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In response to the growing number of women within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), along with the challenge of meeting their health-care needs in a historically male-focused setting, VHA has supported a variety of research projects aimed at evaluating and improving the status of women's health and health-care experiences. While these efforts have primarily focused on aspects of care such as the availability and accessibility of services and the provision of timely care, this study focused on the contribution of interpersonal aspects of care. Specifically, staff gender awareness, conceptualized as health-care workers' gender-role ideology or attitudes, gender sensitivity, and knowledge was examined. Findings revealed both strengths and weaknesses in domains of staff gender awareness and significant relationships between staff demographics and gender awareness components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to measure the prevalence of drugs of abuse (DOA) among the goods carriage drivers associated with the southern State of India, Kerala. Point-of-collection testing (POCT) of oral fluid collected from the participants (n = 249) was done using the Evidence MultiSTAT DOA Oral Fluid II Assay kits and the Evidence MultiSTAT analyzer. Out of the total samples, 53 (21.29%) were positive for one or more DOA. A high prevalence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (10.04%) and synthetic cannabinoids were detected in the samples. The use of ketamine, alpha-PVP, LSD, methamphetamine, opiate, 6-MAM, benzodiazepines I, methadone, PCP, tramadol, and amphetamine was also detected and their frequency of use ranged between 4.02 and 0.80%. An association between drug abuse and distance of travel was found in drivers in this study, χ2 (5, N = 249) = 123.5, p < 0.001. Confirmatory analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed excellent agreement with the results of the screening test. This was the first study conducted among drivers in India for the detection of DOA. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was used more by the goods carriage drivers associated with Kerala State, India. The use of psychoactive substances significantly increased with the distance of travel. Point-of-collection testing (POCT) by the biochip array technology is an efficient method for the detection of these substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renewed interest in considering a range of stimulants, psychedelics and dissociatives as therapeutics emphasizes the need to draft an updated overview of these drugs' clinical and pharmacological issues. The focus here was on: stimulants (e.g. amphetamines, methamphetamine, and pseudoephedrine; phenethylamines; synthetic cathinones; benzofurans; piperazines; aminoindanes; aminorex derivatives; phenmetrazine derivatives; phenidates); classical (e.g. ergolines; tryptamines; psychedelic phenethylamines), and atypical (e.g. PCP/ketamine-like dissociatives) psychedelics. Stimulant and psychedelics are associated with: a) increased central DA levels (psychedelic phenethylamines, synthetic cathinones and stimulants); b) 5-HT receptor subtypes' activation (psychedelic phenethylamines; recent tryptamine and lysergamide derivatives); and c) antagonist activity at NMDA receptors, (phencyclidine-like dissociatives). Clinicians should be regularly informed about the range of NPS and their medical, psychobiological and psychopathological risks both in the acute and long term. Future research should focus on an integrative model in which pro-drug websites' analyses are combined with advanced research approaches, including computational chemistry studies so that in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies of index novel psychoactives can be organized. The future of psychedelic research should focus on identifying robust study designs to convincingly assess the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelics, molecules likely to present with limited dependence liability levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new psychoactive substances into the global drug market has presented challenges for effective drug legislation and enforcement. One approach to prohibition uses controlled drug analogue legislation, which involves assessing the structural similarity of new substances compared to listed controlled drugs, as opposed to the new substance being specifically listed in legislation itself. An issue arises of there being no clear definition for what constitutes similarity between two substances, and as such, there is level of subjectivity in any decision made. This paper outlines the global and local drug scene in New Zealand, including the emergence of new psychoactive substances, and the legislation that is available for the control of illicit substances in a New Zealand context and the current method for considering new psychoactive substances as potential controlled drug analogues. The authors go on to propose an alternative method to this assessment process, which involves an objective and reproducible similarity scoring mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To summarize the effects of rehabilitation interventions to reduce freezing of gait (FOG) in people with Parkinson's disease. A systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized trials of rehabilitation interventions that reported a FOG outcome was conducted. Quality of included studies and certainty of FOG outcome were assessed using the PEDro scale and GRADE framework. Sixty-five studies were eligible, with 62 trialing physical therapy/exercise, and five trialing cognitive and/or behavioral therapies. All meta-analyses produced very