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Presents several paperfolding activities for children in the U.S. Procedure in making Kutztown Memory Boxes; Materials needed for graphing color favorites; Discussion on the concept of paper folding.

Background: Parents seek support on behalf of their transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) children. Previous qualitative studies explore the types of support parents seek inside and outside of healthcare settings. Healthcare providers often remain unprepared to effectively provide gender-affirming services to TGNC children and their accompanying parents and may benefit from learning about the support seeking experiences of parents with TGNC children. Aims: This paper summarized qualitative research studies that address the topic of parents seeking support on behalf of their TGNC children. We produced this report for healthcare providers to review to enhance gender-affirming services for parents and TGNC children. Methods: This paper outlines a qualitative metasummary of studies from the United States or Canada with data collected from parents of TGNC children. Data collection included the steps of journal runs, database searches, reference checks, and area scans. Data analysis involved the steps of extracting, editing, grouping, abstracting, and calculating the intensity and frequency effect sizes for finding statements from qualitative research study articles. Results: The results of this metasummary yielded two primary themes, six subthemes, and 24 total findings. The first primary theme of seeking guidance had three subthemes: educational resources, community networks, and advocacy efforts. The second primary theme of seeking healthcare had three subthemes: healthcare providers, mental healthcare, and general healthcare. Discussion: These findings provide information healthcare providers can use to inform their practice. These findings also highlight the importance of providers working collaboratively with parents when serving TGNC children. This article concludes with practical tips for providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify and appraise the existing clinical practice guidelines, consensus statements and Cochrane systematic reviews for the management of adult and paediatric focal spasticity to generate a single synthesized guideline. Systematic review of 12 electronic databases. Clinical practice guidelines, consensus statements and Cochrane systematic reviews for focal spasticity in adults and children. Included studies were appraised according to the AGREE II criteria. A total of 25 papers were included in this review, comprising 12 clinical practice guidelines, nine consensus statements and four Cochrane systematic reviews. The areas most strongly endorsed were: (1) management to be provided by a multi-disciplinary team, (2) therapy should be goal-directed, (3) goals to be developed in conjunction with the patient and family, and (4) importance of follow-up evaluations. There was a greater focus on activity outcomes and classification in the paediatric papers. The guidelines varied considerably in their quality, with AGREE II scores ranging from 52.8 to 97.1%. This systematic review has synthesized the key elements regarding principles of focal spasticity management, outcome measures, physical interventions and educational recommendations into a single, readily applied guideline available for clinical use. Despite considerable variability in the quality of the guidelines, several strong themes emerged. Focal spasticity management should be multi-disciplinary, patient-centred and goal-directed. Routine measurement of impairment and activity are strongly endorsed. Botulinum toxin A injection should only be provided as part of an integrated approach to focal spasticity management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Book banning is sweeping schools and libraries across the United States. This paper targets the book ban affecting children and young adult literature. I want to provide a cohesive look at the various attributes that play a role in book banning and censorship of children and young adult books. This paper touches on the process of banning/censoring books, whom these challenges are affecting, readers' rights, and the relevancy of this topic. Briefly, in my introduction, I address the history of book banning and where the motivation for this was initially encouraged. Moreover, the effects of book banning and/or censorship could have serious consequences for generations to come if the population is not made aware of this ever-growing pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the interactional dynamics of one bilingual, two-way immersion classroom where children came from diverse linguistic, cultural, racial, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Based on an ethnographic discourse analytic study of one kindergarten TWI classroom, I analyze interactional data using participant frameworks as the unit of analysis and develop a linguistic analysis from a language socialization lens. Findings illustrate the ways that children's talk and communicative behaviors act as peer socializing processes as children move in and out of various participatory roles in conversation. By virtue of their intentional spatial positioning around communal tables, students are socializing each other as participants into a bilingual learning community, even when they are silent participants or overhearers. I argue that this framework is a productive lens through which to analyze bilingual multiparty conversations in a way that does not privilege linguistic codes as a basis for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review summarizes evidence pertaining to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Materials and Methods: An electronic search was conducted using four major databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Using an umbrella methodology, the reference lists of relevant papers were reviewed, and citation searches were conducted. The study included articles written in English between January 2020 and March 2021 that focused on the psychological health of autistic children and adolescents. Results: All eight studies included in the final review were cross-sectional. Three of the eight studies were conducted in Italy, two in Turkey, and one study each in Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom, with a total of 1,407 participants. All studies used a mixture of standardized and non-standardized questionnaires to collect data. The total number of patients were 1407 at a mean age of 9.53 (SD = 2.96) years. Seven studies report gender; male 74.7% (657/880) and female 25.3% (223/880). The finding showed that behavioral issues in children and adolescents with ASD have significantly increased; 521 (51.9 percent) of the 1004 individuals with ASD presented with behavioral changes, including conduct problems, emotional problems, aggression, and hyperactivity. Some studies also found increased anxiety and difficulties managing emotions. Only one study reported clinical stabilization in children with ASD during COVID-19. Finally, 82.7% of families and caregivers of children with ASD (544 out of 658) faced challenges during COVID-19. Conclusion: Although the studies in this review suggest a general