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Since the implementation of China's clean heating plan in 2017, the progress of natural gas replacing coal for heating is still not ideal. With the proposal of the goal of carbon neutralization and the impact of international war, the price, supply, and demand of natural gas have attracted attention. In case of gas shortage, reasonable schemes are required to be allocated to different industries and categories. Therefore, this research divides the gas field into four levels according to the social utility, and establishes the multi-objective distribution optimization model considering the social and economic benefits. The solution of the model is based on genetic algorithm and realized on MATLAB. Multi-objective optimization strategies and several constraints are used to make the algorithm's process of the search is continuously moving closer to the Pareto optimal front. Taking Beijing as an example, two scenarios are set to simulate and optimize, so as to verify the optimization effect of the model. Better quantitative results are created after reallocation of natural gas. The ideal scenario realizes 5.64% more social benefits than 2019 through additional allocation of 117.288 million cubic meters of reserve gas. The constraint scenario creates 0.67% more social benefits with only 0.07% decrease of the economic benefits. The conclusions show that allocating more gas to three main industries can improve the optimization effect and it is necessary to expand the supply of natural gas reserve volume. This paper provides a new perspective of natural gas allocation category and priority, providing theoretical and practical ideas for the planning of natural gas security emergency plan and the development of gas sales plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a big oil country, and its oil production and storage are in the forefront of the world. However, China's oil resources are mainly low-permeability reservoirs. It is characterized by small porosity, which leads to the increase of injection pressure and seriously affects the production rate. The main solution is to use polysilicon nano injection enhancer. Polysilicon nano materials can solve the problem of high injection pressure from the micro level. At present, there are many researches on polysilicon nano injection technology at home and abroad, but the research on the application of polysilicon nano materials in natural gas pipeline materials is still blank. In order to solve this problem, this paper will further study the injection enhancement effect of polysilicon nano materials in natural gas pipeline materials. First of all, through theoretical research and analysis, this paper believes that polysilicon nano injection technology has good application, good effect in oilfield injection pressure drop, and obvious advantages over other traditional injection additives. In order to further analyze the injection enhancement effect of polysilicon nanomaterials, the corresponding experimental model is established. The experiment is divided into two parts, one is the preparation of reagents and solvents. In this paper, nano polysilicon solution and corrosion inhibitor are re optimized. The other part is the specific test steps. In order to ensure the quality and verifiability of the test, this paper explains and records the test principle and steps in detail. After sampling and analysis of many core factors such as adsorption time and permeability, it can be seen from the analysis data that when polysilicon nanomaterials are injected, when the injection volume is about 1pv, the effect of depressurization is the best, and the comprehensive effect of depressurization is good. This study has achieved ideal results, which is of great significance to the related research of oil field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas is an important energy in China's production and life. In the environment of advocating low-carbon life, natural gas is an important part of low-carbon energy. But what does not match with the demand is that the development technology of natural gas in China is relatively backward, and the most prominent one is the gas leakage phenomenon of natural gas pipeline. The aging and corrosion of natural gas pipelines often lead to more serious safety problems. At present, the main solution is to coat the natural gas pipeline with anti-corrosion materials, but the effect is not satisfactory because of the uneven quality of the materials. In order to solve this problem, the preparation method of nanocomposite inner coating and its application in natural gas pipeline are studied in this paper. Firstly, this paper focuses on the application of nano materials and nano composite materials in the field of anti-corrosion coating, and analyzes the physical benefits of materials. It is considered that the protective mechanism of the nanocomposite anticorrosive coating is mainly through the adhesion of the coating to the metal substrate, the mechanical isolation of the corrosive medium, the formation of passive