low-certainty evidence. Physical therapy/exercise had a small effect on reducing FOG post-intervention compared to control (Hedges' g= −0.26, 95% CI= −0.38 to −0.14, 95% prediction interval (PI)= −0.38 to −0.14). We are uncertain of the effects on FOG post-intervention when comparing: exercise with cueing to without cueing (Hedges' g= −0.58, 95% CI= −0.86 to −0.29, 95% PI= −1.23 to 0.08); action observation training plus movement strategy practice to practice alone (Hedges' g= −0.56, 95% CI= −1.16 to 0.05); and dance to multimodal exercises (Hedges' g= −0.64, 95% CI= −1.53 to 0.25). We are uncertain if physical therapy/exercise, cognitive or behavioral therapies, are effective at reducing FOG. FOG leads to impaired mobility and falls, but the effect of rehabilitation interventions (including physical therapy/exercise and cognitive/behavioral therapies) on FOG is small and uncertain. Until more robust evidence is generated, clinicians should assess FOG using both self-report and physical measures, as well as other related impairments such as cognition, anxiety, and fear of falling. Interventions for FOG should be personalized based on the individual's triggers and form part of a broader exercise program addressing gait, balance, and falls prevention. Interventions should continue over the long term and be closely monitored and adjusted as individual circumstances change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the gait parameters in patients with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) therapy using quantitative gait analyses and reveal the associated clinical features. Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects with STN-DBS who applied to our movement disorders outpatient clinics between December/2021 and March/2022 were enrolled. In addition to the evaluation of the demographic data and the clinical features; clinical scales measuring the freezing of gait (FOG), falls and quality of life were performed. A gait analyzer program was used to perform gait analysis. Thirty patients with a mean age of 59.4 ± 8.3 (F/M = 7/23) were enrolled. The comparative analyses between the tremor-dominant and akinetic-rigid (AR) subtype patients showed that the step time asymmetry measures were higher in the AR group. The comparative analyses according to the symptom onset side showed that the step length was smaller in those with left-side symptom onset. The correlation analyses showed that there were correlations between the quality-of-life indexes and FOG questionnaire and falls efficacy scale (FES) scores. Finally, the correlation analyses between clinical scales and gait parameters revealed that there were significant correlations between the FES scores and the step length asymmetry (SLA). We found a strong relationship between falls and quality of life indexes of our patients under STN-DBS therapy. In this patient group, particular evaluation of fallings and the follow-up of SLA in gait analysis may constitute important points during the evaluation of patients in routine clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the stardom of retired Italian football legend, Francesco Totti, in terms of his attachment to place. In an era defined by globalization, mass media, consumerism, and identity politics, Totti emerged as a public symbol of the city of Rome and for what it means to be Roman. His Romanità (Romanness) stands in contrast to the global media brand of his contemporary, the English footballer, David Beckham. Totti's star informs us on how people might develop and negotiate identities rooted in place in an era of global media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Findings: Talking about emotions with their caregivers help young children develop emotional competence, and is particularly beneficial for children who display elevated externalizing behaviors. However, prior descriptive work has shown that teacher-child emotion talk in preschool classrooms is scarce. As children are spending increasing amounts of time in preschool programs, there is value in understanding the factors associated with teacher-child emotion talk for supporting these types of interactions. In this study, child and teacher factors associated with teacher-child emotion talk frequency were examined. Participants included 183 preschool teachers and 470 children rated by their teachers as displaying elevated externalizing behaviors in a mix of federally funded (Head Start), state funded, and private preschool programs within two eastern states in the United States. Emotion talk frequency was observed in the context of a standardized, dyadic teacher-child storybook reading task. Results from a multilevel model showed that emotion talk frequency was primarily explained by differences between teachers. Particularly, teachers talked with children about emotions more often when they (1) held an early childhood major and (2) were observed to engage in more responsive teaching. Policy or Practice: Results identify malleable teacher factors linked to teacher-child emotion talk frequency. Findings also highlight the role of preschool teachers as socializers of young children's emotions and suggest the need for future research to understand how the quality of emotion talk varies between and within teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Workplace safety problems are often catastrophic. There are both external and internal factors that influence employee safety performance. Strengthening internal factors is crucial to enhancing safety performance. Methods. Through a sense-making perspective, in the present study the impact of spiritual leadership on employees' career callings and safety performance was investigated, along with the moderating function of future work