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Delves into the Association of American Geographers in the U.S. Discussion of the organization of the association; Identification of the association's presidents; Analysis of the National Council of Geography Teachers.

Discusses the significance of the geographic sectionalism in the political history of the United States. Resemblance of the country's domestic political processes with those of Europe; Examples of how political maps and geographic regions became conflicted; Evidence of sectionalism in the colonial period.

Focuses on the return of rhetoricians in 16th-century England to classicism concerning the nature of public speaking. Overview of English study of classicism; Continental works most cited by English writers; Contributions of Francis Bacon to the development of rhetorical theory.

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Focuses on the commercial importance of fog control. Human factor in geography; Effects of fog on history.

Points out that geographical materials recording during the closing years of the 18th century and the opening years of the next provide a foundation for a regional reconstruction of the Atlantic seaboard. Viewpoints in historical geography; Inadequacy of geographical materials before the 1790s; Classification of geographical materials into works of organization and sporadic observations.

Examines the role of grasslands and farmlands as factors in the cyclical development of Eurasian history. Origin in the permanent fertility of the irrigated valleys of Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Indus; Sign of fortification about the villages until culture elements from the Near East; Removal of international tensions before making explosions; Treatment of any war.

The article looks at some general trends that are observable during the first half of the twentieth century. Nearly all scientific research was done in the universities. The decline of international science before the first world war is described. From 1919 to 1934 there was a fifteen year period in which science was unhampered by national boundaries, in which many great advances were made and in which cooperation of all kinds flourished so well that this was not a subject for special comment. This was the period that American science began to mature.

The article discusses the "Black Hole" incident that happened in Calcutta in connection with the British conquest of India. Innumerable histories, major and minor, record the short but horrible tale; sober encyclopedias give it the respectable stamp of their authority and more recently, solid medical, engineering and psychological textbooks fathered by famous research commissions and past presidents of various scientific and professional associations have by their repeated references thereto all but universalized an awareness of this episode. One hardly encounters any lay or professional discussion of atmospheric or ventilation problems which does not compulsively mention the Black Hole, as though this chapter of technology could not be adequately covered or reported without this scholarly adornment. Later physiological chemists have questioned the popular Victorian explanation that the excess saturation of the available air with carbon dioxide or "human miasma" could have been the responsible cause for the deaths reported but not even these technicians extended their skepticism to the "event" as such.

Emphasizes the unity between the arts of history, public address and literature. Distinction of public address from the art of literature and history; Explanation of the techniques used by famous orators; Factors involved in an ideal speech.

Studies the relationship of history and speech. Potential importance of the history of ideas relating to speech; Contribution of history to the study of speech; Distinction between the historian and the student of speech.

Delves into the historical geography of cheese manufactures in the U.S. Early settlers of the American East Coast that introduced dairy cattle of European origin to the colonies; History of the introduction of the cheese factory; Additional changes in cheese production with the passing of time.

When the scheme of morphological subdivision propounded is applied to Western Europe, the Central Massif of France appears as a physiographic province with a unity of major relief type and structural evolution. The geographical regions within this province have two other important features in common: they have a similar history and the majority are characterized by a "mountainous centrality" with regard to the rest of France. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the emergence of the general patterns of road and rail communications in these regions.

After the abolition of slavery in British colonies in 1834, many thousand labourers left India under indenture for employment on colonial plantations. Their efforts resulted in a striking rise in exports of plantation products. At the end of their indenture, many Indians decided to settle in their new home, especially' in British Guiana, Trinidad, Mauritius and Fiji. The paper discusses the districts in India from which labourers were recruited; the conditions of service under the indenture system, and its advantages and abuses. It discusses the opportunities open to the Indian labourer at the end of his indenture, and the facilities which the government or the planters provided for his settlement on the land. Those who did not settle on the land turned to the professions or trades, often with success. The paper discusses the attitude of the communities of reception" to the Indian during and after indenture, and his adjustment to a multi-racial society. It analyses his change in outlook as a result of emigration, the increase in his ambition and initiative, and his transition from submissiveness to independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the history of the concept of geography from its earliest origins to its exposition by Alfred Hettner in 1895 and 1905. J.M. Franz's comparison of geography and history in 1747; Immanuel Kant's ideas about geography; Status of geography among the sciences in the second half of the nineteenth century; Rediscovery of the concepts of Kant and Alexander von Humboldt in 1905-1939.

Focuses on Wilkins & Co., a private bank of South Wales during 1778-1890. History of banking functions and the types of banks that developed in Great Britain; Formation of the 'Old Bank' by four partners, including brothers Walter and Jeffreys Wilkins; The later membership of Wilkins & Co.; Financing of Wilkins & Co. through the Bank of England; The competition between country banks, which had districts in which their own notes were more acceptable; Disparity between the amount of notes issued by the Old Bank and the size of Wilkins' reserves and deposits; Caution used by Wilkins' in issuing their notes in South Wales; Industries financed by Wilkins and Brecon Bank; Firms and ships given long-term loans; Relations between the Brecon Old Bank and the Bank of England branch at Swansea, according to John Parry Wilkins.

