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This paper offers a contribution to current debates in the field of cultural policy about the social impact of the arts. It explores the conceptual difficulties that arise in the notion of 'the arts' and the implications of these difficulties for attempts to generalise about their value, function and impact. It considers both 'essentialist' and 'institutional' perspectives, first on 'the arts' in toto and then on literature, fiction and the novel with the view of making an innovative intellectual connection between aesthetic theories and contemporary cultural policy discourse. The paper shows how literature sits uneasily in the main systems of classifying the arts and how the novel and fiction itself are seen as problematic categories. The position of the novel in the literary canon is also discussed, with particular reference to the shifting instability of the canon. The paper suggests that the dilemmas thrown up in trying to define or classify the novel are likely to be encountered in attempting to define other art forms. The implications of these findings for the interpretation and conduct of traditional 'impact studies' are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the literature on citizenship shows a trend away from anchoring citizenship practices to the nation-state and a move towards recasting the concept in universal terms. The paper examines this trend by focusing on the writings of Held, Bohman, and Benhabib. It distinguishes their 'deliberative' approach to citizenship, and suggests that this leads them to reformulate citizenship in a way which differs little from human rights. Although the paper shares in the view that a move to a human rights politics would pave the way for a more equitable order, it argues that there is also a risk. By drawing on the agonistic perspective on democratic politics, the paper shows that the risk is that we might undermine democratic politics by reducing it to a single principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a critical discussion of the uses and meanings of temporary outdoor ice rinks, which have become increasingly popular in UK cities over the last decade. The installation of ice rinks in cities in winter time is framed in a number of contexts, including entrepreneurial governance and civic boosterism, the uses of culture by the local state, invented winter and Christmas traditions, the effects of cold winter weather on sociality and other forms of embodied play argued to be reshaping urban socialities. Conceiving ice rinks as a form of 'entrepreneurial display', the paper also draws on theories of 'expressive embodiment' to explore how rinks also encourage particular ways of performing and interacting that contest current critiques of the effects of entrepreneurial urban governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to public policies that recognize and accommodate ethnic, cultural and religious diversity, cities are active and innovative. However, policy adoption can differ greatly from case to case, with different policy processes leading to different types of instruments across local contexts. This paper focuses on two cases from France, a country usually associated with hostility towards recognizing group-based diversity. In Marseille, there has been a decades-long consensus around group-based multiculturalism. The impetus has come from mayors ("policy entrepreneurs") of both the centre-left and the centre-right. In Grenoble, the uninterrupted dominance of a strong left-wing administration has infused diversity policy with more traditional themes, such as anti-discrimination, universalist participation and civil-society support in the city's stigmatized southern neighbourhoods. The study demonstrates that local-level diversity policy may feature a mix of multicultural, intercultural and universalist elements, and that tracing local policy processes can explain puzzling policy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares creative (content) industries policies in the UK and South Korea, highlighting the coevality in their development. Seeing them as 'industrial policies', it focuses on how state intervention is justified and why a certain set of policy options have been chosen. The UK policy-makers prefer passive and decentralised roles of the state that addresses market failures via generic and horizontal policies. Meanwhile, Koreans have consistently believed in the strong, resourceful and ambitious state in developing centralised, sector-specific policies for cultural industries. While demonstrating two contrasting approaches to the nation state's management of cultural turn in the economy, both cases seem to present a 'paradox'. Despite its neoliberal undertone, the horizontal and fused approach taken by the UK's creative industries policy engenders some space for 'cultural' policy. On the contrary, the non-liberal and state-driven content industries policy in Korea has shown a stronger tendency of cultural commodification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During its pre-1989 history, the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival had been aplatform for cultural and economic exchange not only between "the socialist camp countries", but also between East and West. The manifestations of these exchanges and their implications for industrial, cultural and Cold War histories have not, however, been explored by historians. Drawing on extensive research in the US and Czechoslovak archives, this paper explores the role that both the US-produced drama Marty (1955), which was selected for the 1956 festival, and the Karlovy Vary Film Festival played in the renewal of contacts between Hollywood and the Communist-run Czechoslovak film monopoly. Marty was selected because it was seen to pave the way for the renewal of business relations between those two parties following afour-year estrangement. Marty, it was assumed, had the capacity to serve Hollywood's economic objectives, to serve the political interests of the US State Department, and to avoid alienating Czechoslovak Communists. Key factors were its independent production origins, critical success and socialist-friendly yet pro-American themes. The case of Marty's selection allows for broader consideration of the hitherto overlooked forces that shaped Hollywood's Eastern European operations and the early Cold War history of the festival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Values