protective film and electrochemical protection on the metal surface. In order to further analyze the specific effect of nanocomposite coating, the corresponding experimental model is established in this paper. Many comparative experiments including tensile property analysis, particle size analysis, hydrophobic property and DSC were carried out. It can be seen from the experimental data that the nano composite anti-corrosion coating performs well in the experimental test and has good corrosion resistance, but both the tensile property and hydrophobicity are related to the degree of hard segment. According to the comprehensive analysis, the nanocomposite inner coating is suitable for the weather pipeline, which is recommended to be popularized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we forecast the self-sufficiency rate of China's total energy and energy compositions by two-hybrid gray models: the improved non-homogeneous gray model and nash non-linear gray multivariable model, and provide some significant data for energy policy. At first, we propose newly the improved one variable gray model (INHGM-Markov) which combines the non-homogeneous gray model (NHGM(1,1)) with Markov chain model and forecast the production and consumption amount of China's total energy. The results show that the production and consumption amount increase slowly after 2012 and the values are 3660.10 and 4584.04 million tons of SCE in 2022. Next, the production and consumption percents of the energy compositions are simulated with the improved nash nonlinear gray multivariable model (INNGM(1, N)). In 2022, the production percents estimated to be 51.56, 7.55, 8.54, and 32.35%, respectively, for coal, crude oil, natural gas and others energy as the energy compositions, while the consumption percents 47.01, 21.82, 8.72, and 22,45%. The production and consumption amount of coal energy have a maximum values around 2013 and 2014, and then decrease until 1887.19 and 2154.88 million tons of SCE in 2022. Finally, the forecasting values of the self-sufficiency rates of the total energy and the energy compositions are determined to be 0.79, 0.88, 0.27, 0.78, and 1.15, which means that China government should focus on securing energy resource, especially crude oil and natural gas energy, for the sustainable development of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent 2017–18 "dash for gas" captured global attention, but also exposed critical failings in China's gas market. The 2019 lull imposed by the Government reflects the need to address local challenges. This paper analyzes the prospects for demand growth and assesses the various ways in which that demand can be met. There is considerable uncertainty surrounding demand growth, with cost competitiveness being the determining factor. Equally, although China has significant natural gas reserves, they are largely unconventional and present significant geological and technical challenges; with domestic production growth failing to keep pace as demand import dependence increases. China's gas imports are met by pipeline gas from Central Asia and Myanmar and Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) from avariety of countries. The Power of Siberia pipeline started deliveries of Russian in late 2019. However, plans to expand Central Asian imports have disappointed and China may agree to asecond pipeline from Russia or increase its LNG imports. Asimple "gas balance model" is used in the final discussion and conclusions to explore future developments and their consequences for global gas security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas is one of the options to improve the current serious energy and environment situation in China. However, biogas application is limited in China due to instabilities in quantity and quality of biomass. These instabilities are largely influenced by the local environment and climate. Merging non-upgraded biogas into the natural gas (NG) distributing system can (i) increase utilisation, (ii) reduce carbon intensity of gas pipe network and (iii) promote renewable energy usages. However, merging biogas into the gas pipe network comes with lots of challenges. This paper investigates the approaches of merging biogas into the NG distributing system. The interchangeabilities between the mixed bionatural gas and the China's 12T standard gas are evaluated based on several indices. This study results indicate that the maximal mixing volume ratio of non-upgraded biogas to the typical piped natural gas is 14.7% when the Wobbe number and combustion potential are used as determining indices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article the author discusses aspects of China's energy future consisting oil, natural gas and nuclear power sectors. He comments on the issues related to the country's energy sector development which include the objective of energy policy, energy source endowment in relation to population size, and the locations of energy sources and consuming market. It notes that China's 6th Five Year Plan of 1981-1985 is the pillar of its energy policy.