self-salience. A total of 339 paired leader–employee data were obtained. Results. Spiritual leadership significantly improved employee safety performance. Career callings served a mediating role between spiritual leadership and employee safety performance. The moderating effect of future work self-salience was significant. When future work self-salience was high, the influence of career callings on employees' safety performance was greater. Conclusion. The present results indicated that spiritual leadership sense-giving influences the development of employees' career sense and improves employees' safety performance in regard to spiritual motivation and pursuing career callings. In the present article, a theoretical and practical basis is provided for the safe development of organizations and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) may present with a myriad of physical symptoms. There is limited research available comparing the presence of examination findings among individuals with PPCS from different age groups. Retrospective case-control chart review of 481 patients with PPCS and 271 non-trauma controls. Physical assessments were categorized as ocular, cervical, and vestibular/balance. Differences in presentation were compared between PPCS and controls as well as between individuals with PPCS in three age groups: adolescents, young adults, and older adults. All three PPCS groups had more abnormal oculomotor findings than their age-matched counterparts. When comparing PPCS patients from different age groups, no differences were seen in prevalence of abnormal smooth pursuits or saccades; however, adolescents with PPCS had more abnormal cervical findings and a lower prevalence of abnormal NPC, vestibular and balance findings. Patients with PPCS presented with a different constellation of clinical findings based on their age. Adolescents were more likely to demonstrate evidence of cervical injury compared to younger and older adults, and adults were more likely to present with vestibular findings and impaired NPC. Adults with PPCS were more likely to present with abnormal oculomotor findings compared to adults with non-traumatic causes of dizziness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: to investigate the effects of Pilates exercise on the anticipatory activation of selected lower limb muscles and balance in elderly women who had previous history of falling. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 22 elderly women were divided into the control (n = 10) and the experimental (n = 12) groups. The Berg balance scale and Timed Up and Go Test and electrical activity of selected lower-limb muscles were collected before and after the intervention period. The experimental group performed the Pilates exercises for eight weeks (three sessions of one hour per week). Results: Pilates exercises had a significant effect on the Berg balance scale (p = 0.001), the timed up and go test (p < 0.001), the onset time of the tibialis anterior (p < 0.001), vastus lateralis (p = 0.004), vastus medialis (p = 0.033), and biceps femoris (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Pilates exercises can improve anticipatory activation of lower extremity muscles, balance and performance in elderly women with falling history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sling mobility training consists of passive and active exercises in slings suspended from the ceiling. We report the effects of music-based sling mobility training for patients with Parkinson's disease over a one-year follow-up period. Four participants with Parkinson's disease, aged 64 to 80 years participated in this study. All participants underwent music-based sling mobility training five times per week for one year. The outcome measures included the Part III of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS-III), Berg balance scale, 10-meter walk test, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), modified Barthel index (MBI), and Parkinson's disease questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39). After six months of training, all four participants showed noticeably improved scores for all tests. Furthermore, gains were maintained after one year of training. These findings suggest that music-based sling mobility training might be helpful in enhancing physical performance, activities of daily living, and quality of life in individuals with Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative condition, typically presenting with, but not limited to, impairments of postural instability, gait, and gaze stability. This case report describes the multifactorial assessment and rehabilitation of a patient with atypical PSP who has significant gaze deficits, asymmetrical stepping responses, trunk rigidity, and reduced posterior excursion on limits of stability. Evaluation utilized computerized gait and balance assessments, foot clearance analysis, a squat test, and a timed stepping test. The intervention included boxing, stepping tasks, and treadmill training each with eye movement challenges. A total of 15 hours of physical therapy was provided; 1 hour, 2 times a week. Post-intervention improvements were noted subjectively, on eye-body coordination, and objectively, on limits of stability, foot clearance, and task performance (squats, timed stepping). Follow-up demonstrated some decline from posttest results; however, patient-reported adherence to the program was less than recommended. A multifactorial rehabilitation program can improve balance, eye-body coordination, and strength in a high functioning patient with atypical PSP. Longitudinal randomized controlled studies are suggested to further investigate this interventional approach in high functioning individuals diagnosed