have long provided essential foundation for cultural heritage policy and practice. Traditionally these values were determined by heritage experts and employed by agencies responsible for managing and protecting heritage for society and the future. Such values tended to focus on authorised and normative views of the past. More recently, heritage values have been applied with greater flexibility but to be effective this more flexible approach requires a good understanding of different perspectives. Only through understanding such differences and their implications can heritage genuinely have relevance to everyone in society. In some areas, we think this understanding may be deficient. In this paper we set out new findings which demonstrate that individuals with autism form different types of attachment towards buildings and places and create and respond to heritage values in different ways to neurotypical people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate around 'cultural value' has become increasingly central to policy debates on arts and creative industries policy over the past ten years and has mostly focused on the articulation and measurement of 'economic value', at the expense of other forms of value—cultural, social, aesthetic. This paper's goal is to counter this prevalent over-simplification by focusing on the mechanisms through which 'value' is either allocated or denied to cultural forms and practices by certain groups in particular social contexts. We know that different social groups enjoy different access to the power to bestow value and legitimise aesthetic and cultural practices; yet, questions of power, of symbolic violence and misrecognition rarely have any prominence in cultural policy discourse. This article thus makes a distinctive contribution to creative industry scholarship by tackling this neglected question head on: it calls for a commitment to addressing cultural policy's blind spot over power and misrecognition, and for what McGuigan (2006: 138) refers to as 'critique in the public interest'. To achieve this, the article discusses findings of an AHRC-funded project that considered questions of cultural value, power, media representation and misrecognition in relation to a participatory arts project involving the Gypsy and Traveller community in Lincolnshire, England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For contemporary cultural policy, 'non-creative' work continues to form a conceptual blindspot: a foil to define and value creativity against. This paper develops existing categories to augment the task-focused notion of 'embedded creativity' with a more situated view of work's cultural and institutional embedding. It first interrogates this 'embeddedness', taking a 'cultural economy' approach to intermediation and administrative support. Drawing on observations from an in-depth qualitative study of employees in major record labels, the second part articulates the heightened importance of 'admin' to recorded music industries, after 'digital disruption'. Routine bureaucratic labour presents an atypical example, revealing much about the hidden relational and identity work that goes into constructing 'creative industries' as such. The intention is not to show that 'embedded non-creative workers' are in fact 'creative' but, on the contrary, to articulate the distinct contributions and value of support work in this context, questioning a persistent reliance on creative/non-creative dualisms. Policy research would benefit from enriched understanding of culture's assembly in marketable objects, reorienting understandings of 'cultural' labour markets and careers, and reimagining the role of traditional cultural 'administration' in the contemporary 'creative economy'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues related to the definition of national identity are increasing across the world, even though they are not new. Since their own rise in the mid-1950s, minority nation governments, for political reasons and "identity and cultural survival," have been dealing with the conundrum of promoting their national identity while including newcomers. Our paper highlights the approaches of one illustrative minority nation government – Québec – in managing national identity and its cultural development. Building on Saint-Pierre's (2004) framework of cultural policy and Bergeron's (1982) theory of the state, we divide our analysis into distinct time periods and show that the political and socio-economic context affects the development of culture and language policies, as well as the identity and nationalism of Québec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Korea's cultural policy in tandem with the Korean Wave. It maps out the vital role of the Korean government in the Korean Wave phenomenon in the midst of the confrontations between neoliberal globalization and developmentalism. It investigates the ways in which Korea has developed the Korean Wave by analysing whether or not neoliberal ideologies have completely altered state developmentalism. More specifically, it studies the major characteristics of each administration between 1993 and 2016 in cultural policy, leading to the theorization of the nation-state in the context of the Korean Wave. Since studies of cultural policy assume that a wide range of policy tools are available to a government in promoting its cultural industries, it examines not only major cultural policy directions driven by each president, but also governmental practices executed at the level of the executive branch, in particular, the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet-based crowdfunding through websites such as Kickstarter seems to have become a familiar funding arrangement in the cultural and creative sectors. In the Netherlands, cultural politics have looked to this form of private funding as a possible means of re-establishing the connection between the arts and society. This raises the question of whether greater reliance on crowdfunding means different value orientations for arts institutions. This paper presents the outcomes of empirical research on crowdfunding in the Netherlands via the Voordekunst website. This not-for-profit website collaborates with several private and public art funds, providing the largest platform for 'project makers' and donors in the arts in the Netherlands. The value orientation of Dutch crowdfunders is researched, using the value sociology of Boltanski and