worsening of ASD children's clinical status, it remains difficult to draw definitive conclusions at this moment, with newer COVID-19 variants on the rise worldwide. During this difficult pandemic period, caregivers, families, and healthcare professionals are recommended to pay more attention to the ASD patients' health and care needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) during early childhood is associated with self-regulation difficulties. Caregivers can facilitate children's self-regulation through emotion-focused conversations about past experiences, buffering downstream effects. However, caregivers experiencing violence may avoid distressing emotions activated by such conversations. This paper explores two different models of relational stress responses, one involving indirect effects (i.e. spillover effects) and the other moderation (i.e. buffering effects). Mothers (n = 117), oversampled for violence exposure, self-reported on IPV and participated in an emotional reminiscing task with children (aged 3–5 years); narratives were coded for maternal sensitive guidance. Maternal sensitive guidance was related to children's self-regulation. Sensitive guidance did not have indirect effects in the association between IPV exposure and children's self-regulation, but did buffer the association between physical IPV and self-regulation; this pattern did not hold for psychological IPV. Results suggest sensitive guidance during reminiscing may promote self-regulation in contexts of high IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emphasizes the aporetic nature of the Salamanca Statement on Special Needs Education (UNESCO, 1994), adopting a cross-cultural perspective. It draws on an intersectional perspective on inclusion (Connor, Ferri & Annamma, 2016; Artiles & Kozleski, 2016; Erevelles, 2014) to argue that although inclusion has been defined by such an international declaration as a transformative project to ensure access to quality education for all students, national inclusive policies are still focused on a pathological construction of student difference, slowly incorporating children from different linguistic and ethnic backgrounds. The focus on Italy and the United States is a response to examine the discourses and practices of inclusion in two countries that have been impacted by the Salamanca Statement thinking. To substantiate our argument concerned with the limitations embedded in the Salamanca Statement, data from two empirical studies conducted in Rome and in Upstate New York will be presented. The studies show how inclusion leads to overrepresentation of migrant students in Special Educational Needs. We conclude that the Salamanca Statement has been transferred into a tool to strengthen normality against difference, and that it should focus on interrupting micro-exclusions for groups sitting at the intersections of race, ability and other identity markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dramatic increases have occurred in the number of children who speak languages other than English at home in the United States and English language learners (ELLs) need support both for becoming proficient in English and for maintaining their first language. In this paper, five types of bilingual education implemented in the United States are reviewed: submersion, English as a second language instruction; transitional bilingual education; maintenance bilingual education; two-way immersion (TWI), with TWI programs being the focus for most of the paper. A brief history of the policy evolution of bilingual education in the United States is provided. Research reviewed suggests that compared to students exposed to other programs, students in TWI programs are better off in terms of achievement and in L1 and L2 development. Although benefits of TWI programs are demonstrated, limitations of the current research also exist, and are discussed. Challenges implementing TWI programs are discussed and policy recommendation are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maslow's "Hierarchy of Needs" theory—which hypothesized that if human lower level "deficiency needs" were not met, higher level "growth needs" would be impaired—has received substantial theoretical attention. However, less attention has been given to whether the theory is supported by empirical data in school-aged youth from the USA. In this paper, we begin by reviewing Maslow's theory and highlighting the extent of deficiency needs in USA school-aged children. Then, we (a) introduce the Success Program—a school-based child and family intervention program designed to address non-cognitive barriers to learning—as a vehicle for addressing some of these needs, and (b) summarize Success Program evaluation research that has been conducted over the past 13 years, considering alignment of the research findings with the principles of Maslow's theory. Our findings highlight preliminary support for the notion that basic needs fulfillment may contribute to growth needs satisfaction; however, further examination of Maslow's theory is clearly warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner abuse is a major problem. This is especially true when there are children present. In attempt to stop the cycle of abuse, it is of critical importance to understand the impact children have on the relationships and the decision-making process of those involved. This research is part of a larger project examining the help-seeking behaviors of victims of intimate partner abuse. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 26 victims of intimate partner abuse who eventually sought services. This paper reports on how children affect the decision of their parent to either seek services while in an abusive situation or to postpone seeking services. This study focuses on 19 of those respondents with children. Both quantitative and qualitative data analyses were conducted. This paper utilizes part of the qualitative data relating to the import of children in the decision-making process. Analysis reveals that for all respondents, children were important to their decision-making process. Several themes related to children were identified, including those who identified leaving the situation and seeking services because of their children and those who postponed seeking services because of their children. Implications for prevention and intervention in cases of intimate partner abuse will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There used to be talk about pleasure being silenced in public health and international development discourses on sexuality, and the damage this silence caused. The exclusion of pleasure continues in some domains, for example, mainstream sexuality education programmes in schools in China and the USA. However, despite considerable challenges to talking about sex and pleasure in institutional research and educational environments, there are a number of initiatives that are starting to do so. Furthermore, normative frames are being developed to justify and shape the new discourses on young people’s pleasure. This paper compares two interventions which create norms of pleasure in relation to young people’s sexuality: an international research project in Shanghai, which draws on conceptual framings developed in the USA; and a sexuality education workshop