with atypical PSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling phenomenon defined by the periodic absence or reduction of forward progression of the feet despite the intention to walk. We sought to understand whether Google Glass (GG), a lightweight wearable device that provides simultaneous visual-auditory cues, might improve FOG in parkinsonism. Patients with parkinsonism and FOG utilized GG custom-made auditory-visual cue applications: "Walk With Me" and "Unfreeze Me" in a single session intervention. We recorded ambulation time with and without GG under multiple conditions including 25 feet straight walk, dual task of performing serial 7's while straight walking, 180 degree turn after walking 25 feet, and walking through a doorway. FOG and patient experience questionnaires were administered. Using the GG "Walk With Me" program, improvements were noted in the following: average 25 feet straight walk by 0.32 s (SD 2.12); average dual task of serial 7's and 25 feet straight walk by 1.79 s (SD 2.91); and average walk through doorway by 0.59 s (SD 0.81). Average 180 degree turn after 25 feet walk worsened by 1.89 s (SD 10.66). Using the "Unfreeze Me" program, only the average dual task of serial 7's and 25 feet straight walk improved (better by 0.82 s (SD 3.08 sec). All other tasks had worse performance in terms of speed of completion. This feasibility study provides preliminary data suggesting that some walking tasks may improve with GG, which uses various musical dance programs to provide visual and auditory cueing for patients with FOG. Freezing of gait in parkinsonian syndromes is a disabling motor block described by patients as having their feet stuck to the floor leading to difficulty in initiation of gait and increased risk for falls. Wearable assistive devices such as Google Glass™ use visual and auditory cueing that may improve gait pattern in patients with freezing of gait. Augmented reality programs using wearable assistive devices are a home-based therapy, with the potential for reinforcing physical therapy techniques; this is especially meaningful during the COVID-19 pandemic when access to both medical and rehabilitative care has been curtailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing of gait (FoG) is a common target of rehabilitative interventions for people with Parkinson disease (PD). Virtual reality (VR) holds potential for advancing research and clinical management of FoG through flexible creation of FoG-provoking environments that are not easily or safely replicated in the clinic. The aim of this study was to investigate whether VR environments that replicate FoG-provoking situations would exacerbate gait impairments associated with FoG compared to unobstructed VR and physical laboratory environments. Gait characteristics (pace, rhythm, variability, asymmetry, and postural control domains) and festination were measured using motion capture while people with PD walked in VR environments based on FoG-provoking situations (doorway, hallway, and crowd environments) compared to unobstructed VR and physical laboratory environments. The effect of VR environments was assessed using one-way repeated measures ANOVAs with planned contrasts. Ten participants (mean age 74.1 years, 3 females, Hoehn and Yahr stage 2–3) with PD who self-reported FoG participated. Gait speed and step length were reduced in all VR environments compared to the physical laboratory. Step width was wider, step length was more variable, and festination was more common for some of the VR environments compared to the physical laboratory environment. Compared to the unobstructed virtual laboratory environment, step length was more variable in VR crowd and doorway environments. The exacerbation of gait impairments that are characteristic precursors of FoG in FoG-provoking VR environments supports the potential utility of VR technology in the assessment and treatment of gait impairments in PD. Freezing increases fall risk and reduces quality of life in Parkinson disease (PD). Virtual reality (VR) can simulate visuospatial environments that provoke freezing. Immersive VR doorway, hallway, and crowd environments were developed. Gait speed slowed when people with PD walked overground in all VR environments. Step variability and festination increased in freeze-provoking environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strobe/quad strobe glasses People with PD (and older adults) become increasingly reliant on visuo-cognition for mobility, which may require sensory reweighting training to overcome functional problems and improve performance. The "Senaptec App" is a portable training extension of the SSS assessment/rehabilitation, which can be used on a tablet within any environment and works on both Android and iOS platforms (Figure 1c). Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly affects both visual and cognitive functions, which is complicated by the fact that these functions are inter-related (termed visuo-cognition). If the findings demonstrate that the Senaptec solutions are useful for visuo-cognitive assessments and rehabilitation in PD, this would support their use as a potential means of objectively and comprehensively providing visuo-cognitive care for patients in a variety of settings. [Extracted from the article]