Thévenot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1997 the relationship between sport policy and urban regeneration in the UK has expanded significantly as the transformative power of sport has been recognised and increasingly evidenced. The emergence of sport as a significant policy area, although often as part of a wider cultural block, has also been paralleled by attempts to reform its delivery in line with attempts by Government to modernise the state and ensure policy making is more effective and efficient. Within this context this paper unpacks the emergence of sports' enhanced institutional presence in the policy process through examples drawn from a public service award programme - the Beacon Council scheme. This scheme illuminates how sport and cultural policy has changed in focus over time in relation to its use as a regeneration catalyst, and how more recently it is coming under pressure from fiscal retrenchment as a result of 2012 Olympic preparations. The paper concludes by assessing the sustainability of sport and cultural polity within UK policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the contemporary creativity ethos through the lens of citizenship. The paper builds upon governmentality scholarship to examine how creativity and cultural participation are being recast as moral duties of active citizenship. It notes the development of governmental projects that seek to optimize the creative capacities of individuals toward a variety of ends. The paper develops these observations through an examination of cultural planning practices in Toronto. It notes how the city's cultural policies are viewed in increasingly therapeutic terms as technologies of creative citizenship. Emphasis is placed on the proliferation of participatory arts festivals and arts-based community development projects that enlist urban denizens into creative citizenship practices. The paper then explores a paradox at the centre of this emergent regime of creative citizenship. It describes how the creative citizen is construed in cultural planning practice as a heroic agent of innovation and civic renewal, and, at the same time, as an object of continual monitoring, assessment and risk-management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses local development and various governance strategies that local governments can use to engage actors in rural communities and resources from a broader environment to achieve desired socio-economic outcomes. We ask: How can local governance vary in rural communities? How can governance arrangements lead to contrasting socio-economic outcomes? Our conceptual framework combines a typology of local governance roles with socio-economic outcomes associated with neo-endogenous development theory. We explore culture-based development projects from three rural communities. We find that local governance strategies vary between relatively similar rural communities and that they represent compromises in terms of socio-economic outcomes. Local government in rural communities can act strategically through use of local networks. Local governance here is best understood as an emergent quality of the local context, history, institutions, culture, and, power relations. Therefore, governance strategies in rural contexts should be based on careful reflection on potential roles, trade-offs and desirable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to explore French cultural policy to show how the white boundary making is embedded in the 'routine structures' of cultural life. It takes the example of the implementation of national cultural policy as a means of seeing how the privilege of the majority operates. Against a formal insistence that the French definition of citizenship and equality does not leave room for the discussion of visible identities, it argues that immigration issues in relation to culture are relevant loci for the numerous instances of boundary drawings that it helps highlighting. Specifically, it shows how in the process of designing and implementing cultural policies, administrative officials have defined culture as artistic, universal and secular throughout the years. As a consequence of which, the privileged currently take part in the definition of artistic norms, while migration-related minorities have to justify for the social benefit of any of their artistic initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission as an ongoing process of collective memory and public culture. Rather than concentrating on the actual TRC hearings themselves, it focuses on artistic and cultural mediations of this process. It explores the ways in which the South African artist Sue Williamson has engaged with the contradictions, ambiguities and silences of the TRC process. Williamson's work on the TRC, which was exhibited in the South African National Gallery in 2004 as part of the Decade of Democracy Exhibition, reflects upon the 'grey zones' and limits of the TRC's nation building efforts. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section locates the TRC, as a state ritual of nation building, within the broader anthropological literature on ritual. The second section situates Sue Williamson's work within academic debates on the TRC. The final section focuses on Williamson's work in the context of the role of museums and art galleries as spaces of nation building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical discussion of the treatment of mimetic art, and particularly poetry and the theatre, in the work of the Athenian philosopher Plato (427–347 BC). It centres on Plato’s discussion of the corrupting powers of the arts in the Republic, and the implications that his fierce attack on poetry and theatre have for his construction of the ideal polity. The legacy of Platonic ideas in later elaborations of the corrupting power of the arts is discussed. Furthermore, the paper investigates the relationship between current debates on cultural policy and the Platonic idea that the transformative powers of the arts ought to be harnessed by the state to promote a just society. The conclusion thus reached is that “instrumental cultural policy”, rather then being a modern invention, was in fact first theorized precisely in Plato’s Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two distinguishing features of the New Labour Government have been its focus on regionalism and the establishment of a department of state, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), explicitly dedicated to ‘cultural’ policy. This paper tracks the development of a new set of regional cultural organizations, the Regional Cultural Consortiums (RCCs). These were established to contribute to regional development and to deliver the DCMS's national policy goals. The paper examines the RCCs' remit, challenges, achievements and prospects, and locates these in wider debates about evidence-based policy and continuity and change in cultural and regional policy. Particular consideration is given to the RCCs' research and data collection activities and their role in developing a move towards improved capacity in regional cultural research and data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of education programmes in different cultures invites the question whether we are justified in doing so in cultures that may reject the programmes’ underlying principles. Are there indeed ethical principles and educational ideals that can be justified as applicable to all cultures? After a consideration of Zygmunt Bauman's postmodern rejection of the possibility of universal ethics, Ι cite and extend Harvey Siegel's defence of multiculturalism as a transcultural ethical ideal. I conclude the paper with a justification of the transcultural normative reach of moral principles that I have elsewhere defended as the ethics of integrity . The paper's significance lies in its justification of educational interventions founded in these principles across different cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about fairness (equity) in large‐scale assessment systems within multicultural societies. It makes the key assumptions that fairness is fundamentally a sociocultural, rather than a technical, issue and that fair assessment cannot be considered in isolation from both the curriculum and the educational opportunities of the students. Equity is defined as a qualitative concern for what is just. This involves, but is not the same as, equality of opportunity and of outcome. In relation to large‐scale assessment four topics are addressed: the nature of the assessment system; recognizing experiences of different groups; cultural diversity; and monitoring group performance. The conclusion is that, while we can never achieve fair assessment, we can make it fairer. At the heart of this improvement process is openness about design, constructs and scoring which brings out into the open the values and biases of the test design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the success of the European Union City/Capital of Culture programme as a model for culture-led regeneration by assessing the long-term cultural impacts of Glasgow's experience in 1990. These cultural impacts, seen as distinct from economic, physical and even social impacts, are measured using soft indicators such as media and personal discourses. Assessment of cultural impacts is seldom undertaken and often dismissed as purely anecdotal in comparison with the hard evidence offered by established economic and physical impact evaluations. Here, this view is challenged and an alternative approach is offered in an exposition of the research design and main findings of a qualitative longitudinal study into the development of narratives around Glasgow's image and identity during the period 1986–2003. From this research, it emerges that the effect of regeneration on local images and identities is the strongest and best-sustained legacy of Glasgow's reign as City of Culture 15 years on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does New Labour's multicultural introduction of the 2002 White Paper ' Secure Borders, Safe Haven: Integration with Diversity in Modern Britain' mark a progressive shift in migration policy? Analysing policy debates surrounding the 2002 legislation through a discourse theoretical perspective, this paper assesses how far New Labour practices an integrative approach to nationality, immigration and asylum. Locating the analysis historically, the paper first reconstructs New Labour's normative framework through the adaptation of Berry's model of refugee acculturation. It then goes on to problematise claims to a multicultural 'integration with diversity', arguing that processes of 'assimilation through segregation' are indicative of a primary monoculturalism within New Labour's approach. In showing how a complex of inclusions and exclusions maintains this exclusivist approach, the paper suggests that the ideological concealment of monoculturalism is evidence of a reactionary and conservative response rather than a radically progressive one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores recent changes in Peruvian national education policy and the effects these have had on indigenous populations. Situating Peruvian education reforms within a context of international multicultural development, the paper traces the history of reforms as implemented by national and international actors in varying degrees and combinations. Against this historical backdrop, the paper focuses on changes in the 1990s that in theory promote bilingual intercultural education on a nationwide scale for all Peruvian citizens, but in practice are concentrated in rural indigenous areas. In particular, the paper examines some gaps between intercultural education rhetoric and implementation. I conclude with a discussion of the uneven achievements and unintended consequences of bilingual education programmes and provide some suggestions for policy-makers in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to close specific gaps in our understanding of practice and policy concerning culture, planning and development in Ireland. This is a nation in which the development and planning impacts of cultural policy are of increasing importance, yet the state of knowledge of policy and infrastructure remains underdeveloped. The paper begins by charting the evolution of culture-led development in Western Europe over the last few decades, highlighting the emergence of culture as a central element in both economic and social development strategies. The paper then focuses upon Ireland, reviewing the nation's rich cultural and especially musical heritage, and the direct economic impacts of this. Detailing the successful mobilization of this heritage in search of tourism, the recent incorporation of culture into strategic planning and development initiatives, and the links between culture and development in Dublin, Cork and Galway, the paper concludes that Ireland is in a strong position to avail itself