series developed by a non-governmental organisation in Shenyang, North East China, which adopts a frame of ‘self-identification’ from the Chinese LGBT movement. It identifies the opportunities and constraints created by the normative frames these interventions generate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: This paper reviews available studies on the relationship between acculturation and obesity among children of immigrants who have at least one foreign-born parent. Methods: A systematic review of relevant studies was undertaken using PubMed, Web of Science, and PsychInfo. Results: The initial search identified 1317 potentially relevant publications, of which 21 were retained after three rounds of screening. Most studies were conducted in the U.S. The majority of studies used BMI or overweight/obesity prevalence as the outcome variable, while two studies used dietary intake. Three studies used standardized acculturation scales, while most of the studies used generation, duration of residency in host country, and language as proxy measures of acculturation. The relationship between acculturation and outcomes varied between the host countries and origin countries for children of immigrants. Conclusion: This study suggests children of immigrants with different cultural backgrounds may interact with host countries to varying degrees, ultimately influencing their diet behaviours and body weight status. Researchers are encouraged to adopt standardized acculturation scales to compare the results across countries and populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the way in which psychologists classified immigrant children as feebleminded through the use of intelligence testing and how state organisations consequently segregated them from public schools based on the scientific evidence. First, I show the way in which the psychologist Lewis Terman utilised intelligence testing to identify immigrant children deemed feebleminded. I focus closely on a survey and on his methodology and analysis. I then discuss the possibilities of education for the feebleminded and the segregation of immigrant children from regular classroom of public schools. Through his survey, Terman concluded that the exceptionally high ratio of feebleminded children in the tested region was caused by the large population of immigrant children, although the selection of the sample was often subjective, leading to “miscalculation” in his analysis. Terman’s survey was influential in terms of segregating feebleminded children by stating their incurability; possibilities of education for the feebleminded were thus denied. At his suggestion, special classes and schools, along with a home for the feebleminded, were established. Terman’s psychological survey was a cue for psychologists to enter the school system. The State Board of Education was not only attempting to discover the percentage of feebleminded children but also trying to apply psychology to school training. With the cooperation of the Board, the training of teachers for the feebleminded proceeded. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

European physicians long worried that the scholarly life was harmful to health. Neurological and digestive problems flowed from sedentary, seated lives. In the late eighteenth century, when the Enlightenment began spreading education to more people, educators inspired by Rousseau’sEmilesuch as Johann Guts Muths, Friedrich Jahn, Johann Pestalozzi, and Philipp von Fellenberg explored ways to add exercise to schooling. In the northeastern United States, educational reformers were also concerned with how to expand schooling without subjecting more children and teachers to the diseases of scholars. Particularly in New England, educators such as Catharine Beecher, Mary Lyon, Alden Partridge, and Joseph Green Cogswell tested new forms of exercise in academies for both girls and boys. Educational reformers had in common a tendency toward ill health, so the dilemma of scholarly frailty particularly engaged them. Spinal curvature and pulmonary consumption added to the previous concerns for students and teachers. In addition to exercise, improving schoolhouse ventilation, heating, and desks could keep students healthier, and teaching physiology could train them to keep themselves healthier. Boston’s highly developed and prevention-oriented medical culture and its medical and education publications made the city the ideal home for the first seven annual meetings of the American Institute of Instruction, which were rich with health content. This paper focuses on the keen interest in health among American educators of the common school reform era before Horace Mann, which puts his interest in phrenology in perspective as only one of many paths to health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Business educators are concerned with integrating diversity-related topics and seek methods by which to teach them. This paper suggests that as classes become more heterogeneous, the opportunity to examine diverse perspectives and experiences naturally arises in the course of class assignments and activities. The differential experiences of majorities and minorities are revealed when students discuss and write about their own experiences related to the content of various business courses. The issues of self and group identity and perceptions of others emerge in the context of small group discussions when students share their experiences as recorded in learning logs, personal cases, research assignments, and typical class discussions. The opportunity for community learning in heterogeneous groups provides a forum for diverse perspectives and experiences to be shared. Students and professors learn about different perceptions and reactions to personal and current events as well as their own perspectives, creating a culture of inclusion in the class. Implications and suggestions for a wider application of our methods to a global context are also offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the affect of health insurance on children in the United States. Four topics are addressed. First, estimates of the number of children with no insurance or discontinuous coverage are presented. Second, consequences of being uninsured or having gaps in health insurance are considered. Third, a summary of barriers to increasing the extent and continuity of children's health insurance is outlined. Fourth, implications for policy and research are briefl y discussed. It has been well established that heath care in the United States is not the main determinant of health status of the population (McGinnis and Foege, 1993). As a nation, we spend by far more than any other country, yet our population has worse health status as measured by numerous indicators among the 30 developed countries comprising the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Schroeder, 2007). This is due, in part, to determinants of health status that are not addressed by the health care system such as genetic predispositions and, more importantly, lifestyle choices (e.g., diet, physical activity, tobacco, alcohol and drug use, sexual practices, among others), and environmental and social factors (e.g., poverty, employment, housing, socially disintegrated communities, etc.). The ways in which the U.S. health care