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AbstractThe 3-diethylaminophenol (3-DEAP) incorporated anthraquinone mono-azo dye derivative [(E)-1-((4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)anthracene-9,10-dione] DAAD was synthesized through an electrophilic substitution reaction. The interaction between the -OH functional group and the nitrogen atom of the azo moiety may result in intramolecular proton transfer in the DAAD. DAAD was treated with metal ions such as Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) acetates in a ratio of 2 : 1 revealing an octahedral structure. Many analytical and spectroscopic methods, including UV-vis, FT-IR, (1H and 13C) NMR, HRMS, TGA, VSM, ESR, and powder XRD methods, were used to verify the structural characteristics of the compounds. Additionally, the potency of the in-vitro antioxidant properties of the ligand and its Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) complexes were evaluated; the results revealed that the Co(II) complex showed a maximum percent inhibition of 85 μM against the standard ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of topically applied hydrogels (HG) containing nanoencapsulated indol-3-carbinol (I3C) and its free form in a rat model of skin wounds. Formulations were topically applied twice a day for five days to the wounds. On days 1, 3, and 6, the wound area was measured to verify the % of regression. On the sixth day, the animals were euthanized for the analysis of the inflammatory and oxidative profile in wounds. The nanocapsules (NC) exhibited physicochemical characteristics compatible with this kind of suspension. After five hours of exposure to ultraviolet C, more than 78% of I3C content in the suspensions was still observed. The NC-I3C did not modify the physicochemical characteristics of HG when compared to the HG base. In the in vivo study, an increase in the size of the wound was observed on the 3rd experimental day, which was lower in the treated groups (mainly in HG-NC-I3C) compared to the control. On the 6th day, HG-I3C, HG-NC-B, and HG-NC-I3C showed lower regression of the wound compared to the control. Additionally, HG-NC-I3C exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect (as observed by decreased levels of interleukin-1B and myeloperoxidase), reduced oxidative damage (by decreased reactive species, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation levels), and increased antioxidant defense (by improved catalase activity and vitamin C levels) compared to the control. The current study showed more satisfactory results in the HG-NC-I3C group than in the free form of I3C in decreasing acute inflammation and oxidative damage in wounds. HIGHLIGHTS: I3C nanocapsules exhibited characteristics compatible with this kind of suspension; On 3rd day, I3C nanocapsules prevented the increase of wound area; I3C nanocapsules decreased oxidative damage in wound tissue; Inflammatory proteins were decreased in I3C nanocapsules treated group; [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2-cyano-3-(indol-3-yl)acryloyl chloride, a building block synthon prepared in good yield, was utilized for the synthesis of various indolylacrylamide and indole-based heterocycles. Thus, the aforementioned acid chloride was allowed to react with various oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen nucleophiles, in addition to mono- and bidentate nucleophiles. The pyrazolidine derivatives were produced on interactions with phenylhydrazine and 2-cyanoethanohydrazide. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was assessed using the phosphomolybdenum technique and ascorbic acid as a standard. The findings displayed that indolyl-based azine, pyrazolidine, cyanoacetamide, and benzodiazepine derivatives were the most active antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and inexpensive one-pot multicomponent synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione through a condensation reaction of aryl aldehyde, malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate and phthalhydrazide catalyzed by water extract of papaya bark ash (WEPBA) solvent medium under microwave irradiation is described. The catalytic medium is used environmentally friendly, and provides several benefits of being simple, inexpensive, high yield, simple work-up and not required hazardous solvent for the reaction. Some of the selected derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-, and 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry techniques. The oxidation-reduction properties of the synthesized compounds (4b, 4e, 4f, 4i, and 4k and 6f, 6g, 6h, 6i, and 6j) were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The voltammetry peak current for the oxidation-reduction of the compounds examined at different scan rates. Further, some of the selected 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione derivatives were evaluated in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay method. The result appears that, compounds 4b, 4e, 4i, 6f, 6g, and 6h possess significant antioxidant properties in comparison with the ascorbic acid reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A straightforward and effective strategy for the synthesis of novel 7-cyano-4-imino-3-phenyl-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-substituted-3,4-dihydroselenopheno[3,2-d]pyrimidines have been accomplished through a base-promoted cascade addition/cyclization sequence employing phenyl isothiocyanate followed by the S-alkylation of the obtained fused Se-containing heterocyclic framework with various alkyl halides. Free radical scavenging activity of the synthesized selenium-containing structures was studied against DPPH, as well. Antioxidant activities as IC50 values were ranged from 12.19 to 91.08 µM. Unfused 3-amino-2,4-dicyano-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)selenophene was much more powerful antioxidant agent than ascorbic acid. Moreover, the promising antioxidant potentials were observed with selenopheno[3,2-d]pyrimidines. Taking into account the best antioxidant activity of S-benzylated derivative amongst pyrimidine-fused heterocycles and significant relationship between antioxidant activity of compounds and many of their biological potencies, using benzyl halides bearing electron donating groups on phenyl ring can probably improve their antioxidant capacities to make them more effective anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new neolignan (1) and one new phenolic compound (2), together with four known compounds (3–6) were isolated from the heartwood of Mansonia gagei. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. The absolute configuration of 2 was established based on the DP4+ protocol and by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra. All isolated compounds were evaluated by DPPH assay for antioxidant activity, while compounds 3–6 were assayed using the MTT-based colorimetric assay for cytotoxicity against lung cancer cell line A549. In terms of antioxidant activity, 1 and 3 exhibited stronger activity (IC50 14.91 ± 1.10 and 17.46 ± 0.16 μM, respectively) than the positive control, ascorbic acid (IC50 30.20 ± 0.47 μM). Among the compounds tested for cytotoxicity, compound 3 showed the highest activity, with an IC50 value of 26.04 ± 2.95 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange peel and its extract are good sources of phenols and vitamin C that can be used as powerful antioxidants and antibacterial. The effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA), orange peel powder (OPP) and orange peel extract (OPE) supplementations on growth performance, blood biochemicals, gene expression and antioxidant status of growing rabbits under hot conditions were investigated. A total of 80 weaned Giant Flander male rabbits, five weeks old (606.25 ± 10.08 g), were randomly assigned to four groups. The first group received untreated diet (control group). The other groups received diets supplemented with 0.5 g AA/kg diet, 2% OPP and 500 mg OPE/kg diet. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded by rabbits consumed diet supplemented with AA. Supplementations of OPP and OPE reduced blood plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very-low density lipoprotein concentrations. The tested diets reduced triglycerides, total lipids, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde levels, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of the rabbits cecum. Supplementation of OPE improved activities of superoxide dismutase gene (6.1475) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (9.2108). Conclusively, dietary supplementation of OPE improved rabbit performance through improving antioxidant enzyme activities as well as upregulation of insulin-like growth gene. Additionally, OPP and OPE (2% and 500 mg/kg diet, respectively) had antibacterial effects for growing rabbits under hot conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of various N-(1-(2-chlorobenzo[h]quinolin-3-yl)-1-substituted-vin-2-yl)benzamide derivatives was designed and synthesized based on the 2-chlorobenzo[h]quinoline core as potential antioxidant and insecticidal agents. In vitro antioxidant activities of these compounds were evaluated and compared with commercial antioxidant (ascorbic acid). The results showed good antioxidant activities of these compounds. In addition, in vitro insecticidal activities revealed that most of these compounds exhibited high insecticidal activity against cotton leafworm compared with chlorpyrifos. Some compounds in these series were better than the commercial insecticidal, chlorpyrifos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eugenia pyriformis Cambess, commonly known as uvaia, is a native Brazilian plant. Among its benefits are the high concentration of vitamin C, carotenoids and sources of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds. Many of these phytochemicals have been linked to the prevention and management of several chronic and degenerative diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, among other disorders. The uvaia compounds started to be isolated and characterized to provide a better understanding of the chemical mechanisms related to the biological activities of their extracts. As the identification of compounds progresses, studies investigating the potential of extract are receiving more attention. Some biological activities identified in the different uvaia compounds are antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anti-inflammatories. Previous research has pointed out that the uvaia fruit extract can be used as a potent anti-inflammatory for inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. In this context, this review summarizes the nutritional composition of uvaia and describes the main biological activities reported for this plant, revealing some of its beneficial effects on health and highlighting how much remains to be elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

p-Fluorophenacyl chloride (1) was used as a building block for the preparation of new tetra-substituted thiophene derivatives. The basic-catalyzed reaction of 1 with various thiocarbamoyl compounds such as 2-acetyl-2-substituted-thioacetanilides 2a,b, 3-arylazo-4-mercapto-4-phenylamino-buten-2-ones 5a–c, ethyl 2-arylazo-3-mercapto-3-phenylamino-acrylates 8a–c, N-aryl-2-cyano-3-mercapto-3-phenylamino-acrylamides 11a–c, N-aryl-2-(mercapto(phenylamino)methylene)-3-oxo-butanamides 14a–c, and 2-mercapto-4,6-dimethylnicotinonitrile 17 led to the production of their corresponding substituted thiophene compounds 4a–b, 7a–c, 10a–c, 13a–c, 16a–c, and 19 in moderate yields. The newly synthesized thiophene compounds were deduced according to FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, and mass analyses along with micro-analytical data. The synthesized thiophene compounds were tested to evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The majority of the synthesized thiophenes showed good to moderate anti-bacterial and antioxidant activities. The hydroxythiophene compound 4a showed extremely high antibacterial activity with inhibition zones 15–21 mm (from 60 to 87.5% activity indices). It inhibits bacterial growth and approaches the activity of Ampicillin, which inhibits bacteria with areas of inhibition from 23 to 25 mm. The hydroxythiophene compound 4a showed excellent antioxidant properties (85.9%) relative to the reference, Ascorbic acid (88.0%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an evaluation of Annaba city climate impact on phytochemical composition and antiradical power of Tropaeolum majus leaf, flower and fruit extracts. Significant phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and carotenoid levels were registered in leaf extract, whereas flower extract showed higher yield, vitamin C and anthocyanin contents. The 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging power was significantly higher in leaf extract. Conversely, hydroxyl antiradical power was significantly higher in fruit fixed oil. These results show that the Mediterranean climate of Annaba City improved Tropaeolum majus leaves and the nutritional qualities of flowers and fruits, enhancing their phytochemical composition as well as antiradical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to develop a liposome that could exert unparalleled antioxidant effects. In the present study, a vitamin C (VC)/vitamin E (VE)-co-loaded multivesicular liposome (VCVE-MVL) was constructed. Vitamins were encapsulated in soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and cholesterol (CHO) by multi-emulsification method. The concentration of VC was determined by Fast Blue method. The concentration of VE was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Vitamin antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo was determined using β-carotene bleaching. VCVE-MVL with particle diameter of 848.55 ± 0.29 nm and SPAN of 0.16 ± 0.11 were obtained. The encapsulation efficiency of VC reached 48.51% (w/w)±0.15. Compared with VC/VE solution, VCVE-MVL had a higher permeation efficiency. In addition, the in vitro and ex-vivo antioxidant tests verified the adequate antioxidant activity of VCVE-MVL. In conclusion, the antioxidant synergistic system we constructed and demonstrated its potential applications in the cosmetics industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three derivatives of Schiff bases, 6-chloro-chromensulfapyridine (CCSP), indol-3-sulfapyridine (ISP), and 5-chlorothiophen-2-sulfapyridine (CTSP), were synthesized and characterized by analytical, spectroscopic (IR, UV-Vis., 1H and 13C NMR, Mass, EPR), and electrochemical techniques. Antioxidant capabilities were recorded for both ligands and their Mn(II) complexes using DPPH scavenger and ascorbic acid as a reference. Compared with free ligands, the Mn(II) complexes exhibit greater antioxidant activity. In-vitro antibacterial and antifungal studies were performed by well diffusion technique. Results obtained from IC50 value suggest that (CTCSP)2Mn (IC50 = 210.8 μg/mL) has potent antimicrobials. In addition, in silico drug-likeness, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties were examined for the ligands and complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical analyses of the chloroform extract of Piper betle L. var. Sanchi, Piperaceae, leaves led to the isolation of a new phenylpropanoid analogue for the first time: hydroxychavicol dimer, 2-(γ'-hydroxychavicol)-hydroxychavicol (S1), on the basis of spectroscopic data 1 D (1H and 13C) and 2 D (1H–1H COSY and HMBC) NMR, as well as ESI-MS, FT-IR, HR-ESI-MS and LC-ESI-MS. Compound S1 exhibited excellent antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 9.07 μg/mL, compared to ascorbic acid as a standard antioxidant drug with IC50 value of 3.41 μg/mL. