyl gallate (7), 3,4-di-O-methylgallic acid (8), ellagic acid (9), 3-O-methylellagic acid (10), methyl ferulate 3-O-sulphate (11), and 7,4′-di-O-methylkaempferol (12)] were isolated from the halophytic plant Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge (Tamaricaceae). Their structures were determined based on intensive spectroscopic studies and comparisons with reported data. Compounds 4, and 6–8 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) and anti-leishmanial activity against Leishmania major. Compounds 4, 6 and 7 showed promising cytotoxic properties against A549 (IC50 29 ± 2.3, 10.5 ± 0.7, and 20.7 ± 1.9 μg/mL), while compounds 4 and 7 showed higher growth-inhibitory effects against L. major promastigotes (IC50 40.5 ± 2.7 and 38.4 ± 2.5 μg/mL), as compared with the standards doxorubicin (IC50 0.42 µg/mL) and miltefosine (IC50 9.43 μg/mL), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of new commercial products in the pharmaceutical and food industries, acid dissociation constant (Ka) values of active and inactive ingredients are important factors for the estimation of the biological activity. In this regard, new spectrophotometric approaches based on parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to pH-absorbance dataset are described for the simultaneous determination of the acid dissociation constants of the phenolics ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, and isovanillic acid that have more than one dissociation equilibrium without using classical titration procedures. The acid dissociation constants were determined by the pH profiles obtained by bilinear MCR-ALS and trilinear PARAFAC decomposition of pH-ultraviolet and pH-ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic datasets of the phenolics. For the quantification of the acid dissociation constants with the MCR-ALS and PARAFAC approaches, the estimated spectral profiles provided an opportunity for the direct observation of the individual spectral bands of each phenolic without the use of additional software. The results showed that MCR-ALS and PARAFAC applications to spectrophotometric measurements at various pH values were alternatives for solving acid dissociation constant problems that cannot be determined by classical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds in plants are essential components of human nutrition, which provide various health benefits. However, some missing links became the research in phenolic compounds structures and potential applications in a challenging work. Despite universal extraction methods with mixtures of different organic solvents are generally adopted in the analysis of phenolic compounds, a need for establish a specific procedure is still open. The great heterogeneity in food and food by-products matrices and the lack of standardized methods which combine chromatographic with spectrophotometric techniques to calculate the amount of phenolic compounds joined with the absence of specific standards hamper to accurate know the real amount of phenolic compounds. Indeed, the high complexity in nature and chemistry of phenolic compounds clearly difficult to establish a daily intake to obtain certain healthy outcomes. Hence, despite the potential of phenolic compounds to use them in cosmetic and healthy applications have been widely analyzed, some concerns must be considered. The chemical complexity, the interactions between phenolic compounds and other food components and the structural changes induced by food processing joined with the lack in the understanding of phenolic compounds metabolism and bioavailability undergo the need to conduct a comprehensive review of each factors influencing the final activity of phenolic compounds. This paper summarizes the potential of phenolic compounds for disease prevention and cosmetics production, as well as their many other uses derived from their antioxidant activity. This paper illustrates the potential of phenolic compounds for disease prevention and cosmetics production, as well as their many other uses derived from their antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to quantify the phenolics and flavonoids in wild Lycium ruthenicum Murr. using portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy integrated with chemometric algorithms. Synergy interval partial least squares with ant colony optimization (Si-ACO-PLS) was applied to optimize and capture the target variables for the determination of phenolics and flavonoids. The constructed models were evaluated using the correlation coefficients of the calibration (Rc) and prediction (Rp), the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD). The Si-ACO-PLS models yielded 0.8522 ≤ Rc ≤ 0.9500, 0.8226 ≤ Rp ≤ 0.9448, 1.43 ≤ RMSEP ≤ 3.77 and 2.09 ≤ RPD ≤ 2.88. Conclusively, portable NIR spectroscopy coupled with Si-ACO-PLS was demonstrated to be simple, rapid and cost-effective to quantify the phenolics and flavonoids in L. ruthenicum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study laccase was produced by the isolated strain Aspergillus flavus PUF5 through solid-state fermentation (SSF) using waste ribbed gourd peels as substrate. During the statistical optimisation process, influencing fermentation factors among eleven selected variables were identified using Plackett–Burman design. Among them, fermentation time (144–192 h), medium pH (3.0–7.0), concentration of starch (0.5–1%) and concentration of peptone (0.2–0.8%) were vital influencing parameters. Furthermore, the shared effects of those variables were studied following Box–Behnken design. Optimised states of selected variables were fermentation time (168 h), medium pH (4.9), concentration of starch (0.61%) and peptone (0.51%) with predicted and