system is structured and the kinds of health care services that are emphasized (e.g., tertiary care versus primary and secondary prevention), further limit the extent to which health care contributes to health promotion and disease prevention. Nevertheless, availability and accessibility to consistent and high quality health care does influence the health status of the U.S. population, particularly for those at increased risk of various health problems and those with special health care needs (Hoffman and Paradise, 2008) , both of which disproportionately affect poor and minority youth. Indeed, universal health insurance coverage for theelderly may explain, at least in part, why one measure of health status for which the U.S. ranks higher thanmany nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development is life expectancy among those over 65 years of age (Schroeder, 2007). This paper considers the affect of health insurance on children in the United States. Four topics are addressed. First, estimates of the number of children with no insurance or discontinuous coverage are presented. Second, consequences of being uninsured or having gaps in health insurance are considered. Third, a summary of barriers to increasing the extent and continuity of children's health insurance is outlined. Fourth, implications for policy and research are briefl y discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the fit of the intersectionality framework for understanding transnational lives. The data for this paper is drawn from my research on South Asian migrants to America and their children, the 1.5 and 2nd generation. I focus on these highly educated migrants and their children and their efforts to maintain meaningful family ties and live religions in a context that spans the USA and selected South Asian countries. I use this data to assess whether the intersectionality approach is able to explain lives that span 'real' and 'virtual' social worlds. I show that the intersectionality approach needs to be deepened to capture simultaneous experiences of privilege and marginalisation across national and transnational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

War toys of different eras realize the dominant discourses of war of the time, and they do so in a way which allows children to enact these discourses and values in play. This paper examines war toys over the past 100 years before providing a detailed multimodal analysis of contemporary war toys distributed around the planet, mainly by global American corporations, which teach children about the importance of the quick decisive strike, the role of the team and the morality of technology. Through this they convey how conflicts are resolved in today's world, and why. Early on children are recruited not just into the war on terror but also the values of corporate capitalism. The paper ends by looking at some ethnographic data where children play with guns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper presents literature, particularly in children's geographies, in support of the proposition that the rationales for the current children's garden movement flourishing particularly in the United States, albeit well-intentioned, continue to be dominated by adult discourses acting 'in the best interests of the child'. The paper concludes that broadening the debate on 'children and gardens' through inclusion of research that focuses on children's competence and empowerment offers a different perspective of what children might want from these spaces. This highlights new directions for research on children's gardens which would focus this garden typology more on children's needs than adult agendas, and therefore contribute positively to development of these gardens as sustainable environments for children's learning and enjoyment of nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the growing research literature on children's 'intimate geographies' by focusing on two-year-old children's explorations and play within the domestic spaces of their homes. It draws on video data showing three young girls playing in selected home spaces i.e. a family grocery shop in Peru, the upstairs rooms of a house in America, and the balcony of an apartment in Italy. Through analysis of short video sequences the paper describes the way children use and invest meaning in these spaces. It is argued that the three domestic locations can be seen as 'safe places', in both material and personal senses; and that they enable children's sense of belonging, foster their 'emplaced knowledge' and build on their confidence to explore spaces further afield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of developments in France and the United States where early psychiatrists such as Pinel, Esquirol, Belhomme and Séguin advocated ‘moral treatment’ of the insane and classified ‘idiots’ and ‘imbeciles’ as incurable though educable, the Revd C. E. Van Koetsveld initiated his ‘School for Idiots’ in The Hague in 1855. Within two years, he had also opened a boarding facility that accommodated many of his pupils. Legal regulations (the Insanity Act of 1841) demanded a judicial authorization for placing a child in the institution. Thus, the admittance to the first autonomous Dutch institution for the medico-pedagogical treatment of children with mental deficiencies involved a systematic registration of the children’s specific characteristics. A local figure of authority, often a physician, was required to fill in a short questionnaire on the condition of the child nominated for placement in the institution by their legal representative such as a parent or guardian. The first aim of this paper is to outline theoretically how physicians and educationists used medico-pedagogical selection to develop a notion of the mental boundaries they thought could be recognized in children’s minds. The work of E. Séguin was crucial in this development. He considered these boundaries as hindrances to a ‘normal’ life, for example, for participating in education and at work. Based on his work, other physicians and educationists were stimulated to contribute to new interventions in minding and educating ‘idiotic’ children. The second part of the paper offers the Dutch example. It includes the analysis of 187 files on girls and boys who were admitted to Van Koetsveld’s institution during the years 1857 to 1873. The analysis reveals the gender and family characteristics amongst the children, as well as information on medical factors and hereditary properties, which made Van Koetsveld and his staff decide to classify these children as eligible for treatment at the first Dutch ‘School for Idiots’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the rise and decline of Canada's welfare state from 1945 to the end of the century. The years to the mid-1960s were marked by the introduction of an array of social programmes that produced a system inferior to that of the major western European countries, but distinctly superior to that of the United States. These developments gave 'modest social rights' to Canada's residents, whilst not fundamentally challenging the market base of the society. The years since 1971 have been marked by retreat, influenced by three considerations: the world oil crisis of 1973, which imported significant inflation to Canada and resulted