of the positive social and economic impacts of planning for culture and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that cultural policy analysts should turn theft analytical attention towards the cultural policies of sub-national levels of government. State level cultural policy has become an increasingly important locus of interest for those who are concerned with the health and stability of the arts, culture, and humanities in American life, and the same is undoubtedly true elsewhere. This rise in the importance of cultural policy at the state level has not been accompanied by a similarly evolving understanding of the cultural policy system that has developed at this sub-national level. Cultural policy at the level of an American state has been the sum total of the more or less independent, uncoordinated activities of a variety of state agencies and allied organizations and institutions. This paper lays out a number of hypotheses concerning what we might he likely to find in such an inquiry and reports some preliminary findings from a cultural policy mapping project in the State of Washington. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the First International Conference on Cultural Policy Research which was held in Bergen, Norway from November 10-12, 1999. He addresses the development of cultural policy research. He describes the typical organization of cultural policy research. He believes the conference marked an ambition to change the direction of cultural policy research.

Arts and museum management analysis usually classifies art museums and cultural institutions as a public or private non-for-profit. However, budget and analysis management, as Mark J. Schuster stated, reveals that the majority of museums and cultural institutions cannot be classified neither public nor private non-profit, because they are hybrids. This paper analyses with a multidimensional methodology the different degrees of hybridization of Barcelona's museums and cultural institutions. Finally, we explain its phenomenon as the emergence of a new hybrid local model of museums and cultural institutions, which Barcelona is a singular and advanced case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the interplay between ‘creative industries’ and ‘cultural policy’ in France. We analyse how university stakeholder communities in the field of elite vocational training schools for ‘applied arts’ such as Bande dessinée (comics and animation) and videogaming negotiate the over simplistically reified relationship between public policies in the arts and the creative sector. The analysis relates the ‘case-studies’ of the ENJMIN (a national videogames school in Angoulême) to the long-standing French technocratic traditions of creating elite graduate schools in all fields of public policy, and, increasingly, in the creative sector. The study assesses the tension between the speed of response of policy in a rapidly changing economic environment and the creation of institutions that are supportive and respective and can deliver in a sustainable and substantial way. The paper explores how French policy manages the conflict between complex HE institutions involving loosely coupled communities with varying degrees of mutual commitment and self-identification and the creative industries as a complex, politically charged, and often emotionally laden field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to explore the internal driving forces behind the emergence and prosperity of China’s cultural industries. The paper traces the Chinese Communist Party’s radical transformation from stressing the class stand and ideological nature of culture to concluding with the concept of ‘cultural industries’ so as to expand an orthodox Marxist/Leninist/Maoist notion of culture. The Chinese party-state legalizes ‘cultural industries’ by extending the market mechanism into the cultural arena, and acknowledges the triple statuses of culture as a public service provider, a market profit contributor, and an essential builder of the ‘socialist core value system.’ By doing so, the Chinese Party-state is able to take advantage of the economic power of the market while retaining the ideological control function of culture. As such, cultural industries become a mode of governance for the CCP to maintain cultural security and national identity, and a source of soft power to maneuver. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this introduction to the special issue on 'The Europeanisation of identities through everyday practices', we argue for a more thorough shift towards everyday practices, lifeworlds and leisure-time activities as important terrains for research into (ultimately also politically relevant) identifications among Europeans. Doing so entails the idea that the Europeanisation of identities might unfold in a more subliminal manner, and might hence be anchored less in policy changes and people's positionings towards political issues in a narrower sense. In contrast, mindsets, aspirations and frames of reference might undo a more unconscious transformation due to various activities in lifeworldly, cultural, leisure time-related, and even private spheres. Drawing on a multitude of fields (e.g. cultural heritage, university cooperation, everyday routines in the border region, arts, sports and gaming) as well as varying approaches and different methodologies, this Special Issue aims at demonstrating that ever more Europeanised identities might emerge from multiple sources and activities, which are not obviously tied to political agendas and frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Europeanisation of national political parties is often considered a crucial element in the democratisation of the EU. Yet, party Europeanisation has remained limited. The traditional argument explaining this is that the low political relevance of European affairs creates limited incentives for party organisations to Europeanise. But what happens in a context where Europe ìs politically relevant? Denmark, with its high parliamentary and public scrutiny of European affairs, provides us with such a case, allowing a view through the looking glass on whether and how national political parties Europeanise in a Europeanisation-friendly context. This article finds that Danish parties Europeanise rather differently from what has previously been found elsewhere, focusing strongly on internal cohesion, to the detriment of transnational cooperation. As such, empirically