observed activity of laccase 174.3 and 168.9 U/g, respectively. This laccase production under optimised condition was about 3.5-fold more that the unoptimised medium. The laccase obtained through SSF was tested for its suitability in the clarification of apple juice. During enzymatic oxidation, the changes in colour, turbidity, phenolics and flavonoids in apple juice were estimated and compared with untreated sample. Results showed a significant reduction in phenolic and flavonoid content in the fruit juice during the oxidation process. The turbidity in the juice was also decreased, which indicated the suitability of the laccase form A. flavus PUF5 in fruit juice clarification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to determine the changes in the organic acids and phenolic compounds in fruits of red currant due to maturity. It was harvested two cultivars (Red Lake and Rovada cv.) during four different maturity stages (green color, veraison, pink color, and red color) in red currant orchard in Bolu province. In red currant fruits 12 phenolic compounds (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric, rutin, phloridzin, and quercetin), 6 organic acids (malic, succinic, citric, fumaric, tartaric, and oxalic acid), and vitamin C were determined depending on maturity. All ripening times were found to be rich in catechin and rutin. It was determined that the contents of vanillic acid, ferulic acid, routine, phloridzin, and quercetin increased with maturation. In the study, the highest organic acids contents were determined at green stages. The content of vitamin C varied depending on the ripening. The results suggest that red currant fruits were richest in organic acids and phenolic compounds in red maturity period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to find the constitutive antifungal phenolic lipids, phenolics contents and antioxidant activities in mango fruit peel extracts of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.) resistant ('Kensington pride') and susceptible ('Badami' and 'Raspuri') mango cultivars grown in India, during fruit development, maturity and ripening. Phytochemical tests were performed to determine 5-n-pentadecyl resorcinol content and total phenolics. Moreover, the mango peel methanolic extracts were subjected to evaluate their antioxidant potential using invitro DPPH assay. Results show that 5-n- pentadecyl resorcinol content in the mango fruit peel extract was at its peak during the early stage of fruit development (at 30DFS) in 'Kensington pride' as compared to 'Badami' and 'Raspuri'. The upsurge in total phenolics content and DPPH activity at 30 DFS, in all three mango cultivars, indicated their higher radical scavenging activity during fruit development than the fruit maturity and fruit ripening. Endogenous production and retention of high levels (P ≤.05) of constitutive antifungal 5-n-pentadecyl resorcinol in anthracnose resistant mango cultivar ('Kensington pride') during early stage of fruit development that imparts disease resistance during development, maturity, and fruit ripening process, could be one of the bases of plant defense mechanism against anthracnose disease. In conclusion, this study exhibited the important role played by the mango cultivars background on the constitutive antifungal 5-n-pentadecyl resorcinol content and antioxidant profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to acquire new strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibiting opposite characteristics of cell wall adsorption: very high adsorption activity toward the ochratoxin A, very low adsorption activity toward the pigmented phenolic compounds contained in musts from black grapes. For this purpose, starting from 313 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 12 strains were pre-selected and used to obtain 27 intraspecific hybrids. Eleven crosses out of 27 were validated as hybrids; the best five hybrids were used in guided winemaking at four Calabrian wineries. The employed experimental protocol has allowed to select yeast strains for their different adsorption activity, improving the strains by spore clone selection and construction of intraspecific hybrids. These results suggest an efficacious way to improve the characteristics of interest in wine yeasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin found in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has important roles in its metabolism. Effects of exogenously applied melatonin on tomato plants under drought are unclear. Exogenous melatonin was applied to leaves of tomato seedlings treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which simulates drought, to evaluate the potential role of melatonin in drought tolerance. Total chlorophyll, some phenolic compounds, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured. Exogenous melatonin increased total chlorophyll content and inhibited MDA content under PEG application. There was an increase in p-coumaric acid content and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase) due to melatonin application. Exogenous melatonin could help alleviate deleterious effects of PEG by enhancing antioxidant mediated defense and by increasing contents of some phenolics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to determine the phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of rosemary collected from three different bioclimatic stages of Tunisia during four seasons. Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of rosemary leaves were isolated by Soxhlet and the contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total condensed tannins of rosemary extracts were determined by spectrophotometric method. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis allowed the quantification of the main phenolic compounds, namely rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid. Antioxidant assays were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging, 2,2ʹ-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, β-carotene bleaching, iron reducing power and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. There was a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolic content depending on bioclimatic and season effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of extracts, fractions from aerial parts, roots, flowers, fruits of Ferula longipedunculata Peşmen (Apiaceae). Phenolic content, antioxidant activities of samples were carried out using Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH, TBA methods. Anticholinesterase activity was actualised through Ellman's method. The utmost and least total phenolic content were detected in root MeOH extract (36.4 mg GAE g−1 DW) and aerial part (23.74 mg GAE g−1 DW), respectively. Hexane fraction of root exhibited significant inhibition against AChE (37.99%) and BuChE (81.66%) at 20 μg/mL as well as remarkable antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. However, investigations on roots will be substantial for improved usage of F. longipedunculata for pharmaceutical and food search needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green coffee contains macro nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, as well as minor components such as caffeine, trigonelin and chlorogenic acid. Phenolics, chlorogenic acids and brown pigments are sources of natural antixodants. High polypehonic materials found in green coffee and especially chlorogenic acid in it have an important place. It is considered that; green coffee has effects on body mass, blood glucose and lipid levels, blood pressure, prevention from cardiovascular diseases which is based on chlorogenic acid consisting antioxidant activity. However, many topics like toxicological effects, doses, amounts, usage in the body, advantages and disadvantages, etc. of these active molecules need to be examined. For these reasons this article was rewieved to evaluate health effects of green coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several foods are rich sources of phenolic compounds (PC) and their beneficial effects on human health may be increased through the action of probiotics. Additionally, probiotics may use PC as substrates, increasing their survival and functionality. This review presents available studies on the effects of PC on probiotics, including their physiological functionalities, interactions and capability of surviving during exposure to gastrointestinal conditions and when incorporated into food matrices. Studies have shown that PC can improve the adhesion capacity and survival of probiotics during exposure to conditions that mimic the gastrointestinal tract. There is strong evidence that PC can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in hosts, improving a variety of biochemical markers and risk factors for chronic diseases. Available literature also indicates that metabolites of PC formed by intestinal microorganisms, including probiotics, exert a variety of benefits on host health. These metabolites are typically more active than parental dietary PC. The presence of PC commonly enhances probiotic survival in different foods. Finally, further clinical studies need to be developed to confirm in vitro and experimental findings concerning the beneficial interactions among different PC and probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proximate, mineral, and phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of mature green and ripened fruit pulp of Cordia myxa were determined. The fruit pulp was high in protein and low in fat; nitrogen, potassium, and calcium were the major minerals present. The higher amounts of phenols and flavonoids in the methanol extracts related well with the stronger antioxidant activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, total antioxidant activity and reducing power assays. The presence of phytic acid and tannins (anti-nutritional factors) in negligible quantities made C. myxa fruits safe for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed at developing a new soy-based beverage and studying the influence of formulation ingredients on its antioxidants, physicochemical, and sensory properties. For this purpose, mixed beverages with lemongrass, lime juice, and soymilk were formulated. Soy-based beverages showed differences in pH, ratio, and color as compared to mixed beverages without soy. Soymilk increased the phenolics content and the ABTS antioxidant capacity, while lemongrass aqueous extract increased the DPPH antioxidant capacity of soy-based beverages. The new soy-based beverage had good acceptance for all attributes and can be considered a viable alternative source of nutrients and bioactive compounds to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infusion-induced changes in the phenolics, antioxidant and colour propeties of St John's wort (genus, Hypericum; specie, Hypericum perforatum L.) teas were studied for the first time. SJW teas prepared as three different infusions and coded as three (3 min), six (6 min) and twelve minutes (12 min). Investigation of phenolic compounds were performed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 18 phenolics including six chlorogenic acids, three phenolic acids, seven flavonoids and two naphtodianthrones were detected. It is worth noting that the phenolic profiles of St John's wort teas were similar. However, the quantities of phenolic compounds individually and totally changed significantly for different infusion times. The highest