in large government deficits; the threat of separatism in Quebec, which resulted in a massive devolution of authority from the central government to the provinces; and the Free Trade Agreement with the United States (reflecting a more general rise in neo-conservatism), which further integrated the economies and societies of the two countries. The impact of these changes has been to increasingly commodify social benefits within a market context, so that Esping-Andersen's 1989 classification of Canada as a 'liberal' welfare state has undoubtedly proved accurate, though a decade later than he identified. The paper explores benefits for children and the right to food as case illustrations of these fundamental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential of culturally-responsive environmental education to engage immigrant early adolescents. Our study suggests that environmental involvement can become a means and an end for children to bridge their school and home in agential ways. Drawing from a multi-phase study involving focus groups with children, parents, and teachers from three culturally-diverse schools in Montreal, as well as a green action research project, we examine children’s role as environmental educators and ambassadors. The role of environmental ambassador allowed children to take on positions that departed from conventional parent-child social scripts, and enhanced the communication between school-student-home, between generations, and spoke to their sense of place. We contend that culturally-responsive environmental education offers a unique space for enacting democracy, knowledge creation and integration, but this opportunity is often squandered. Bi-directional, responsive, and consistent home-school-community-place relations need to be actively supported. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we offer a critical examination of Let's Move!, the comprehensive anti-obesity program initiated by the First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama, that aims to solve the problem of childhood obesity within a generation. We argue that Let's Move! is not just a campaign against obesity but is emblematic of the nature of (and assumptions underpinning) the health education of children in the contemporary United States. Drawing on the concept of ‘governmentality,’ we examine how Let's Move! functions as a biopolitical strategy (a solution to the problem of childhood obesity), framed by the political rationalities of neoliberalism. In particular, we identify and explore three interrelated bio-techniques mobilized within, and through, the Let's Move! campaign. First, in an effort to ‘responsibilize’ citizens, the initiative is framed as a social movement whereby all segments of society can (and should) be empowered to take collective action against childhood obesity. Second, an array of multi-sectoral partnerships, including corporate sponsors and non-profit organizations, are being mobilized, resulting in a range of initiatives underpinned by the rhetoric of consumer choice and responsibility as well as the outsourcing of physical education to private entities. Third, the adoption of standardized fitness testing techniques based on the logic of chronic disease epidemiology, and related notions of ‘risk,’ aim to produce the disciplined child-citizen who monitors his/her health goals with the aid of Web 2.0 technologies. In contextualizing Let's Move! in this way, we illustrate how, in line with the soft authoritarian imperatives of the neoliberal enabling state, the campaign functions as a national biopedagogy, working to empower every citizen to be an ‘active partner’ in the fight against childhood obesity, so as to optimize the health of the next generation and allow them, in the words of Michelle Obama, to ‘pursue their dreams.’ [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Annals of the American Association of Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Communities across the globe are focusing on the needs of young people and their families in an effort to create child- and youth-friendly cities. In an attempt to become more child and youth friendly, over 40 communities in the United States have developed youth master plans (YMPs), as of 2009; however, our understanding of these plans is limited. To broaden this understanding, this research employed a multiple-methods approach, including an online questionnaire, plan analysis and semi-structured interviews with key community informants. Findings show that YMPs often focus on collaboration among community entities and youth participation, yet include only general normative statements regarding the physical environment. Furthermore, urban planners do not typically take the lead in development of YMPs, and, in some cases, are not involved at all. To inform and improve future YMPs, this paper recommends greater focus on the physical environment, particularly in relation to safety, access to nature and sustainable transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the role that social context plays in mediating racial socialization in upper-middle-class white families. Outcomes of white racial socialization, as well as the process itself, depend in large part on the distinctive racial contexts designed by parents in which white children live and interact. I examine variation in white middle-school-aged children's common-sense racial knowledge and discuss the importance of exploring the social reproduction and reworking of racial ideologies and privilege in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a conceptual analysis of ability discourse using the theoretical lens of critical whiteness studies and the methodological framework of critical discourse analysis. From its origins in the Progressive Era to contemporary debates on tracking, the concept of giftedness has been formed through racial projects throughout US history. Through these projects, the concept of ‘giftedness’ became synonymous with ‘whiteness’, and gifted education has served to maintain white privilege both within and between US schools. While counter-discourse on giftedness has been dominated by scholars working outside the field of gifted education, there is a growing critique of this concept within the field of gifted education. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on children are often misinterpreted in schools as misbehavior and can impact students' academic progress. We explore how the intersection of race and ACEs make students of color hypervisible and more likely to enter the school discipline pathway. Using tenets of critical race theory and the concept of the disciplinary gaze; we found that children of color, experiencing complex trauma, had 1.85 times the odds of receiving a call home (surveilled) for problems at school compared to their White counterparts. Implications for trauma-informed and culturally responsive practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even before withstanding one of the most devastating economic crises in American history, families living in poverty have battled a dominant discourse that labels them as lacking personal responsibility, initiative, and the ability to make “good” choices. This discourse is reflected in the parent-involvement mandates of the No Child Left Behind Act, where parents living in poverty are expected to sign contracts promising to take a more active role in the education of their children. This study describes what it looked like when a grassroots, Community Based Organization (CBO) dedicated to speaking back to this dominant discourse partnered with an urban public school system to simultaneously help families leave poverty and improve the academic success of their children. This paper illustrates what it looks like when families living in poverty speak back to the dominant discourse, seek validation for their non-dominant discourses, and enter a potentially liberating Third Space between. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper applies a sociology of childhood approach to the study of the sexual socialisation of young children in the USA. It examines both children's and parents' active participation in this dynamic and collaborative process through conversations between 49 parents and their 54 preschool children that were audio-recorded while they read books about ‘where babies come from’. Parents also participated in a brief survey. The authors found that, while parents do foreclose such conversations as previous research has indicated, they also use a variety of other tactics, including adding information and emotion management. These findings illustrate children's active engagement in their own sexual socialisation through their questions, confusions and distractions, which affected the amount and type of information that was elicited. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper empirically examines the role of religion on immigrant integration outcomes. Specifically it focuses on Islam and tests the validity of the ‘clash of cultures’ hypothesis to find out whether high levels of attachment to Islamic values, practices and Muslim identity impede the cultural and civic integration of Muslim immigrant women into American society and polity. The statistical analysis of two original surveys administered to first- and second-generation Muslim immigrant women in Southern California indicated a paradox in their integration patterns. Commitment to Islam increased Muslim immigrant women's civic and political engagement but decreased their cultural and psychological integration into US society. The findings from the narrative analysis of in-depth interviews conducted with a selected subgroup of survey respondents help to explain Islam's paradoxical impact on Muslim immigrant communities' integration outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyses abstinence-only education programmes and discourses within the frame of theories of adult discrimination against children. To begin with, a definition of abstinence-only programmes and of the political context in which they were created will be provided. These programmes will then be analysed through the lens of children's rights, as these have been defined by the United Nations. Finally, the concept of ‘childism’ as defined will be used to underline how abstinence-only education programmes can be seen to fit within the larger frame of discrimination against children. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recent Canada–US ‘Beyond the Border’ negotiations have been accompanied by a highlighting of the issue of unauthorised crossings at the Canada–US border. In this paper, I offer some grounded contextualisation of this current politicisation by drawing upon press reports and interviews to document Canadian border-resident and press constructions of unauthorised crossings in one Canada–US border region in the late 1990s to mid-2000s. The evidence suggests that there is widespread local awareness of these crossings, including the dangers and sometimes death faced by would-be migrants. The analysis explores why this knowledge has not served to challenge still-dominant constructions of a ‘benign’ Canada–US border and/or ongoing projects of border securitisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sport, Ethics & Philosophy is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past several decades, the Latino population throughout the USA has demonstrated significant growth and exceeded that of other ethnic minority groups. This influx is particularly evident in the student enrollment of US schools as the number of Latino students has increased by approximately 10 million within the past 10 years. With this dramatic increase, there are a number of critical issues that present significant barriers to a high-quality educational experience for Latino students, specifically overrepresentation of Latinos receiving disciplinary actions and the high number of referrals to special education evaluation for emotional and behavioral disorders. This paper will discuss the impact of the Latino population in US schools, the concern of overrepresentation and biased referrals, and the use of a culturally attuned functional behavioral assessment as a pragmatic solution to better serve this growing population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1996 the US launched a National Childhood Agricultural Injury Prevention Initiative, guided by an action plan generated by a 42-member multidisciplinary committee. A major update to the plan was released following the 2001 Summit on Childhood Agricultural Injury Prevention. From the year 2010 through 2011 a comprehensive assessment of progress to date was conducted followed by the drafting, review and finalizing of a new action plan—“The 2012 Blueprint for Protecting Children in Agriculture.” This paper briefly describes the purpose and process for generating the new action plan then provides a listing of the 7 goals and 26 strategies within the plan. These goals and strategies account for trends in childhood agricultural injuries, changes in agricultural production and the demographics of its workforce, effectiveness of interventions, and the increasing use of social media, marketing and social networking. Primary funding for this project was provided by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), which continues to serve as the lead federal agency for the national initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) reflects shifts in conceptualizing bipolar disorder among children and adolescents since the mid-1990s. Since then, PBD diagnoses, predominantly in the United States, have increased dramatically, and the diagnosis has attracted significant controversy. During the same period, psychiatric theory and practice has become increasingly biological. The aim of this paper is to examine the rise of PBD in terms of wider systemic influences. Method: In the context of literature referring to paradigm shifts in psychiatry, we reviewed the psychiatric literature, media cases, and information made available by investigative committees and journalists. Results: Social historians and prominent psychiatrists describe a paradigm shift in psychiatry over recent decades: from an era of “brainless psychiatry,” when an emphasis on psychodynamic and family factors predominated to the exclusion of biological factors, to a current era of “mindless psychiatry” that emphasizes neurobiological explanations for emotional and behavioral problems with limited regard for contextual meaning. Associated with this has been a tendency within psychiatry and society to neglect trauma and attachment