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity against two human colon cancer cell lines (HT 29 and COLO-205) showed significant effect with GI50 values of 73.81 and 64.02 μmol/L, compared to Doxorubicin® as a standard cytotoxic drug with GI50 value of <10 μmol/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine compounds including a new one, garcichaudiic acid (1), were isolated from the bark of G. gaudichaudii and their structures were characterized mainly by 1 D and 2 D NMR experiments. The antioxidant capacity of the isolated compounds was determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay and the anti-hyperglycemic activity was assessed by measuring the inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase. Among them, compound 4 showed higher antioxidant activity than the positive control, ascorbic acid, while both compounds 1 and 7 exhibited more significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the reference drug acarbose. Molecular docking analysis of the bioactive compounds was also performed to examine the binding modes and key interactions with the catalytic site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OptiSafeTM (OS) is a shelf stable, nonanimal test for ocular irritation. A recent database search found that half of the OS false positive (FP) materials were associated with reactive oxygen chemistries but were not eye irritants in vivo (based on historical rabbit studies by other groups). We hypothesized that naturally occurring tear antioxidants protect the eye from reactive chemistries in vivo and that specific tear chemistries might help explain why some materials are FP for nonanimal tests but are reported as nonirritants in the live animal. To test this hypothesis, a prior study evaluated tear antioxidants and found that the tear antioxidant ascorbic acid, added at human physiological tear levels to the OS test, specifically reduced the measured values for these FPs but did not reduce the true-positive rate. Based on these findings, the OS test method was further optimized. The purpose of the current study was to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the further optimized test method for detection of ocular irritants. The OS test measures chemically induced damage to macromolecules and relates these measured values to ocular irritancy. To improve the performance of OS, we made updates to the material to be tested physiochemical handling procedures, prediction model, and test method to include tear-level concentrations of ascorbic acid. We then retested the 78 chemicals from the prior OS-coded validation study in triplicate and compared the accuracy of the 'nonirritant versus irritant' prediction for the further optimized method with the prior results. We report that for the detection of 'nonirritant' versus 'irritant' (GHS NC versus categories 2B/A and 1) test substances, the further optimized OS test with ascorbic acid compared with the original version has a FP rate that is reduced from 40.0 to 22.2%, the false-negative (FN) rate remains at 0.0%, and the accuracy improved from 80.3% to 89.2%. A comparison to OECD-adopted tests demonstrates that the further optimized OS test, like the original method, has a higher accuracy and lower FN rate for the detection of 'nonirritants' versus 'irritants' (GHS Category NC versus 2B/A and 1) than the other eye irritation tests (BCOP, EpiOcularTM Eye Irritation Test, ICE, Ocular Irritection®, and STE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method developed for the synthesis of asymmetric (S)-N-benzylidene-2-(benzyloxy)-1-(5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethanamine derivatives with excellent yield in short reaction time. The antioxidant and antimitotic activities were estimated and strongly correlated with the potential of Ascorbic acid and Methotrexate respectively. All the synthesized molecules were characterized using various spectral techniques including FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Mass spectrometry. The drug-likeness properties were studied using in silico ADME parameters. All the compounds have an acceptable range of values which indicated good drug-like characteristics based on Lipinski's rule of five and to be orally active. The present method is quite easy along with simple operation and offers many benefits including short reaction time, easy work-up, excellent yield, reduced waste production as well as cost effective. In addition structure-activity relationships of AP-1 to AP-10 derivatives have been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies the impacts of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) concentrations on the physicochemical properties of spray-dried water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) vitamin C double emulsion powder Four MCC concentration (1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) were used to produce the vitamin C double emulsion powder. The results of the emulsion's creaming index, flow behaviour index, zeta value, and particle size indicated that these parameters decreased when the MCC concentration increased. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the higher MCC concentration resulted in a smoother surface In general, the MCC concentration increased, the particle size, hygroscopicity, solubility, water content, and water activity of the double emulsion powder decreased. Double emulsion powder containing 2% MCC presented the highest level of antioxidant activity and was mostly stable after storage for 56 days. Before and after drying, transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis of the morphological characteristics of the liquid emulsion showed that the concentration of 2% MCC in the emulsion could form a W/O/W double emulsion structure. In conclusion, the addition of MCC significantly affect the properties of vitamin C double emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mahonia jaunsarensis Ahrendt is a narrow endemic wild edible fruit-bearing species found in Uttarakhand Himalaya and has the potential of breeding compatibility with economically important Mahonia and Berberis species. Berry fruits of the species were explored for nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant potential among three sampling locations. Fresh berries appeared a good source of diverse nutrients (carbohydrate 1.07–1.25 g/100 g, protein 0.97–1.13 g/100 g, non-reducing sugar 3.38–3.92 mg/g, and total sugar 9.86–12.87 mg/g); minerals (e.g. sodium 0.56–0.65 mg/100 g and potassium 0.99–1.14 mg/g); and vitamins (ascorbic acid 3.87–4.49 mg/g, thiamine 9.97–11.57 µg/g and carotenoids 1.67–1.94 mg/g). Similarly, phytochemicals (total anthocyanin 18.93–22.12 mg/g, phenolics 1.56–1.80 mg GAE/g, flavonoids 1.49–1.73 mg QE/g, flavonols 4.88–5.66 mg CE/g, and tannins 6.53–7.58 mg TAE/g) and in vitro antioxidant capacity (measured by ABTS assay, DPPH assay, OH· radical scavenging activity and FRAP assays) varied significantly (p <.05) among localities. Various phenolic compounds (particularly, chlorogenic acid 9.93–13.77 mg/g; caffeic acid 0.32–0.65 mg/g; syringic acid 0.30–0.47 mg/g fw) present in the methanolic extract also varied significantly among the localities. Thus, this phytonutrient- and antioxidant-rich genetic resource can be utilized for health-promoting functional foods. Also, the results of the present study indicated that the variation in nutritional, phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity among the locations can be utilized for elite selection, quality control, and breeding programs in the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extracts of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and investigate their biological activities. UV–Vis Spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM and TEM were used for characterization. The antioxidant properties were determined