total concentration was detected in 12 min (60.03 mg/L), followed by 6 min (54.81 mg/L) and 3 min (33.07 mg/L). The main difference for different infusion times was the hyperoside found as the most abundant phenolic only in 3 min samples. However, for 6 min and 12 minin infusions, chlorogenic acid was the most dominant phenolic compound. Similar to phenolics, antioxidant capacity of tea infusions showed an increasing trend with the extension of infusion time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millet is a major drought-resistant crop that serves as a nutrient rich food staple in Africa and Asia. In addition, millet contains an abundance of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity. The intake of antioxidants through the diet is essential for improving human health. This review aimed to evaluate the antioxidant compounds in millet, as well as the factors that influence antioxidant activity. The Millet contained several natural occurring phenolic compounds which include phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins, in addition to xylo-oligosaccharides (XOs), insoluble fibers and peptides. Certain lipophilic antioxidants, including vitamin E and carotenoids, were extensively distributed among varieties. Furthermore, the bioactivity of the antioxidants can be affected by food processing. Germination and fermentation could enhance the antioxidant properties, due to increased antioxidants content (phenolic compounds). In summary, it is possible to use millet as a nutraceutical and antioxidant food resource to reduce disease risks and maintain health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic phytochemicals have become of interest due to their therapeutic potential, particularly with regards to their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties. An evolving area of research involving phenolics in foods and their products pertains to the functional, biological, and nutritional consequences resulting from the binding between certain phenolic compounds and the macronutrient and micronutrient constituents of foods. The goal of this review is to provide a summary of studies investigating endogenous phenolic interactions with major components in food systems, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins, with a focus on the phenolic compounds and nutrients in oil-bearing plants. Another major objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical nature of phenolic interactions with food constituents that could affect the quality, nutritional and functional properties of foods. Such information can assist in the discovery and optimization of specific phenolic complexes in plant-based foods that could be utilized towards various applications in the food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work reports anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of extracts, fractions from aerial parts, fruits, flowers, roots and isolated compounds of roots from Leiotulus dasyanthus (bergapten, pimpinellin, umbelliferone, quercetin, rutin and kaempferol). Phenolic contents, antioxidant activities of samples were carried out by Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH, TBA methods. Anticholinesterase activity was evaluated by Ellman's method. The highest and lowest total phenolic content were detected in root MeOH extract (88.6 mg GAE g−1 DW) and aerial part (51.83 mg GAE g−1 DW), respectively. The highest antioxidant activity among isolated secondary metabolites got coumarins umbelliferone, bergapten and pimpinellin. Pimpinellin (66.55%) and umbelliferone (61.09%) demonstrated strong inhibition towards acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, respectively. Dichloromethane fraction of root demonstrated significant inhibition against AChE (49.66%) and BuChE (92.21%) at 20 µg/mL. Dichloromethane fractions of roots had a notableness antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. The further studies on roots will be important for development use of this plant for pharmaceutical and food research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to review the studies that evaluated the effect of drying temperature on the content of ascorbic acid (AA), total phenolic (TPC), and total flavonoid contents (TFC) in fruits and vegetables, and quantify whether drying at 40 °C is more favorable than at higher temperatures. For the purpose of this study, AA, TPC, and TFC values for 40 °C were compared with those obtained at 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70-80 °C. A meta-analysis was performed using the weighted response ratio calculated for each experiment. Despite the fact that other variables significantly influenced the nutrient content in individual experiments, the meta-analysis provided a general view on the effect of air-drying temperature on the quality of plant-based food products from outcomes of various studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new phenolics, 1,3-di-O-p-coumaroyl-2′,6′-di-O-acetylsucrose (1) and quercetin 3-O-β-D-apiofuranoyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), along with nine known compounds (3-11), were isolated from the whole plants of Antenoron filiforme var. neofiliforme. Their chemical structures were characterized on the basis of various spectroscopic techniques. This is the first report of the isolation of phenylpropanoid sucrose (1, 3-4) from the genus Antenoron. The bioassay results showed that compound 11 exhibited antiviral activity against the Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleuropein, especially in its leaves, has an important role in durability of olive tree with its protective effect against diseases and pests. In this study, oleuropein has been extracted from