insecurity as etiological factors; the “atheoretical” (but by default biomedical) premise of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd and 4th eds.); the influence of the pharmaceutical industry in research, continuing medical education, and direct-to-consumer advertising; and inequality in the U.S. health system that favors “diagnostic upcoding.” Harm from overmedicating children is now a cause of public concern. Conclusion: It can be argued that PBD as a widespread diagnosis, particularly in the United States, reflects multiple factors associated with a paradigm shift within psychiatry rather than recognition of a previously overlooked common disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article considers the circulation of junk in nineteenth-century American markets, concentrating on its various stages of commodification - and the people responsible for that commodification - as scrap was transformed from worthless garbage found on the streets into lucrative materials suitable for industrial use. The study adds to historians' understanding of the emergence of capitalism, whose formation happened as much from the bottom up as the top down. The often-overlooked populations who engaged in petty and often illegal entrepreneurship, including the children discussed here, had a very real impact on the emerging economy. Looking at scrap more clearly elucidates the processes of commodification and the logic of capitalism at work - the transformation of miscellaneous, valueless goods into aggregated abstractions with significant economic worth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper evaluates trends in the childhood and adolescent associations between family income, height and body mass index (BMI) between the periods 1971--1980 and 1999--2008. Subjects and methods: US-born children (aged 2--11) and adolescents (aged 12--19) in the NHANES I, NHANES II and 1999--2008 NHANES are evaluated for BMI and height using flexibly-estimated structured additive regression models. Results: Three trends are identified: BMI gains have been greater in lower-income relative to higher-income children and adolescents; height has increased more in lower-income relative to higher-income children (but not in adolescents); and BMI has increased more in taller children than shorter children (but not in adolescents). Following from these trends is that contemporary children exhibit a negative height-income interaction effect on BMI such that the inverse association between income and BMI is larger in taller children. Similar results hold when categorical obesity is considered but with modest height-related changes and income-height interaction effect in adolescents. Race--sex differences are explored and descriptive evidence on the potential role of changes in caloric intake is presented. Conclusion: The relationship between the economic environment and growth in US youth has changed in recent decades. Contemporary taller and lower-income children exhibit greater body mass and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adoption and foster care are assumed to be safer options for children than remaining in the care of their family of origin, yet the media reports murders of these children with alarming frequency. These deaths not only are tragic but profoundly violate the public understanding of adoption and foster care. Despite the possibility of an increasing occurrence of such filicides, few states have procedures to systematically collect information on incidents of serious harm or deaths of adopted children or children in foster care. To fill this gap, this paper endeavors to illuminate characteristics of these deaths by using media accounts as an information source. The importance of such an inquiry-and its inherent limitations-calls for more attention and methods directed toward capturing data on the murders, serious abuse, and other deaths of children under governmental care. Some states and other countries (most notably the United Kingdom) have developed mechanisms for aggregating and reviewing serious harm cases to prevent such tragic and unacceptable outcomes. Several options are forwarded for use in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses national and metropolitan area data from American Housing Surveys over four decades to examine the patterns and trends in the housing and neighborhood circumstances of children. Children across the income distribution have experienced dramatic improvements in the physical adequacy of their dwellings and in crowding but significant deterioration in housing affordability. Poor children are often in greatest jeopardy, with the rate of complaints about crime 25 percent higher in 2005 than in 1975, and the rate of school complaints twice as high in 2005 than 1975. Poor children also experience little payoff from residential mobility in terms of physical dwelling adequacy, crowding, affordability, or adequacy of schools, though moves are associated with fewer complaints about crime. However, it is the near poor - those between 101-200 percent of poverty - and not the poor who appear to be most affected by the tightness or looseness of the housing market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opportunity that the Internet represents for children is undeniable. The increasing amount of children's personal data collected online raises an issue balance: how to protect children's privacy without impeding the development of children's online opportunities. Businesses collect children's personal data in order to profile and target them. Aware of the risks such practices represent for children's data protection, the US Congress has legislated the Child Online Privacy Protection Act (the so-called 'COPPA') which became effective in April 2000. In Europe, the collection and use of personal data is covered by the 1995/46 European Directive which has the fundamental aim of protecting individual privacy. The Directive does not, however, distinguish between data subjects who are adults and those who are children: it provides no specific protection for children's privacy.This paper considers the different approaches adopted in the USA and in Europe with regard to children's online data protection. In parallel, it appears that soft law is used as a new tool to regulate children's privacy. Particular attention will be paid to soft law adopted in the UK and in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring and evaluating national and subnational responses in support of children orphaned or made vulnerable by AIDS (OVC) present a number of challenges. Most OVC programmes require multiple interventions across different sectors. In most countries, targeting parameters for identifying 'vulnerable' children are fluid and difficult to define or measure concretely. Along with weak national monitoring systems and a lack of development partner or government interest and funds, these factors make the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of OVC programmes difficult. Of the 15 countries in East and Southern Africa (ESA), which have developed national plans of action (NPAs) in support of OVC, nine have M&E plans. In their early periods of implementation, most countries are piloting the development of data collection systems and tools at community, district and national