using H2O2, NO, ABTS, FRAP and DPPH scavenging assays. For anti-inflammatory activities, membrane stabilization, albumin denaturation and proteinase inhibitory activity were assayed. The antibacterial effect was tested using well diffusion method. Statistical analyses were done using ANOVA. Synthesized nanoparticles showed an intensity peak at 378 nm in UV–Vis Spectroscopy. FT-IR shows the presence of O-H stretching, C = C bending, O-H bending and C–N stretching functional groups of the stabilizing action of the plant extract on the surface of the nanoparticles. NPs were shown to be spherical by SEM analysis, and the sizes were 100 nm by TEM analysis. The antioxidant properties of ZnO NPs compared to ascorbic acid standard showed significant antioxidant potential in H2O2, NO, ABTS, FRAP and DPPH scavenging assays. ZnO NPs showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity with the synthesized ZnO NPs performing better in membrane stabilization. Clinical pathogens were inhibited by ZnO NPs when compared with Cefuroxime, a standard drug. These efficient biological activities could be utilized in several biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of coloring compounds (pigments) based on 5-(2-aminothiazol-5-yl)thiazol-2-amine and 5-(4-aminophenyl)thiazol-2-amine as heterocyclic alternatives for benzidine based on disazo dyestuffs were synthesized. All the newly synthesized pigments are characterized based on their physical, spectral, and analytical data. The antimicrobial activity showed that introducing the heterocyclic analogues thiazole (mono or bis) exhibited less toxic and resisted antimicrobial (five gram-positive strain, three gram-negative, and three fungal species). Thus, derivatives demonstrated moderate to good activity compared with Gentamycin and Ketoconazole. Furthermore, the pigments screened for their in vitro antioxidant properties by the DPPH method, and the newly designed pigments PG4–PG11 with thiazole moiety causes increase antioxidant properties with IC50 values ranged between (0.054–0.192 µM) compared with PG1, PG2, and PG3 (IC50 = 0.712, 0.239, and 0.191 µM) as well as Ascorbic acid (IC50 = 2.532 µM). Further, the synthesized pigments' cytotoxicity activity evaluated against HepG-2 and showed IC50 values ranged between (53.52–94.05 µM) compared with PG1–PG3 (IC50 =216.04–393.58 µM) and doxorubicin (IC50 = 8.17 µM). Molecular docking study concluded that thiazole moiety might be made one or more binding mode as critical hydrogen bonding through the nitrogen of thiazole, as well as arene-cation and/or arene-arene interaction with dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) active site in 1DLS protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin C is a compound that is widely used in food processing as a preservative and antioxidant. The weakness of vitamin C is that it is unstable and very reactive to environmental conditions. To maintain the stability of vitamin C during processing and storage, emulsification was carried out with a double emulsion Pickering water in oil in water (W/O/W) system. The research method used was descriptive analysis method which consists of two stages. The first stage was to determine the right amount of emulsifier in the manufacture of W/O emulsion and the second stage is the manufacture of W/O/W emulsion which consists of four different treatments with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as the Pickering component. The results showed that the use of 5% sorbitan tristearate produced a stable W/O vitamin C emulsion at 14 days of storage with a coalescence index of 3.2% and a droplet size of 0.698 μm. The combination of polysorbate 80 and MCC produced a W/O/W emulsion with a droplet size of 0.952 μm, creaming index 2.615%, serum index 2.899%, and a lowest increase in IC50 of 0.32 ppm/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, so its effect on quality parameters must be considered prior to any potential food application. The effect of gaseous ozone on the quality-related attributes of onion bulbs was examined. Onions were exposed to different ozone concentrations (100, 200, 300 ppm) at pulse mode (i.e., frequency of exposures 1, 2, 3). The pungency imparting pyruvic acid and ascorbic acid contents decreased with an increase in the concentration of ozone and the number of exposures, while total phenol and flavonoid content increased to an effective concentration of 400 ppm of ozone. Higher concentrations inadvertently decreased the antioxidant properties. Ozone treatment resulted in a non-significant decrease in firmness, anthocyanin content, and color of onion. Scanning electron microscopic analysis exhibited structural breakdown in the tunic (outer surface) of ozone-treated onion. At higher concentrations, structural changes were observed up to the first bulb scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study determined the influence of in ovo (IO) vitamin E and ascorbic acid injections on hatching performance, chick development and antioxidant content of different tissues in day-old quail chicks. The experiment compared a control group (C: non-injection group) and injection groups, which had the yolk sac injected with 3.75 mg α- tocopherol (T1), or had the amniotic sac injected with 0.9% saline solution (T2), 2.5 mg ascorbic acid containing 0.9% saline solution (T3) and 2.5 mg ascorbic acid solution (T4), respectively. 2. Mean relative asymmetry (RA) of bilateral lengths increased in the T2, T3 and T4 groups, whereas it decreased in the T1 group compared to C. The highest total carotene content in the residual yolk sac (RYS) was seen for the T1 group, which was significantly higher compared to T2, T3 and T4 groups. The highest total carotene concentration in the liver was in the T1 group. 3. The concentrations of delta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol and total vitamin E in RYS tissue were significantly higher in the T1 group than T2, T3 and T4 groups. Alpha-tocopherol and total vitamin E levels in the liver were significantly higher in the T2 and T4 groups than C. 4. In ovo injections of vitamin E and ascorbic acid to different embryonic sacs caused antioxidant-specific effects on developmental stability of bilateral traits, RYS absorption, concentrations of total carotene and derivatives of vitamin E in newly hatched quail chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of delivery type (normal or caesarean) on the antioxidant and oxidative capacity of colostrum collected shortly after delivery. A total of 61 parturients were included in the study and divided into two groups: those who underwent vaginal delivery (n = 36) and those who underwent elective caesarean section (n = 25). Colostrum samples were collected by manual milking up to 48 h post parturition and analysed for thiol groups (–SH), vitamin C, ferric reducing ability (FRAP), nitrate/nitrite oxides (NOx), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). Colostrum levels of –SH (p = 0.0042), vitamin C (p = 0.0455), and FRAP (p = 0.0374) were significantly lower in the vaginal delivery group. The results suggest that vaginal delivery, compared to caesarean section, is associated with lower levels of antioxidants in colostrum and the mode of delivery plays an important role in the composition of antioxidants in maternal colostrum that help protect newborns from oxidative damage. What is already known on this subject? Colostrum is the first biological fluid produced by the mother after delivery and is responsible for a child's growth, cognitive development and health. It is known that childbirth can cause oxidative imbalance, and its effects have already been evaluated in maternal and foetal blood, however, there are few studies evaluating the effects of childbirth on colostrum composition. What do the results of this study add? Previously, a study showed that caesarean section caused greater oxidation of colostrum compared to vaginal delivery. Thus, we sought to evaluate other markers (thiol groups, vitamin C, ferric reducing ability, nitrate/nitrite oxides, and advanced oxidation protein products), in a short period of time after delivery, in order to elucidate this still little discussed issue. Unlike the previous one, our study suggests that vaginal delivery, compared to caesarean section, is associated with lower levels of antioxidants in colostrum, which may make it difficult to protect newborns from oxidative damage. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Our study suggests that normal delivery can influence the antioxidant composition of maternal colostrum, and it is debateable for future clinical practice to improve eating habits during pregnancy and lactation, in order to strengthen the antioxidant capacity of colostrum and reduce oxidative damage to newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of macrocyclic Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ complexes was synthesized using a template reaction between triethylenetetramine and dibenzoylmethane. These complexes may be represented by the general formula [M(C21H26N4)X2], where M = Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ and X = NO3ˉ, Clˉ, and CH3COOˉ. Various techniques, including elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic moment, PXRD, thermal investigations, EPR, IR, UV-visible, and mass spectral studies, were used to characterize the synthesized complexes. Their results suggested the distorted octahedral geometry for copper complexes and octahedral geometry for nickel and cobalt complexes. All complexes showed molar conductance in the range of 8–20 ohm−1 cm2 mol−1 that indicated the non-electrolytic nature. The DFT studies of all complexes were also performed to analyze the stability of complexes. Antibacterial activities of all complexes were also examined, and it was observed that complexes [Ni(C21H26N4)(Cl)2] and [Co(C21H26N4)(Cl)2] exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity. Moreover, complex [Co(C21H26N4)(NO3)2] showed miraculous antioxidant activity, even better than that of ascorbic acid and other complexes. The docking studies of [Ni(C21H26N4)(Cl)2] and [Co(C21H26N4)(Cl)2] were also performed to enforce the results obtained from the antibacterial study of these complexes. Furthermore, the drug-likeness property of all complexes was also evaluated with the help of ADMET studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyaluronic acid (HA) as a covering agent was incorporated into the ascorbic acid (AA)-niosomes to improve the performance of AA delivery systems into the skin. The preparation method: Thin film hydration. Characterisation tests: Field emission scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV-Visible, zeta potential, Franz diffusion cell, and flowcytometry. The niosomes with 10% w/w HA possessed the largest mean particle diameter of 341.0 ± 48.09 nm with PDI value of 0.29 ± 0.05, and the lowest zeta potential of −38.70 ± 0.27 mv. The drug encapsulation efficiency of this sample was 56.55 ± 0.99%, and in-vitro drug release test showed AA released in two slow and fast phases. Moreover, the highest amount of drug penetration and accumulation was related to this sample, recorded 116.55 ± 7.54 and 134.8 ± 10.04 µg/cm2, respectively. Niosomes coated with 10% w/w HA showed the greatest potential for improving the antioxidant activity of AA penetration into the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work involves the green and environmentally benign synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines using iodine as a catalyst and PEG-400 as a green solvent at room temperature that gives an excellent yield of products. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activity. All the synthesized compounds showed excellent antioxidant activity against DPPH and H2O2 radicals as compared to standard ascorbic acid and even more than standard for SOR and NO radicals. Compound 5h showed the highest % anti-inflammatory activity i.e., 80.73% among the series that was comparable to standard diclofenac sodium whereas compound 5d showed the highest antidiabetic activity i.e., 60.46% which was found potent as compared to standard acarbose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleome gynandra (Syn. Gynandropsis gynandra) is fast emerging as one of the most widely consumed leafy vegetables due to its nutrition and health-promoting properties. In addition to its high nutritional content, the plant has a rich pool of diverse antioxidant phytochemicals. The current review provides a critical appraisal on the increasing nutritional significance of Cleome gynandra due to its rich pool of natural bioactive compounds and beneficial health-promoting qualities. The rich nutritional content especially the high levels of macro- and micronutrients is an indication of its potential to mitigate malnutrition and the increasing incidence of diet-related obesity and non-communicable diseases. The presence of health-promoting natural compounds, notably polyphenols, glucosinates and terpernoids has been confirmed in Cleome gynandra using different analytical methods. Cleome gynandra possesses high levels of α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin. These nutritional compounds could be useful in food applications as supplements, colorants and extending shelf-life of food products. Cleome gynandra extracts have demonstrated promising effects in several biological assays using in vitro and in vivo systems. Clearly, diversified diets that include a regular intake of dark green leafy vegetables including Cleome gynandra, holds great promise in ensuring food and nutrition security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate stabilized injection solutions of fuzapladib sodium hydrate using antioxidants as the stabilizers. To estimate the possible degradation factors and pathways of fuzapladib, forced degradation studies were conducted under thermal, acid, base, oxidative, and light conditions. To select an optimal excipient to stabilize fuzapladib under a solution state, a screening study of antioxidants was carried out to evaluate their effects to inhibit the degradation. The influence of the selected stabilizers on its pharmacokinetic behavior was evaluated in rats after intravenous administration. On the basis of data from the forced degradation study, thermal and oxidative stresses were significant factors accelerating the degradation of fuzapladib. Among eight tested antioxidants, vitamin C (VC) was the most effective stabilizer to suppress the accelerated degradation by heating, as evidenced by 45% inhibition of the degradation. The stabilization effect was enhanced depending on the concentration of VC. After the intravenous administration of fuzapladib (0.5 mg/kg) with or without VC (2.1 mg/kg), there were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic behaviors of each group. From these findings, VC might be a promising excipient to stabilize the injection solution of fuzapladib without significant influence on its pharmacokinetic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the phytonutrient composition, antioxidant activity and nutraceutical potential of peels and seeds of two tomato cultivars. Levels of phytonutrients such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, chlorophyll, salicylic acid and vitamin C were assessed. Potential in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated. Tomato has quite interesting levels of phenolic compounds such as total phenols and flavonoids, whose contents varied from 78.41 ± 1.52 to 272.17 ± 53 mg GAE/100 g DM and 13.35 to 139.89 mg QE/100 g DM, respectively. They also contained chlorophyll, which was concentrated in the peels (39 to 78 mg/100 g DM). β-carotene and lycopene contents ranged from 4.63 to 105 mg/100 g DM and 7.51 to 32.45 mg/100 g DM, respectively. Vitamin C