Discusses the history of American business. Details of a conference held at the Harvard Business School concerning the history of American business; Outline by Arthur H. Cole on his ideas of the content of a history of American business; Development of business history; Role of the entrepreneur in business history; Increase in publications regarding business history.

Focuses on material collected in the Record Office at the Liverpool Public Library and its bearing on local business history in England. Sparseness of industry in the collection, since the nineteenth century was marked by commercial growth rather than industrial development; Way that personal papers often illuminate some aspects of business.

Provides information on the physical features of the delta of the Atrato River in northwestern Colombia. Factors causing the change of various landforms; Details on the history of the delta; Awareness on the climate of the area.

Presents an excerpt of the paper on geographical and historical concepts in American history read at Plenary Session 56th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Dallas, Texas.

Comments on the article entitled "Geographical-Historical Concepts in American History," by Walter Prescott Webb. View on the perspective of Webb of a geographic historian; Consistency in Webb's evaluation of the region in Great Plains; Remarks on Webb's view of the Plains environment.

Focuses on the history of Peel, Williams & Co., an engineering company in Manchester, England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Popularity of the company; Description of its founders and how they formed the business; Distribution of printed catalogs, which is early evidence of standardized mass production of engineering goods in anticipation of demand; Expansion of the business; Progression of the company and its eventual demise.

The article focuses on basic difficulty in historical sociology. The newly reawakened interest in the sociological study of historical events makes it worthwhile to raise again the question whether such a study is scientifically feasible at all. Obviously, all data anybody can deal with are historical data, events of the past. Science is a form of ratiocination dealing with past events and so all science is historical. Those who are interested in historical sociology are generally not interested in this kind of work, which falls into the province of general sociology. The historical sociologist tends to look at history not in the sense of the totality of all past events, but in the sense of recorded history. In other words, he tends to look exclusively, or at least primarily, to the works of the historians as his source of information about unique sequences of past events, which he tries to use as raw materials for the development of generalizations about interhuman behavior. It is the intention of this paper to show that the writings of the historians can be used for sociological purposes only with the greatest caution.

Examines the development of the walls of several cities in the U.S. Consideration of the lack of influence of the wall as a characteristic feature of cities; Assessment of the effect of historic walls on the growth and structure of the present cities; Comparison of the American city walls to their European counterparts.

Discusses the rise of the heavy woolen trade of the West Riding of Yorkshire in the Nineteenth century. Increase in the wool trade made possible by entrepreneurs who took advantage of increased wool supply in the face of rising market opportunities; Dominance of the woolen export trade by the West Riding producers consolidated after 1820; Periods of growth and development to maturity between 1770-1880; Use of correspondence between John and Edward Hague, Thomas Cook, and John Wormald to discern the structure of the West Riding industry from 1830-1860; Factors that contributed to the rise of the West Riding producers' market dominance.

This article examines the failure and consequences of the Scottish iron industry with regards to malleable iron production. Historical criticisms of the Scottish iron industry; Scottish schemes for producing malleable iron; Inadequacy of Scottish malleable iron production in meeting railroad demands; Failure of several Scottish iron companies; Reasons for iron company failures.

Offers a look at the manufacture of cotton in Kingston upon Hull, England. Companies that produced cotton yarn, including the Hull Flax and Cotton Mill Company and the Kingston Cotton Mill Company; Capacity of the mills; Report that the capital for the construction and running of the mills was obtained from local inhabitants and from bank loans; Employment at the mills; Reasons the mills were not profitable including management and financing of the mills; Share of the United Kingdom exports of cotton yarn that was sent from Hull; Decline of investment opportunities in the ship-building and whaling industries; Percent of dividends Hull Flax and Cotton Mill shareholders received between 1840 and 1846; Competition the company faced in Germany, Holland and Russia; Failure of both companies because of their inability to accumulate reserves with which to modernize their machinery and withstand periods of trade depression.

Offers a look at the history of patents for invention in Great Britain. Report that the earliest known English patent for invention was granted to John Fleming in 1449 for making colored glass; Reference to the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852; Discussion of laws regarding patentability and novelty; Creation of the Patent Office; Problems which complicated the granting of patents including the lack of accurate indexes; Report on the organizational changes introduced by the Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act of 1883; Reduction in the cost of obtaining a patent; Growth in the number of women applicants; Reference to "The Commissioners of Patents' Journal" of 1854; List of inventors including Francis Robert Baker, Joseph Lucas, Edward Rippingille and others; Discussion of the Birmingham population of inventors.

Examines the weakness of industrial and financial organization in Great Britain by focusing on the failure of a country bank in the nineteenth century. Report that the bank was financed by profits from a boot and shoe business owned by the same family; Report that unlimited liability and mismanagement at the bank precipitated the liquidation of the manufacturing firm; History of the Kettering Bank in Great Britain, run by Thomas and John Gotch in the nineteenth century; Bankruptcy faced by Gotch & Sons in 1857 due to abuse of credit and over-trading; Practice of holding deeds as security against a mortgage; Discussion of the virility of family business during the industrial revolution in England.