levels. Along with a desk review, semi-structured consultations were held with over 100 national OVC M&E stakeholders from 10 countries in ESA as part of a regional capacity-building exercise. This paper reviews their progress, constraints and lessons learnt, before making recommendations. Most countries do not have reliable baseline information or a clear 'denominator'. Subsequently, numbers rather than percentages are used frequently when reporting on coverage, which gives little indication of the scope or efficacy of interventions. Many countries also reported challenges in defining and monitoring the quality of care provided, therefore the consistency and quality of the support being provided is largely unknown. Another major gap is the fact that OVC indicators are rarely included across key sectors' data collection systems (e.g. health, education). To help overcome these challenges, recommendations include the following. While for national monitoring and evaluation purposes, measurable, discrete, evidence-informed criteria should be employed - for project or programming purposes, targeting criteria should be sufficiently flexible and responsive based on community realities and the child's immediate needs. Every opportunity to use and disaggregate existing data should be exploited, while the establishment of parallel data collection mechanisms should be avoided. While quality assurance mechanisms should be established to monitor service coverage, no pilot should be undertaken without the design and implementation of an evaluation to accompany it. These should include a baseline and the establishment of comparison control groups, isolating and assessing the outcomes that the intervention is having on children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper describes correlates of use and expenditures for therapies (physical, occupational, speech or home health services) among children in the US. Methods: It examined data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally-representative US sample. The characteristics of users and described patterns of expenditures were examined. Results: Use is quite low, only 3.8% of children use services or 4.3% once the use that occurs in the special education system is included. Children more likely to use therapy include those with presumably greater need: children with chronic conditions, functional limitations and/or a history of hospitalizations or injuries. There is a significant interaction of minority status and having a functional limitation. Expenditures are low when examined across the child population. Among a small proportion of high users, therapy expenditures account for a large proportion of overall health expenditures. Conclusions: The educational system adds only slightly to the overall rate of use. In general use appears to be related to the need for such services. Some children, likely including racial/ethnic minority children, may under-use services. Lack of insurance is not related to less use, perhaps because there are other ways to get some services (family care or services provided through the public health system) or because not all insurers cover therapy services. Therapy expenditures account for a high proportion of overall expenditures among the high users of therapy whereas, for the entire child population, therapy expenditures account for a very small part of overall health expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of children and teenagers who are either immigrants themselves or children of immigrants has been rapidly increasing in recent years. Young immigrants have a significant impact on the social and cultural makeup of many American communities, and on the education system in particular. In light of this, this paper provides a review of studies that were conducted on the adaptation processes among this new "second generation youth." Studies are classified into those that examined the issues of young immigrants' adaptation from the psychological/social-psychological and sociological perspectives. Subsequently, theoretical research on adolescent immigrants' adaptation is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately one in live children in the U.S. are born to immigrant families in which at least one parent is foreign-horn. Existing theoretical frameworks suggest that immigration experiences can increase acculturative stress and lead to developmental psycholopathology in immigrant children. These models, however, do not account for levels in the environment that trigger this stress and/or serve as forms of resilience. Drawing from Brofenbronner's multilevel, hioecological model of development, this paper presents a framework that charts environmental processes which generate or huflër acculturative stress and, therefore, mediate the impact of immigration on psychological well-being. Empirical research shows that Mexican immigrants, on the whole, fare better than U.S.-born groups in terms of mental health outcomes. These results arc explained in the context of the presented theoretical model. Though further research is needed, preliminary evidence suggests that encouraging "enculturation," as opposed to "acculturation," has positive mental health repercussions for Mexican American children. Further research using the presented theoretical framework as well as policies and practices that incorporate and leverage the cultural strengths of Mexican immigrant children should he pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike many European countries, the US has no national paternity leave policy giving fathers the right to take paid time off work following the birth (or adoption) of a child. Despite this, prior research suggests that many fathers do take some time off work after a child is born. However, little is known about the determinants, circumstances or consequences of paternal leave-taking. In this paper, we use the first wave of data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), a new nationally representative panel study of over 10,000 children born in 2001, to examine these questions. We make use of ECLS-B questions asked directly of resident fathers pertaining to their participation in a range of child care-taking activities, as well as a rich set of measures about the father, mother and child. We find that the overwhelming majority of fathers take at least some leave at the birth of their child, but that the length of that leave varies a good deal. Our results also indicate that fathers who take longer leave are more involved in child care-taking activities nine months later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a set of sessions on children's geographies conducted at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers in New Orleans in February 2003 focusing on the theme issue on Exclusion, inclusion, and Belonging. One of the central projects of recent work in children's geographies, for example, has been the analysis of young people's exclusion from full participation in society's activities and spaces by both formal legal frameworks and everyday practices that serve to naturalize adult authority. The concept of exclusion has featured prominently in academic and social policy d iscourses over the past several decades, perhaps most notably in the countries of the European Union but also in other contexts.