olive leaves by using different extraction methods. Effects of extraction solvent and the extraction method that were obtained from Kemalpaşa-İzmir, Turkey, were studied. Results showed that the proposed method and the solvent contained more amount of extracts than existing extraction methods. Efficient extraction without degradation was achieved in 2 h. It has also been found that modified superheated liquid extraction in 50:52:25 ethanol:isopropanol:water composition gave the highest recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive waste is a potential resource due to its rich variety of biologically active compounds. To investigate chemical components of olive waste, the selected samples were extracted using ultrasound assisted enzyme hydrolysis and petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol were used to obtain a series of solvent extracts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed hydrocarbons, esters, acids, alcohols, and ketones present in the extracts. Some fatty acids were considered to be predominant; it is noteworthy that phenolic compounds were detected in the ethyl acetate extract fraction. Furthermore, the primary phenolic compounds were also determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The possible fragmentation patterns have been proposed in positive and negative ion modes; the main fragment ions were observed from the loss of methyl, hydroxyl, or carboxyl groups. The compounds showed different fragmentation ions types in both positive and negative ionization modes and gave structural information on the main phenolic compounds in olive waste. The results of this study may be used to identify valuable active compounds and guide commercial applications of olive waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of five Yellow European plums (Prunus domestica) were studied using heat reflux extraction. Fresh plums were extracted at 50°C and 70°C, while freeze dried plums were extracted at 50°C, 60°C, and 70° C. Quantification of phenolic compounds such as ascorbic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and chlorogenic acid, was performed using high performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was determined by evaluating the scavenging ability of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric (Fe3+) free radicals. Total phenolic content and ferric reducing antioxidant potential were highest for freeze dried samples extracted at 60°C whereas extraction at 70°C resulted in the lowest yield. Neochlorogenic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in each plum genotype followed by ascorbic acid and chlorogenic acid. This study demonstrates that there is an adequate amount of health promoting phytochemicals within European plums, hence extraction of these compounds have potential for use towards functional food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hovenia acerba Lindl. is a perennial tree of Rhamnaceae family. In the present study, four solvents (80% methanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and water) were used to extract the compounds of Hovenia acerba Lindl. peduncles (HAP). The total contents of phenolics and tannins (TPC and TTC), as well as their antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of these four different extracts including 80% methanol extract (ME), ethyl acetate extract (EE), n-hexane extract (HE) and water extract (WE) were compared. The antioxidant activities of HAP showed positive correlations with TPC and TTC, indicating that phenolics maybe a major contributor to the antioxidant activities of HAP. The significant difference between antioxidant activities and TPC/TTC implied the respective contribution extent of phenolics for the antioxidant activities of four solvent extracts. Besides, a total of 117 compounds, including 7 oligosaccharides, 11 organic acids, 41 phenolics, 1 steroids, 25 terpenes, 11 fatty acids, 9 amino acids, and 12 other compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in HAP for the first time. Among them, 23 bioactive constituents, including 4 organic acids, 5 phenolic acids, and 14 flavonoids, were quantified. The comparison of characterization and quantitation of 4 extracts demonstrated that 80% methanol showed the widest range of selectivity for both HAP flavonoid aglycones and glycosides, while ethyl acetate preferred to extract the flavonoids aglycone from HAP. Secondly, water and 80% methanol were excellent solvents for the extraction of phenolic acids. And both ethyl acetate and 80% methanol perform well at the extraction of terpenes and steroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible flowers are referred to the non-toxic flowers that can be consumed by human beings for their additional nutritional or medical properties. These flowers are rich source of natural antioxidants, thus exert specific positive health effects on chronic diseases and act as a potential function food. This research paper is focused on the determination of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and antioxidant capacities of different kinds of edible flowers in China and compared systematically. Sixty-five flower samples were collected from parks in Guangzhou and also purchased from Qingping Market. TPC, TFC, and three anti-oxidative assays (DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and Ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) assay) were conducted. Different flowers presented diverse range of antioxidant capacities, phenolic contents, and flavonoid contents. A high correlation between TPC and antioxidant activity (as accessed using three different methods) was reported. However, a low relationship was observed between TFC value and antioxidant