scrutinising a long-standing theoretical argument, this article adds much-needed nuance to the debate on party Europeanisation, its causes and relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a bottom-up perspective, cleavage theory links the socio-economic trends existing in the political community with the shape acquired by party politics. Globalization and European integration impacted European society, creating novel socio-economic divides and bringing new social, cultural and economic issues into the political discussion. The impact of the novel cleavage over the pre-existent societal socio-political fractures acquires a central role in the study of European Union politicization. Deploying critical discourse analysis (CDA) and discourse-historical approach (DHA), this study aims to comprehend how the emergence of a novel cleavage has influenced the discourse of the mainstream European parties. The manifestos of the European Christian democratic, socialist and liberal parties from the last three European Parliament elections are analyzed to assess the contemporary relevance of the left-right political competition in a scenario characterized by the salience gained by transnational issues and the electoral success of populist elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agreements on Next Generation EU (NGEU) and the Multiannual Financial Framework 2021–2027 (MFF 2021–2027) are extraordinary milestones for the EU integration process. Not only do both regulations have important redistributive effects within a defined timeframe, but both regulations shape the hierarchy of objectives and instruments of EU budgetary policies. This is particularly true for cohesion policy, which has been characterised as the model of EU multilevel governance (MLG). Drawing on historical institutionalism and Peter Hall's classification of policy change, this text examines the dynamics of change in MLG. In particular, this research looks at the timing and scope of changes in EU cohesion policy since the 1980s. We ask whether or not the adoption of NGEU and the MFF 2021–2027 is likely to represent a critical juncture for the MLG and to what extent both regulations modify objectives and instruments of cohesion policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union (EU) has developed cultural policy initiatives that seek to promote cultural Europeanization with the purpose of constructing European identity narratives and facilitating citizens' sense of belonging to Europe and the EU. The article focuses on the citizens' perspective to cultural Europeanization through ethnographic research on one central action in the EU cultural policy, European Heritage Label (EHL). We analyse the interviews conducted in selected EHL sites with Central and East European (CEE) citizens who were visiting the sites as well as with cultural heritage practitioners working at three EHL sites located in CEE countries. We ask how the practitioners and the visitors engage with European identity narratives and elaborate their European belonging. We especially scrutinize how everyday encounters and experiences, such as mobility, shape identifications with 'Europe' and perceptions of what is 'European'. The interviews are interpreted in the theoretical framework of 'being' and 'becoming' European. This framework indicates a centuries-long liminal position of the Central and Eastern Europe. It enables us to scrutinize CEE citizens' sense of belonging to Europe in an intersection of dual Europeanization, i.e. cultural Europeanization and 'Europeanization' of the CEE countries to overcome this liminal position and become 'true' Europeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that it is important for urban scholars and practitioners to comparatively appraise the differential forms of local embeddedness of cultural quarters. Such appraisals can help to realize more sustainable practices of cultural quarter anchoring within neighbourhoods. The case study of Leipzig, Germany – a city that deploys both 'creative city' and 'cultural industries' models of urban development within a context of post-industrial, post-socialist transformation – is used to examine the adaptive re-use of a former cotton-spinning mill, the Baumwollspinnerei, into an internationally renowned cultural quarter. The POSES Star Framework is developed as an analytical tool to systematically outline multiple local embeddedness dynamics (political, organizational, social, ephemeral, and spatial) of a cultural quarter within a neighbourhood and within a specific urban planning and policy context. The application of the POSES Star Framework to the Baumwollspinnerei reveals that internal organizational concerns for site development and marketing are prioritized over external engagements with Leipzig's urban planning and cultural policy discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses, from the perspective of cultural policy considerations, the legal regime established by the recent Polish law on the immunity from seizure of cultural property on loan (2015). It deals with current trends of international museum exchange and explains the benefits and risks involved in cross-border loans of cultural material. This analysis is carried out by focusing on the actual practice and experiences of Polish museums, national and international regulations in force, and human rights considerations. The authors attempt to situate the Polish model for the protection of foreign cultural property on loan within the broader comparative context of the domestic legislation on museum exchange adopted in selected national jurisdictions. The article also offers a more general cultural policy discussion in the context of international museum exchanges of cultural material. Laws and policies facilitating such exchanges are weighed against other rights and interests encompassed in the protection of cultural heritage and the realisation of all human rights, including cultural rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is a term that is used and defined in many different ways. This holds for innovation in general, but particularly for innovation in the creative industries. In cultural policy and in academic literature, the creative industries are often addressed in the relation to their innovative capacities, yet a shared conceptualisation of innovation in this sector is lacking. This paper seeks to develop a conceptualisation of innovation in the creative industries based on 43 interviews