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Small-radius wheels are gradually introduced on special rail vehicles, such as double-decker coaches and piggyback wagons. It allows for a low-floor design and further increases the loading capacity of vehicles. From the perspective of vehicle dynamics, small-radius wheels have lower unsprung mass than the nominal wheels with a radius of 460 mm, and it could mitigate the wheel-rail dynamic interaction. Also, the contact patch size is reduced due to the increased curvature of the rolling contact circle, and they are more sensitive to changes in the track geometry than nominal wheels, especially in turnouts with discontinuous rail profiles. To investigate the dynamic response of small-radius wheels in a turnout, the Manchester Benchmark passenger coach with variable radius wheels and a left-hand turnout with a radius of 245 m are introduced in this work. The influence of wheel radii on the running performance, including the wheel-rail interaction and wheel damage behaviour, is investigated by numerical simulations. In addition, a sensitivity study is executed to evaluate the influence of unsprung mass and wheel flange friction on the performance of a vehicle whose wheel radius is 275 mm, and the potential remedy to mitigate high wheel wear is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the discontinuity of the rail profile of a normal turnout, the unique S-shaped curve of a crossover significantly affects the negotiation performance of a train. For heavy-haul freight trains, the in-train forces generated during the braking process may further deteriorate the running safety. Investigating the dynamic behaviour of the train passing through the crossover under braking forces, therefore, can provide a reasonable basis for ensuring train safety. This paper analyses the dynamic response and wheel wear of a three-vehicle train negotiating a single crossover under variable conditions, including variable braking forces, wheel-rail friction coefficient, and crossover layout forms. The results show that the three factors have considerable influences on train safety. If one of the three factors keeps an ideal level, the safe probability of empty wagons can be significantly improved. Considering that there are still some crossovers with tight curves in the existing railway system, avoiding large braking or lubricating the wheel flange in the crossover is still an effective solution to improve the vehicle's performance. In addition, for a new single crossover, a 600-m-radius curve is a good option for balancing permissible train speeds and construction costs of the crossover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at preventing frequently occurred coupler jack-knifing in slave control locomotives of 20,000-tonne heavy-haul trains, a theoretical and experimental research on enhancing the coupler stability has been carried out. Field tests are conducted to ascertain the load characteristics of the slave control locomotive, and the coupler stability mechanism of the locomotive is studied. A dynamic simulation model considering the locomotive, adjacent wagons, and attached coupling devices is established and validated. Based on the model, countermeasures for improving the coupler stability are studied. The field test results indicate that: 1) the slave control locomotives suffer from sustained compressive forces less than 1500kN at the braking stage of cycle braking, while the maximum short-term impact force at the release stage exceeds 2000kN; 2) The coupler jack-knifing mostly occurs at the braking stage, and the yaw angles of the middle couplers are larger than the front and rear couplers. According to the theoretical analysis and dynamic simulation results, the coupler stability can be improved by increasing the stiffness of secondary lateral bump stops and reducing its clearance. Moreover, the proposed countermeasure of setting up lateral bump stop to locomotive couplers is proved to be effective to prevent the coupler jack-knifing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The friction draft gear with hysteresis characteristics is one of the typical nonlinear elements in longitudinal train dynamics (LTD). Due to the nonlinear hysteresis of friction damping, the discontinuity between loading and unloading envelopes becomes a mathematical integration issue when adopting look-up table methods to establish draft gear models. It might cause integration divergence and wrong results if ignored. To solve this discontinuity, three different transitional strategies (velocity-dependent, intermediate slope, and smoothing approximation) are applied to building draft gear models, and the one-dimensional (1D) longitudinal train model adopting the 'Zhai' integration method is used. To ensure accurate results, the international benchmark cases of LTD are studied, and three draft gear models with different transitional strategies are compared in this paper. The results show that these three models can successfully work with 'Zhai' method in the LTD simulation to achieve the force agreement with benchmark cases. Compared to the other two models, the velocity-dependent model doesn't exhibit good buffer deflection agreement and requires a smaller step size to achieve convergent results. Therefore, it is recommended that adopting the intermediate slope method or smoothing approximation approach avoids discontinuity problems of modelling draft gears in LTD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periosteum plays a key role in bone tissue regeneration, especially in the promotion and protection of new bones. However, among the bone repair materials, many biomimetic artificial periosteum lack the natural periosteal structure, stem cells, and immunoregulation required for bone regeneration. In this study, we used natural periosteum to produce acellular periosteum. To retain the appropriate cell survival structure and immunomodulatory proteins, we grafted the functional polypeptide SKP on the surface collagen of the periosteum via an amide bond, providing the acellular periosteum with the ability to recruit mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, we developed a biomimetic periosteum (DP-SKP) with the ability to promote stem cell homing and immunoregulation in vivo. Compared to the blank and simple decellularized periosteum groups, DP-SKP was more conducive to stem cell adhesion, growth, and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Additionally, compared with the other two groups, DP-SKP significantly promoted mesenchymal stem cell homing to the periosteal transplantation site, improved the bone immune microenvironment, and accelerated new lamellar bone formation in the critical size defect of rabbit skulls in vivo. Therefore, this acellular periosteum with a mesenchymal stem cell homing effect is expected to be used as an extracellular artificial periosteum in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]