In the current world's energy system, natural gas, as a clean energy source, is gradually becoming the main energy source. However, the volume of natural gas demand could be able to be influenced by numerous factors, in order to forecast the future trend of the requirement more precisely, it is necessary to further explore effective driving factors influencing the volume of demand and construct a brand new function model of forecasting natural gas demand. In this study, the relative gray relational degree is used to quantitatively describe the correlation among variables, diagnosing whether there are serious multicollinearity problems among these factors. According to the principle of correlation degree: first and then small, a stepwise regression analysis is adopted to refine the analysis of factors influencing natural gas demand. On the basis of statistical significance testing, in-depth studying is conducted on the effective influencing factors of natural gas demand. This helps to develop a more accurate prediction model. In this study, we find that: (1) China's energy consumption structure and economic development influence its natural gas demand. (2) The stepwise regression double logarithmic demand function model based on the effective drivers has good forecasting performance. Researchers can use it to forecast the natural gas demand for medium- and long-term in different regions, and the forecasting results can be considered an important reference basis for scientific natural gas policy formulation. (3) Over the coming 15 years, Natural gas demand in China will continue to grow. It will reach about 6910 × 10 8 m 3 by 2035. It is concluded that the development of China's natural gas demand would be promoted in an increasing scale trend by striving to promote China's high-quality economic development, carefully building a new pattern of high-quality energy development, and increasing the proportion of natural gas consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we rediscuss genetic types of natural gases from the Turpan-Hami Basin using classic diagrams and chemometric methods. In comparison with classic diagrams, chemometrics is an improved method based on multi-parameter for natural gas classification. The natural gases were divided into three groups by the classic diagrams, but chemometric results show that they can be divided into four groups and two sub-groups. Furthermore, natural gases can be characterized genetically based on three characteristic geochemical parameters. Chemometrics improves the classification of natural gas in terms of optimizing the proportion of characteristic geochemical proxies genetically with the natural gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass is one of the materials most extensively used for packaging. Its manufacturing process is typically energy intensive, with a large quantity of CO2 emissions. In this study, the material and energy consumptioninventory of the manufacturing stage were quantified and CO2 emissions from the glass manufacturing process were calculated. When fuel oil, coal or natural gas is used as the major energy source in the production system, it produces CO2 emissions of 1.2798, 0.6250 and 0.4498 t/t, respectively. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion account for 67.79% of the total emissions and a huge potential exists for emission reduction. Due to differences in energy structure, current research results cannot represent the emissions in China; therefore, six scenarios were created to explore the CO2 emission reduction potential of the glass industry with different energy structures, and six scenarios were created to explore the cost from the adjustment of the energy structure. According to the analysis of the glass furnace, the effective heat accounts for 35.31%, so the basic approach for energy saving and emission reduction is to enhance the effective heat quantity of the glass furnace. Also, energy and virgin feedstock savings were calculated for 1 t of glass container production with different recycling levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the statistical data, natural gas consumption of China from 1995 to 2011, Boltzmann model and a third-order polynomial curve model are employed to fit the historical data, which aim to explore the rule of the past variation tendency and find out the proper model for forecasting. Fitting results demonstrate that a combination model based on the Boltzmann model and a third-order polynomial curve model can show great fitting result and its residual sum of squares and mean absolute percentage error are remarkably less than those of any previous models. According to the combined model, the average annual growth rate of the consumption in the next 7 years is 16.27% from 2012 to 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the mechanism of gas generation from the asphaltene, the thermal pyrolysis simulation experiment of the asphaltene is carried out by using high temperature and high pressure closed system. During asphaltene pyrolysis, the amount of methane is constantly increased but those of ethane, propane, and butane + pentane are all first increased and then decreased and eventually go to zero with the increase of the experiment temperature. And the dynamic parameters of gaseous hydrocarbon generation can be used to analyze the dynamic procedure of the asphaltene pyrolysis at the geological scale. The experimental results can perfect the theory of the origin of natural gas and provide an evidence for source judgment and resource evaluation of natural gas in marine strata in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependence on natural gas and oil as the main energy carriers has led to serious economic crisis and climate changes, especially in developing countries like China. Among the different renewable biomass materials currently available for power generation, agricultural residue is one of the feedstocks receiving more attention from researchers in the field of energy and agricultural science, probably due to its availability, low price, and socioeconomic advantages. In this work, a detailed study of various scenarios for electricity production such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification was carried out. After a detailed comparison, it was found that the gasification process is a better energy system for electricity production because of its total cost and environmental problems are lower than those of other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential smoothing methods with the grey model and the generalized Wengshi model have been introduced in the present article. Two new methods for forecasting the yield of natural gas in China have also pointed out based on the exponential smoothing method with the grey model and the generalized Wengshi model. The experimental results show that both models can predict the yield of natural gas in China and the experimental data are in agreement with the quantitatively analytical conclusions drawn from the calculated data. This proves that two types of new models can be used to forecast the yield of natural gas. It results in good economic and social benefits in China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study is to determine the life cycle CO2 emissions for the production and distribution of energy carriers in China. The mathematical method of input-output analysis was used to model the complicated materials flows between different energy industries. The results show that, for providing 1 GJ fuels, coking products have the largest CO2 emission, followed by oil products, middling coal, cleaned coal, natural gas and crude oil, and raw coal. The results also show that the theory and mathematical model of input-output analysis are more proper for energy carriers than traditional inventory calculation models. The comparison between China and Japan indicates that the life cycle CO2 emissions of energy carriers produced in China are higher than developed level; therefore there is CO2 mitigation potential for China's energy industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the notion of petroleum independence for the U.S. in relation to increasing U.S. oil production and international relations affecting the Persian Gulf region. Topics include a drop in U.S. oil demand and prices in relation to domestic shale oil production, the increasing dependence of China on oil from the Middle East and Russia, and a projected decline in U.S. military involvement in the Middle East region. The global trade in liquid natural gas (LNG) is addressed. Possible Chinese military involvement in the Middle East is mentioned.