with creative workers about their views and practices. Results indicate that creative workers articulate numerous views on innovation, with three main approaches: innovation as something completely new, innovation as a contribution to society and innovation as a continuous recombination of new and existing elements, with the latter being most prevalent in the creative industries and considered a central (by-product of the) process of creative production that is highly contextual to specific localities and fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity is a core value of cultural policy, and new global digital conditions for creative industries mean new challenges for diversity at a national level. Internet has become a new infrastructure for services and platforms, and global actors as Google and Amazon are changing the play. This article concerns digitization of books, the collection of the National Library of Norway and cultural policy. The results indicate the National Library's digital collection contributes to diversity in terms of demography, content, dissemination and techno-cultural aspects. For policy makers, libraries and researchers the study demonstrates a national digital service's contribution to expanded diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current trend in public policy is to valorise culture as a tool for social, economic and political transformation. This paper offers a direct contribution to debates that seek to unpack and problematise cities of culture. We adopt a more circumspect approach towards some aspects of the anticipated transformative powers of culture, and in particular the tendency to fetishize the economics of culture. Our empiricism is grounded in a detailed study of Derry~Londonderry as the inaugural UK City of Culture in 2013. We question whether City of Culture was 'life and place changing' or a '12 month party', and reveal different interpretations of success. In our view there is more potential in viewing culture as a peace resource for overcoming divisions in a socially and culturally segregated city, rather than its ability to tackle entrenched economic problems. Moving beyond the specifics of the case study we also provide lessons for future cities of culture and more generalizable insights for the academic and policy literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper engages selected moments in Austin Clarke's literary journey to argue that in spite of his involvement in the development of Canadian literature (CanLit) during the 1960s and 1970s, the Canadian literary establishment continues to pay little critical attention to his contributions. This lack of recognition is specifically evident in recent writings about Canadian literature and the literary figures who spearheaded its development after Canada's Multiculturalism policy of 1971. Canada's becoming officially multicultural required a new narrative of Canada and new literary depictions of Canadians in their national literature, as ethnically diversified but of a single citizenship. I argue that Clarke's legacy as a Black writer should be given more prominence in Canadian institutions because today this legacy is under threat of erasure as the number of Canadian Black voices telling mainstream stories about Black people's experiences is evidently in decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration policies and social science research tend to describe and stratify migrants according to bureaucratic and legal categories, which prevent the understanding of the complexity of migration as a process of recognition. Having in mind the migration of healthcare professionals to a semi-peripheral country like Portugal, this paper critically debates 'multi-inter-cultural discourses' and the asymmetric power relations it envisions. The case study under analysis reveals the production of different types of migrants' disqualification ('overstayers and irregulars', 'non-native', 'overqualified', 'underemployed' and 'non-human beings') and the invisibilities that it promotes (socio-institutional, discursive, educational, professional, alterity). This article is influenced by the recognition framework as a critical approach and the decolonial proposal of an 'Ecology of Recognitions' [Santos, B.S. 2014. Epistemologies of the South: Justice against epistemicide. London: Paradigm Publishers]. In my view, this dialogic and comprehensive expression represents a turning point concerning the replacement of 'culture' as the core domain to embrace the socio-political construction of 'difference'. A new framework for the 'ethico-onto-epistemology' of migration studies is therefore suggested: an inter-recognition approach. This could be an added value for the understanding of the wastage of human diversity as a process of loss of human dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the state of educational language policy two decades into a post-Apartheid South Africa caught between official multilingualism and English. The focus is on the national language-in-education policy (LiEP) that advocates additive bi/multilingualism, and a provincial counterpart, the language transformation plan (LTP). Using Ricento and Hornberger's onion metaphor, the paper seeks to uncover the meanings of policy realisation in education at legislative, institutional, and interpersonal levels. The LiEP's non-realisation at institutional level is indexed by a ‘gridlock of collusion’ (Alexander, personal communication) between political elites and the majority of African-language speakers, who emulatively seek the goods that an English-medium education promises. To illustrate how teachers can become policy advocates, data are presented from a bilingual education in-service programme that supported the LTP. The paper argues that sociolinguistic insights into speakers’ heteroglossic practices should be used to counter prevailing monoglossic policy discourses and school language practices, and that all languages should be used as learning resources. Strategic essentialism would recognise the schooling system's need to separately classify language subjects and to identify the languages most productively used for teaching across the curriculum. The paper concludes with a call for the revision of the LiEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2013, the Australian Federal Labor Government releasedCreative Australia. This document was described as the first national Cultural Policy statement in 20 years since the