Presents an examination of statements made by Dr. Barry E. Supple on business history with reference to certain concepts in economic theory of relevance to the business historian. How writing business history can be a hazardous profession; Concept of maximization; Use of economic theory by the business historian; Assertion that by using economic theories, the historian will escape from the dullness of mere description and make his studies lively and worthwhile.

Discusses the baking industry during the 19th century, in light of the 1862 report, "The Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers," published by factory inspector, H.S. Tremenheere in Great Britain. Adjustment of the industry since the repeal of the Assize of Bread in 1815; The assize system, which prevented the baker from profiteering and speculative loss; The adoption of night work in the baking trade; The role of technology in the bread industry; Division in the trade due to full-priced products and "underselling"; Working conditions for journeymen bakers; Fears about the purity of bread and other foods with the use of alum; Adulteration of flour and bread and other practices to lower costs; Proposal made by Tremenheere that led to The Sale of Food and Drugs Act in 1875.

The article discusses the significance of the biography of scientists, which is complicated by the problem of making the technical achievements of the subject understandable to the lay reader. According to sources, the lives of scientists are usually written by other scientists, which result to not being a biography, but a laboratory report on a specimen. This is because the difficulties of presenting technical information clearly are exaggerated, while the difficulties of writing biography are underrated. Thus, factual material, with an explicit or implicit admission that they can not truly grasp the image of the subject, should be put together by the biographer-scientists.

Discusses marketing of footwear in the 19th century, focusing on the company C. & J. Clark Ltd., in light of records dating back to 1825. The general development of the ready-made footwear industry in Great Britain; Background on the founding of C. & J. Clark; The marketing policy of the firm, including product differentiation and quality; The introduction of a range of fittings and sizes for shoes; The company's contribution to style; Brand management; Bulk production of standardized goods; Exports and distribution failures; The consignment trade; The reason C. & J. Clark started a wholesale business; The use of direct selling by a traveller; Difficulties with the Australian trade.

Discusses the 'virtually non-existent' internal civil-aviation industry in Great Britain in the 1920s, in light of rapid development in the external air services. Monopoly of Imperial Airways; The difficulties operators had in developing the internal air-services industry during the 1930s; Lack of adequate ground organization and navigational aids; Factors contributing to the network of companies such as Hillman Airways; The impact of railroads on air transportation; The first experimental railway air service in 1933, inaugurated by Imperial Airways on behalf of Great Western Railway; Reasons that internal air services was not profitable, including price and comfort; The structure of the industry with too many companies seeking too little traffic; Government effort to regulate the industry with licensing.

It is argued in this paper that regionalization is a similar process to classification. The terminology and procedures of the two are compared and it is concluded that there is a close similarity except that there is no direct analogy in regionalization with the individual of classification, it is suggested that operationally defined individuals partially overcome this problem. The histories of ideas about the nature and purpose of regional systems and classification systems are briefly compared and again found to be similar. Ten principles of classification derived from the work of logicians and taxonomists are then stated and the methods of constructing regional systems are examined in the light of these principles. It is shown that most of the points revealed by such an examination have been previously discussed by geographers, although they are arguing from different premises. Some of the principles, however, do raise problems which have hitherto received little attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on topics of discussions on J.P.D. Dunbabin's paper 'Labourers and Farmers in the Late Nineteenth Century--Some Changes,' published in the September 1965 issue of the 'Bulletin for the Society of the Study of Labour History.' Associations between railwaymen and agricultural laborers; Political attitudes of laborers; Advantage derived by Liberals from their educative political work among the laborers.

Focuses on topics of discussions on George Houston's paper 'Farm Labour in Scotland 1800-1850,' published in the September 1965 issue of the 'Bulletin for the Society of the Study of Labour History.' Effect of Irish immigration on the conditions of Scottish farm workers; Sectarian bitterness that resulted in late 19th century Scotland from the intermingling of Irish Catholics and Scots and Irish Protestants.

Provides information on the economic development of Japan from 1870 to 1920. Information on the book 'Agricultural Production and the Economic Development of Japan, 1873-1922,' by James I. Nakamura; Discussion on the varying growth rates of agricultural production; Role of agriculture in Japan's economic development.

Presents an update on societies established to study labor history as of March 1968. Status of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History; Exhibition held by the Scottish Labour History Society; Release of a bulletin from the North-East Group for the Study of Labour History.

This paper provides an overview of the article A Contemporary View of the Napoleonic Wars, by Frida Knight, published in the June 1967 issue of the journal Our History.

The historical development of Wilmington, North Carolina, is examined as an example of how sensitive one American city has been to a changing geographical situation. Beginning early in the Colonial Period, three distinct functional period are identified for the city. The first and longest, when Wilmington functioned as a regional port, lasted through the nineteenth century. The second, ending about 1950, saw the city function chiefly as a regional trade and service center while use of the port declined. The period since 1950 has been characterized by manufacturing development, revival of the port and related activity, and relative decline in regional trade. The three periods have been separated by times of critical transition as reorganization lagged behind changes in the pattern and significance of transportation forms and the character and requirements of the city-region.