capacities. This study revealed that five Rosa species exhibited strong antioxidant capacities among other samples, and these can be used as potential functional foods to counterbalance the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 19 phenolic compounds were detected using high-throughput instrument ultra performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) in Opuntia ficus-barbarica A. Berger and Opuntia robusta J.C. Wendl. fruits. The five macro- and five micro-minerals determined in both species were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. The phenolic compounds, mineral content, and the antioxidant capacity of the fruits of O. robusta and O. ficus-barbarica were analyzed. All phenolic compounds and minerals varied significantly between the two species. The total of phenolic compounds content was calculated as 69.237 and 66.385 mg kg−1, respectively, in O. ficus-barbarica and O. robusta. Ferulic acid was the highest quantities, 31.620 and 26.931 mg kg−1 in O. robusta and O. ficus-barbarica, in all phenolic contents, respectively. The macroelements calcium and potassium were the most abundant in both Opuntia species. The antioxidant activity of O. ficus-barbarica and O. robusta fruit samples was measured in the extracts of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The DPPH assay of Opuntia samples displayed a good radical scavenging inhibition, similar to butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene standards, as half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 = 69.32 and 67.57 μg mL−1 in ethyl acetate extracts of O. ficus-barbarica and O. robusta fruits, respectively. This work presents a suitable method for the extraction, detection, and quantification of phenolic compounds by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. MS/MS determination for multiclass determination was validated in Opuntia samples obtaining good results. Abbreviations: ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; BChE, butyrylcholinesterase; BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DTNB, (5,50-Dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic)acid; ICP/MS, inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometer; LoD, yhe limit of detection; MRM, multiple reaction monitoring; QEs, quercetin equivalents; PEs, pyrocatechol equivalents; R2, correlation coefficients; r, Pearson's correlation coefficient; SD, standard deviation; TIC, total ion chromatogram; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, ultra performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantified the free and conjugated phenolic content of extracts from selected Liliaceae (white and red onion), Punicaceae (red and pink pomegranate), Vitaceae (zini, red globe, and baladi grape), and Rosaceae (yellow and red apple) cultivated family plants and evaluated their antioxidant activities and beneficial properties toward diabetes and hypertension. Free and bound phenolics were extracted from plants, and total phenolic contents were evaluated. Antioxidant activities were assessed, as well as the inhibitory effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/ mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) measured the individual phenolic content in both free and bound extracts. The free phenolic contents in the selected plants were higher than bound phenolic contents, except for in zini and red globe grapes. In onion, the highest antioxidant activity was observed in the bound phenolic extract (49.6-56.9%). In pomegranates, grapes, and apples, the highest antioxidant activities were obtained in free phenolic extracts at 30°C with values of 65.3% to 74.2%, 39.6% to 47.6%, and 49.5% to 55.9%, respectively. ACE was 100% inhibited by the free phenolic extract at 30°C from white onion and by the bound phenolic extract after acid hydrolysis of red onion. The highest α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity was obtained in free phenolic extracts at 60°C of both red pomegranates and zini grapes. The highest α-glucosidase inhibition activity (99.3-99.6%) was found in free phenolic extracts at 30°C from red and pink pomegranates. Reverse phase HPLC revealed two predominant groups of free and bound phenolics identified in onion, pomegranate, grape, and apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 2065/2003 related to smoke flavourings used or intended for use in or on foods a method based on solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) GC/MS was developed for the characterisation of liquid smoke products. A statistically based experimental design (DoE) was used for method optimisation. The best general conditions to quantitatively analyse the liquid smoke compounds were obtained with a polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fibre, 60°C extraction temperature, 30 min extraction time, 250°C desorption temperature, 180 s desorption time, 15 s agitation time, and 250 rpm agitation speed. Under the optimised conditions, 119 wood pyrolysis products including furan/pyran derivatives, phenols, guaiacol, syringol, benzenediol, and their derivatives, cyclic ketones, and several other heterocyclic compounds were identified. The proposed method was repeatable (RSD% <5) and the calibration functions were linear for all compounds under study. Nine isotopically labelled internal standards were used for improving quantification of analytes by compensating matrix effects that might affect headspace equilibrium and extractability of compounds. The optimised isotope dilution SPME-GC/MS based analytical method proved to be fit for purpose, allowing the rapid identification and quantification of volatile compounds in liquid smoke flavourings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]