publication by a previous Labor Government ofCreative Nationin 1994. However, within 6 months of the launch of this new policy, a Coalition (Conservative) Federal government was elected in September 2013. Up till now, Coalition Governments have rejected the need for a national cultural policy, so the future forCreative Australiamay in fact be both contested and limited. Indeed, during the previous Federal Coalition Government a ‘cultural war’ erupted between the government and artists and intellectuals, over the latter’s desire for an Australian cultural policy. This paper addresses questions around the process of developing this new national cultural policy, why it occurred, and what future it might have now there is a new Coalition Federal Government in power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the uneven though mutually reinforcing relationship between arts, redevelopment and global capital that has transformed New York over the past 40 years. The 5 Pointz Aerosol Arts Center in Long Island City, Queens, provides the basis for the study. Renowned as the legendary ‘graffiti building', 5 Pointz was recently demolished to make way for twin luxury towers. The paper places the history of 5 Pointz in the broader context of the deindustrialization of New York and the appropriation of former manufacturing districts by artists, cultural institutions and creative networks. It then follows the impact of boom and bust cycles, shifting industrial policies, property speculation and gentrification in Long Island City. Of particular interest is the emergence of a ‘redevelopment script'—a transnational suite of homogenizing planning and design practices backed by global finance. The fragmentary nature of creative communities left them open to appropriation into the redevelopment script as a form of cultural capital. The author argues that there are alternatives, and that the degree to which artists, designers and their neighbors face dislocation depends on the political will of a range of public and private actors. At stake are competing claims among artists, developers and citizens to the city's vaunted heritage of creative culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many people may believe that Korean classical musicians' success is the result of endless hours of practice and special musical instruction for talented children from a young age, this paper explores the systematic investment in classical music by the Korean government and large corporations. This paper aims to understand classical music as a nation branding tool in two ways. First, we trace Korea's cultural policies since the early 1960s and locate the government's investments in classical music in its cultural agendas. Second, by taking a critical approach to nation branding that highlights the role of the market and marketization, we investigate how and why classical musicians have collaborated with the Korean government in order to promote national pride domestically and a positive image of the nation internationally in an era of global competition. We highlight the government's new agenda, 'K-Classic,' which has support from various actors, including private corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that Nigeria has rich creative industry sectors with great potential and global footprints. Through the kaleidoscope of film, music and creative writing, the article critically appraises Nigeria's creative industries and contends that although the country is a visible player on the global landscape, it is yet to optimize the full potentiality of its creative industries sectors. The paper recommends that a clear mapping of the sector coupled with a coherent policy articulation and execution will enhance the viability of the creative industries. As the country seeks to diversify its economy away from dependency on oil revenues, the creative industries, based on their current economic value, provide a veritable incremental source of employment, revenue and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creative industries are a major source of a dynamic job creation, encompassing many traditional professions that are essential for sustainable livelihood and people's well-being. This paper provides the international business engagement of creative industries in South Africa. The study is addressed to government, policy makers, development experts, students of economic development, business, and also to the business sectors that are concerned with promoting economic growth and innovation through creativity, entrepreneurship and the development of creative communities as a mechanism to alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life, especially in the rural areas. Thus, the question: how does investing in the creative industries affect the sustainable economy in South Africa? This study explores literature on creative industries, the value of the industry, the implications and strategies of development, the policy environment and challenges affecting the industries. Our findings provide empirical evidence of the positive role of creative industries in economic development. We make suitable recommendations required to support the sustainable development of these industries in Africa and conclude that the creative industry as an exceptional group of entrepreneurship influences the sustainable economy of a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the ideological co-option of German folk music by the Nazi regime during the Third Reich (1933-1945), the genre’s performative practice was highly marginalized. Revivalists in both German post-war states initially recast German folk music in a recourse to the soundscape and song themes of Irish vernacular music, before reconnecting with a 19th century oppositional German folk song repertoire. In the GDR, songs of the 1848 Revolution were curated as the state’s ‘democratic’ cultural heritage and could not be readily censored. This allowed artists to perform historical folk songs to metaphorically critique circumstances existing in East Germany. Drawing upon fieldwork conducted among former GDR folk musicians, this paper explores their encounters in relation to established post-war German folk music discourses on the relationship between artists and state authorities. Concrete analysis of a 19th century emigration song uncovers how folk musicians could subversively pass comment on state-imposed travel restrictions to the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]