level was high in peels with an average content of 27.82 mg/100 g DM. Tomato by-products showed high antioxidant activity with 61% DPPH inhibition and 108.55 to 120.86 µg EAA/g with FRAP method. With this richness in phytonutrients and their strong antioxidant power, tomato by-products have important nutraceutical potentials to be valorized with in vivo experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Aloe vera application (33% and 66% as dipping, AV) on 'Bluecrop' blueberry's (Vaccinium corymbosum) quality properties such as weight loss, respiration rate, fruit color, soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, phytochemical components (vitamin C, total phenolics, and total flavonoids) and antioxidant activity was investigated during the cold storage (at 0 ± 0.5°C and 90 ± 5% RH) for 28 days. During cold storage, significantly lower weight loss was recorded in fruit treated with AV compared to control. At the end of the cold storage, the weight loss was 20% lower in AV treated fruits and AV concentration was not effective in weight loss. On the contrary, the respiration rate (except for the 7th day) and fruit firmness were higher in these fruit. It was observed that color changes were less in AV-treated fruit during storage. In general, AV-treated fruit had significantly lower SSC, while acidity and vitamin C were higher. Moreover, 66% AV application was more effective in delaying the loss of vitamin C at the end of storage. During cold storage, 33% AV-treated fruit had significantly higher total phenolics (except day 28) and total flavonoids content compared to control. In the last two measurements of the cold storage, it was determined that fruit dipped in AV had higher antioxidant activity (both DPPH and FRAP assays) compared to control fruit. As a result, it was revealed that postharvest AV gel applications can be used as an effective postharvest tool to delay the loss of quality, the loss of phytochemical components and antioxidant activity of the blueberry fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the relation between dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and risk of glioma among Iranian adults. Design: A hospital-based case-control study. Setting: This case-control investigation was done in 2011. Usual dietary intakes of participants during the preceding year were examined using a food frequency questionnaire. Data on dietary TAC from foods was gathered from published databases that provided the antioxidant capacity for each food item, measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power. Participants: Cases were individuals with pathologically confirmed glioma that were diagnosed during the last month (n = 128). Controls were individuals, aged between 20 and 75 years, who were hospitalized or were outpatients referred to other wards of the same hospitals (n = 256). Results: Compared with participants in the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile of dietary TAC had a lower odds of glioma (OR: 0.28, 95%CI: 0.15–0.45). This association was strengthened when potential confounders were taken into account (OR: 0.13; 95%CI: 0.05–0.35). Such inverse association was also seen for men (OR: 0.05, 95%CI: 0.01–0.19), but not for women. Furthermore, significant inverse associations were seen between dietary intakes of vitamin C (OR for Q4 vs. Q1: 0.14, 95%CI: 0.05–0.36; P-trend < 0.01), vitamin B6 (OR for Q4 vs. Q1: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.13–0.97; P-trend = 0.02) and β-carotene (OR for Q3 vs. Q1: 0.43, 95%CI: 0.19–0.98; P-trend = 0.57) and glioma, after controlling for potential covariates. Conclusions: We found that dietary TAC as well as dietary intake of vitamin C, vitamin B6, and β-carotene was inversely associated with odds of glioma in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a medicinal fruit known for its high content of anthocyanins, flavonoids, vitamins, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, tocopherols and phenolic acid. Bilberry has long been used in oriental medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as visual acuity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, diabetes, cancer, obesity, inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated using the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of 70% ethanol extracts of bilberry in vitro. Antioxidant activities were measured with total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents. The bilberry extract (BE) showed significant free radical scavenging activities and inhibited oxidation of linoleic acid in a dose-dependent manner. BE also suppressed nitric oxide (NO) generation and reversed pro-inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. From these results, we suggest that BE is a natural powerful antioxidant, and the anti-inflammatory agent being a rich source of anthocyanins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new compounds calothphenone (1) and 6-methoxy kaempferol 3-O-(6″-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (6-methoxy tiliroside) (2) along with six known compounds viz gallic acid (3), methyl gallate (4), kaempferol 3-O-(6″-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (tiliroside) (5), castalagin (6), kaempferol (7) and quercetin (8) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of 80% aqueous methanol extract of Calothamnus quadrifidus aerial parts. Their structure was established based on different chemical and spectroscopic techniques (1H-/13C-NMR and 2D NMR). Antioxidant activity for EAF and compounds 1, 2 and 5 was evaluated using DPPH, superoxide radical and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition methods. EAF exhibited strong activity to inhibit DPPH, superoxide and NO radicals. Moreover, all tested compounds demonstrated a close high ability to inhibit superoxide and NO radicals in comparison to ascorbic acid, but they exerted lower activity towards DPPH radical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, phytochemical analyses of the chloroform extract of Piper betle L. var. haldia and maghai, Piperaceae, leaves led to the isolation of two new phenolic derivatives: 1-n-decanoyl hydroxy-benzoic acid/1-n-decanoyl phenol (H2) and 3-butylphenol (M1) on the basis of spectroscopic data 1D NMR (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR (1H - 1H COSY, HMBC) as well as ESI-MS, FT-IR and HR-ESI-MS analyses. Compounds H2 and M1 showed excellent antioxidant DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 10.66 μ/mL and 13.65 μg/mL compared to ascorbic acid as a standard antioxidant with an IC50 value of 2.52 μg/mL. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity against two human oral cancer cell lines (SCC-40 and SCC-29B) showed significant effect with GI50 values of 24.08 and 33.08 μg/mL for compound H2 and 35.03 and 47.06 μg/mL for compound M1, compared to Doxorubicin® as a standard cytotoxic drug with GI50 value of < 10 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descaudatine A (1), an undescribed phenolic glycoside, along with a known analogue (2) and ten flavonoids (3-12), were isolated from the whole plant of Desmodium caudatum. Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited potent antioxidant activities with the IC50 of 58.59 μM and 31.31 μM, respectively, which were approached to that of the positive control Vitamin C (IC50 = 46.32 μM). Meanwhile, 12 showed moderate antioxidant activity with the IC50 of 173.9 μM. Besides, compounds 3 and 6 inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells with IC50 values of 56.14 μM and 69.04 μM, respectively. Further studies indicated that 3 and 6 could dose-dependently induce PARP cleavage and might trigger caspase-3, 8, 9 activation to induce apoptosis. RXRα is an ideal anticancer target of nuclear receptor. The reporter gene assay of RXRα indicated that 3 and 6 could inhibited the 9-cis-RA induced RXRα transcription in a concentration-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the phytochemical profile, the essential oil composition of an Iranian accession of Artemisia sieberi and their antioxidant and antifungal properties were investigated. The amount of essential oil yield was 1.5% (w/v) and twenty two components were identified by GC-MS analysis being camphor (33.64%), 1,8-cineole (25.66%) and chrysanthenone (7.86%) the major compounds. The amount of total polyphenols and flavonoids, total ascorbic acid and carotenoid content of A. sieberi extract were determined, and resulted in 666.26 mg GAE/100g DW, 54.77 mg QUE/100g DW, 153.585 mg/100g DW, and 907.18 mg/100g FW, respectively. Highest antioxidant activity based on DPPH bioassay was recorded in essential oil (84.04%) and extract (89.33%). Furthermore, the essential oil of A. sieberi tested for its antifungal activity, demonstrated to reduce significantly the mycelium growth rate of Botrytis cinerea, that is, no mycelial growth was observed at concentrations 1000 and 1500 μll−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new flavonol glycoside named Sabiapside A (1), along with four known compounds, quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside (2), camellianoside (3), isobariclisin-3-O- rutinoside (4), tsubakioside A (5), was isolated from Sabia parviflora. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including MS, UV, IR and NMR data. The antioxidant activities of these glycosides evaluated by ABTS+ and DPPH radical scavenging reaction was higher than that of vitamin C used as the reference antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several species of Cryptocarya (Lauraceae) are traditionally used in folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases and disorders in tropical and subtropical countries. The essential oil extracted from the leaves and barks of Cryptocarya species are reported to possess antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, and antitumoral activities. However, there are no scientific reports on the biological activity of essential oil extracted from the tropical Asiatic species Cryptocarya amygdalina. The present study was undertaken to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities of bark essential oil of C. amygdalina. A total of 57 constituents accounting for 99.05 % of the total essential oil content were identified by GC/MS. The bark essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (78.71 %) with β- caryophyllene (34.77 %), α-copaene (14.26 %), bicyclogermacrene (7.65 %), and δ-cadinene (4.42 %) as the major constituents. The essential oil exhibited good radical scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS, and Reducing power assay with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.97 ± 0.24, 1.28 ± 0.07, and 9.23 ± 0.34 μg/mL, respectively compared to ascorbic acid and BHT. The Pearson's coefficient analysis showed a significant correlation between TPC, TFC, and an antioxidant assay of C. amygdalina essential oil. The essential oil also showed potent cytotoxicity against human colon (HCT-116) and ovarian (PA-1) cancer cell lines with IC50 values lesser than 50 μg/mL in both cases. Besides, this bark essential oil at 50 μg/mL concentration exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting nitric oxide production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi, also known as Desmodium triquetrum (Fabaceae) is the most important plant in the herbal remedies. The present study focus on the isolation, in-silico and in-vitro studies of the two alkaloids C1 (5-(4-[(methylcarbamoyl) amino]-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl) tetrahydrofuran-2-yl) methyl methyl carbamate is novel alkaloid and C2 13-Docosenamide is a known alkaloid. The chemical structures of compounds have been elucidated based on comprehensive techniques like GCMS, IR and NMR. In order to know the molecular mechanisms for the two compounds, in silico molecular docking study has been performed. Both compounds have shown perfect binding affinity to the enzymes TNF α, IL-4, IL-13 and 5 LOX Enzyme. The compounds also exhibited comparable G-scores and Glide energy values in comparison with the standard dexamethasone. In addition both the compounds have been tested for in vitro antioxidant assay by using ABTS and DPPH method and the results were compared with standard ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, effects of foliar Zn sprays at different periods on yield, fruit quality attributes, bioactive compounds and micro-macro elements of 'Granny Smith' (Malus x domestica Borkh.) apples grafted on MM111 rootstocks were investigated. Experimental treatments were arranged as control (without Zn sprays), Zn-1 [Zn sprays 1 month after full bloom (when the fruit had a size of a walnut)], Zn-2 (Zn sprays 1 and 2 months after full bloom) and Zn-3 (Zn sprays 1, 2 and 3 months after full bloom). Experimental trees were sprayed with 0.2% Zn (ZnSO4.7H2O). Compared to control, Zn sprays increased yields. SSC values of Zn-2 and Zn-3 treatments were lower than the control and Zn-1 treatments. The total phenolics and total flavonoids of Zn-treated fruit were lower than the control fruit. The greatest vitamin C and antioxidant activity were obtained from Zn-2 and Zn-3 treatments, respectively. Zn-2 and Zn-3 treatments had greater zinc and phosphorus concentrations than the control treatments and Zn-sprayed fruit had greater nitrogen and potassium concentrations than the control fruit. It was concluded based on present findings that Zn treatments could be used as an effective tool to increase yield, antioxidant activity and mineral elements of 'Granny Smith' apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activities of different leaf extracts of Measa lanceolata. The TPC and TFC of the extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybedinium assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Antibacterial properties were assessed using the disc-diffusion assay based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Bacteria tested were three strains of gram-negative (Escherichia coli (ATCC-25922), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC-13315), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC-43495)), and two strains of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC-25923), and Enterococcus faecalis(ATCC-29212)). It was found that methanol extract contained the highest TPC (60.6 ± 4.4 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract) and TFC (6.4 ± 6.0 mg of catechin equivalent/g of dried extract). Extract showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 76.7 ± 7.3 µg/mL), iron reducing power (EC50 = 74.0 ± 1.6 µg/mL), and total antioxidant activity (128 ± 4 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per dried extract). Inhibition zones were observed in water and methanol extracts against bacterial strains, whereas Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923), Escherichia coli(ATCC-25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC-43495), and Proteus vulgaris(ATCC-13315) were resistant against chloroform and ethyl-acetate extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to use resveratrol to prevent and delay the autooxidation process in fish salami and to increase the shelf life of the product. In addition, the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of this compound was compared with ascorbic acid. It was determined that, depending on the storage period, total volatile basic nitrogen value increased and exceeded 35 mg/100 g, the limit value for consumption at the third month in control (SK: antioxidant-free) group, at the fourth month in the group containing ascorbic acid (SA), and at the fifth month in the group containing resveratrol (SR). The highest total aerobic mesophilic bacteria count at the end of the storage was determined to be in SK group (P <.05). At the third month of storage, total yeast-mold count of SK, SA, and SR groups was 3.35, 2.30, and 2.09 log CFU/g, respectively (P <.05). This study showed that resveratrol was found to be a promising compound to protect the quality and safety of fishery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess and understand the maternal oxidative stress in twin pregnancies, currently not studied, through ascertain indicators of oxidative damage in maternal blood in response of two fetuses, as well as the relation of placenta with or without the increase of oxidative stress in these gestations.Materials and methods: The activity of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) was analyzed as an indirect marker of oxidative stress, as well as the quantification of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein thiol groups (P-SH) and nonprotein thiol groups (NP-SH), vitamin C (VIT C) and catalase activity (CAT) in maternal blood samples from twin (n = 30) and single (n = 30) pregnancies. This study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee UFSM (register by the number 49823015.4.0000.5346).Results: TBARS was significantly higher in twin pregnancies, while thiol groups, VIT C and CAT were decreased, asides from the reduced activity of δ-ALA-D in comparison to single fetus gestations.Conclusions: The study established an oxidative stress increased and an antioxidant ability decreased in twin pregnancies, suggesting a possible relation between the levels of oxidants and antioxidants with the complications in those gestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Alcalase hydrolysis conditions on antioxidant activities of shark skin gelatin hydrolysate (SSGH) byproduct was studied. Optimal hydrolysis condition for SSGH at 60°C, pH 7.5, and 2.70 AU kg−1 gelatin protein was used for varied hydrolysis times (10–90 min). The IC50 against DPPH radicals of SSGH hydrolyzed for 90 min (SSGH-90) was 27.39 mg ml−1, which is greater than ascorbic acid. SSGH-90 was predominantly composed of 15–20 kDa protein fragments that regulated increases in peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values and suppressed decrease in DHA of a fish oil-in-water emulsion during storage at 30°C for 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the thrombolytic, antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial potentials of crude ethanol extracts (CEE) of whole plant, organic and aqueous soluble fractions (OF & AQSF). CEE showed the highest (44.63%) clot lysis activity compared to streptokinase (64.35%). In DPPH study, petroleum ether soluble fraction (PSF) has exhibited IC50 of 18.83 μg/mL while the standard ascorbic acid was 2.48 µg/mL. AQSF profoundly inhibited the lysis of erythrocytes (66.20%) which was insignificantly different (p > 0.05) to acetylsalicylic acid (71.98%), the reference. However, AQSF showed a significantly stronger level of protection against heat-induced hemolysis (64.80%) as compared with the acetylsalicylic acid (78.90%). CEE, OF and AQSF have displayed reasonable growth of inhibition of tested bacteria compared to negative control and standard drug (77.50 mg of GAE/g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potentilla fulgens Wall. (Rosaceae) is a medicinal herb that is traditionally used to treat diabetes, ulcers, diarrhea, and cancer. Since the genus Potentilla bears numerous closely related species; hence, standardization of the specific species is of great importance. The present study aims to evaluate the aerial parts of P. fulgens (APPF) based on pharmacognostic, phytochemical, an in vitro study (antioxidant and antimicrobial) aspects. Pharmacognostical study of the APPF was done as per the standard guidelines of WHO. The study of in vitro antioxidant assays includes the total antioxidant capacity, reducing power assay, radical scavenging activity for DPPH, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. Antimicrobial assays of the successive extracts (PFSEs) were screened on six bacterial strains viz. B. subtilis, B. pumilus, E. coli, M. luteus, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The results of the present investigation depicted that various diagnostic characters can be drawn from the pharmacognostic aspects of APPF. Phytochemical screening concurrent with TLC showed the presence of polyphenolics, steroids, saponins, and carbohydrates. Total phenolic and tannin content was estimated which was found to be as high as up to 170.9 mg/g and 63.50 mg/ g respectively. PFSEs showed significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity when compared to a reference standard (ascorbic acid); thus generating a strong linear co-relationship (R2=0.984) between total phenolic content responsible for antioxidative effects. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract (MPF) showed significant inhibitory activity against B. pumilus, E. coli, and M. leuteus. In conclusion, the present study revealed the pharmacognostical standardization of the aerial parts of P. fulgens with potent antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of α-thiazolyl aminomethylene bisphosphonates were synthesized by a three component reaction of 4-aryl substituted thiazol-2-amine with different dialkyl/aryl phosphites and triethyl orthoformate in the presence of Ag NPs (nano particles) as a catalyst under solvent free conditions. All the synthesized target compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P, mass and elemental analysis. The target compounds were screened for their in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity. Molecular docking studies were also performed. The results revealed that among the synthesized compounds tetramethyl(((4-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)amino) methylene)bis(phosphonate) (5d), tetramethyl(((4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)amino) methylene) bis(phosphonate) (5h), and tetramethyl(((4-(4-bromophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)amino)methylene) bis (phosphonate) (5j) showed remarkably higher antioxidant activity by DPPH and H2O2 than the standard ascorbic acid. Compounds tetramethyl(((4-phenyl thiazol-2-yl)amino) methylene) bis(phosphonate) (5a), 5d, 5h and tetraethyl(((4-(4-bromophenyl)thiazol-2-yl) amino)methylene)bis (phosphonate) (5k) showed good antibacterial activity. 5a, 5d, and 5h also showed rather higher antifungal activity than the standard flucanozole. Computational docking methods have been used to predict how several aminomethylene bisphosphonate derivatives compete against the inhibitor BPH-1330 at the crystal enzyme structure of the 4H3A protein active site and how R and R1 influence their binding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on vegetative fresh bulb yield, quality and biochemical attributes of sweet fennel were investigated in spring 2017 and 2018. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, or 150 kg ha−1 of N and K in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that, the bulb fresh yield increased with application of N and K in both years, while the higher level of K had significant adverse effect in first year. Results also showed that sweet fennel bulb treated by N and K exhibited higher vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacity, especially in first year. In both years, alone or combined application of N and K increased total soluble solids (TSS) content as compared to control, and this effect was more pronounced in 2017 season. Macronutrient contents of bulb including magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), K, N, and calcium (Ca) were significantly enhanced by NK fertilizer, however an alone application of K decreased Ca and Mg nutrient contents. Therefore, to improve fresh bulb yield, quality and antioxidant capacity in sweet fennel, 150 kg ha−1 K and 100 kg ha−1 N is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]