There is little research on the impact of oil prices (OPs) on industries, especially for developing countries. This article uses a structural vector autoregression model to empirically examine the impact of OP shocks on key economic variables for five industries in China that consume huge amounts of oil. The results show that a positive OP shock leads to significant profit increases for the petroleum and natural gas extraction industry and has positive effects on its investment; the impact on the petroleum processing industry is exactly the opposite. Owing to shock transmission, rising OPs will not significantly affect the manufacture of raw chemical materials and chemical products and of non-metallic mineral products. OP shocks have a long-term negative effect on the road transportation industry, although this effect is relatively small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges and potential impact of China's demand for natural gas on global markets. It reports on the country's projected demand growth for 25 years. It explores the country's development of domestic gas reserves for import demand over the short to medium term being a self-sufficient gas producer on international market.

The problems of Russia's energy sector, the part of the economy most broadly linked with Russia's prosperity and revived international influence, have been emphasized by the global financial crisis. Yet it remains an open question whether this, as well as various other factors, including the beginning of a genuine gas market and China's methodical advances in Central Asia, could encourage Russia to take the difficult decisions needed to make the energy sector more responsive and competitive. For its part, the EU has the potential to influence Russia, but if it continues to define itself by its divisions, it will not be able to use the influence it has gained. Without a strategic and coordinated approach, the EU is unlikely to be able to overcome its security dilemma and could find that the future is determined by other actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tianjin Bin Hai New Area (BHNA) is the third largest economic zone in China. This is an older industrial area that has been developing rapidly but with many historic sources of contamination. The concentrations of 16 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed for priority control by the US EPA were quantified in 105 surface soil samples by the use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Multivariate statistical methods were used to characterise the mixtures and make comparisons in the patterns among areas. Concentrations varied among areas, ranging from moderate to relatively high. The coefficients of determination between concentrations of individual PAHs and total concentration of PAH (∑ PAH) increased with the number of rings. The first three factors from the principal component analysis (PCA) explained 81.6% of the total variation, while ten higher molecular weight (HMW) PAHs' loadings for factor 1 accounted for 51.0%. Based on the patterns of relative loading proportions of individual PAHs calculated by PCA, the primary sources were coal combustion, traffic emissions including gasoline, diesel oil, and the burning of natural gas. The spatial distribution of concentrations of fluorene had a poor spatial autocorrelation in the study area. The sites with the greatest potential risk due to exposure to PAHs were mainly distributed around the chemical industry parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's natural gas industry has entered a period of rapid growth. Annual production and consumption have doubled in the last ten years, and demand is set to increase at a similar rate over the next two decades. A shortage of domestic gas resources will result in China becoming a major net importer. As well as helping to satisfy the country's growing demand for energy, the growth of the gas supply should reduce dependence on coal and thus reduce the level of atmospheric pollution in the cities. The achievement of these ambitions is likely to be severely constrained by the government's continuing failure to draw-up a coherent policy and regulatory framework for the gas industry. In the absence of clear incentives, potential investors in exploration, development, transport, distribution and consumption are unlikely to invest at the rate expected by the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various topics including the percentage of natural gas in China's energy mix, the possibility that China will be the largest producer of nuclear power in 2030, and the number of potential constraints or barriers in China.