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This paper compares recent developments in income inequality in Canada, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In addition to describing cross-national variation in changes in income inequality, the paper examines different explanatory factors for these recent developments. The findings reported indicate that there is substantial cross-national variation, not only with regard to the level of inequality, but furthermore with regard to changes in inequality. The results indicate that the equalizing effect of welfare state redistribution did not decrease in all countries. By contrast, in all countries there was a universal tendency towards increased inequality in the pre-tax and transfer distribution, although the magnitude of the change differs from country to country. Even though a polarization of the earnings distribution is reported, the results still give no support to cross-national convergence with regard to income inequality during the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we offer both long run and international perspectives on consumption in interwar Britain. We conclude firstly that consumer behaviour over the last century has been very stable and can be explained by economic variables. Secondly, we show that the stability of consumption in Britain during the Great Depression compared with the sharp fall in consumption in America can be partly explained by the divergent behaviour of real wealth in the two countries. Thirdly, the emphasis of orthodox economic historians on the global effects of new products, demographic and distributional factors is shown to be misplaced. Aggregate consumption can be adequately explained by the standard economic variables, income and the price level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]