This is the third version of the guideline of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Task Force for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive–Compulsive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders which was published in 2002 and revised in 2008. A consensus panel of 34 international experts representing 22 countries developed recommendations based on efficacy and acceptability of the treatments. In this version, not only medications but also psychotherapies and other non-pharmacological interventions were evaluated, applying the same rigorous methods that are standard for the assessment of medication treatments. The present paper (Part II) contains recommendations based on published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for the treatment of OCD (n = 291) and PTSD (n = 234) in children, adolescents, and adults. The accompanying paper (Part I) contains the recommendations for the treatment of anxiety disorders. For OCD, first-line treatments are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Internet-CBT was also superior to active controls. Several second-line medications are available, including clomipramine. For treatment-resistant cases, several options are available, including augmentation of SSRI treatment with antipsychotics and other drugs. Other non-pharmacological treatments, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and others were also evaluated. For PTSD, SSRIs and the SNRI venlafaxine are first-line treatments. CBT is the psychotherapy modality with the best body of evidence. For treatment-unresponsive patients, augmentation of SSRI treatment with antipsychotics may be an option. OCD and PTSD can be effectively treated with CBT and medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate: (1) the interrater, and test–retest reliability of the figure-of-eight walk test (F8WT) in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD); (2) the minimum detectable change in the F8WT times; (3) the concurrent and known-groups validity of the F8WT times; and (4) the cut-off times that best discriminate PwPD from healthy people and fallers from non-fallers with PD. This was a cross-sectional study. Forty-three PwPD and 34 healthy people were recruited. The F8WT was performed along with the timed up and go test, 10 m walk test, Berg Balance Scale, Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale, and Hoehn and Yahr Scale. The F8WT showed good interrater and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.964–0.978 and ICC = 0.905–0.920, respectively). The MDC was 2.77 s. The F8WT was correlated with other outcome measures. Significant differences in the F8WT times were found between PwPD and healthy people and between fallers and non-fallers with PD (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The cut-off times of 8.43 s best discriminated PwPD from healthy people, while 11.19 s best discriminated fallers from non-fallers with PD. The F8WT is a reliable, valid, and easy-to-administer tool in assessing the walking skill of PwPD. The figure-of-eight walk test (F8WT) is a reliable, valid, and clinically available tool for assessing walking skill in Parkinson's disease (PD). The minimal detectable change of the F8WT is 2.77 s, which may help to determine any real change in walking skill after any intervention. The F8WT correlated with functional mobility, gait speed, balance, balance confidence, and severity and stage of PD. The F8WT times may detect impaired walking skill between people with PD and healthy people, and between fallers and non-fallers with PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liposomes have been used as carriers for vaccine adjuvants and antigens due to their inherent biocompatibility and versatility as delivery vehicles. Two vial admixture of protein antigens with liposome-formulated immunostimulatory adjuvants has become a broadly used clinical vaccine preparation approach. Compared to freely soluble antigens, liposome-associated forms can enhance antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells and co-deliver antigens with adjuvants, leading to improved vaccine efficacy. Several antigen-capture strategies for liposomal vaccines have been developed for proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids. Specific antigen delivery methodologies are discussed, including electrostatic adsorption, encapsulation inside the liposome aqueous core, and covalent and non-covalent antigen capture. Several commercial vaccines include active lipid components, highlighting an increasingly prominent role of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles in vaccine development. Utilizing liposomes to associate antigens offers potential advantages, including antigen and adjuvant dose-sparing, co-delivery of antigen and adjuvant to immune cells, and enhanced immunogenicity. Antigen capture by liposomes has demonstrated feasibility in clinical testing. New antigen-capture techniques have been developed and appear to be of interest for vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We summarized the effectiveness of home-based active video game interventions on physical and cognitive functions, as well as quality of life in adults with Parkinson's disease. We also assessed the feasibility, safety, adherence, and retention of benefits of these interventions. We searched studies in eight databases from 1st March to 30th November 2020. Two authors independently performed the selection, data extraction and risk of bias evaluation (PROSPERO ID: CRD42020178138). Nine studies were included in this systematic review (412 participants). All in all, home-based active video games were found effective in improving gait and balance functions in people with Parkinson's disease, equivalent to usual care and conventional therapy. No conclusion can be drawn on cognition and quality of life. Home-based active video games seemed feasible, safe, and were enjoyed by people with Parkinson's disease. The optimal dose, the need for supervision and the retention of benefits of these interventions are still to be determined. These results should be interpreted carefully, considering the limited number of included studies and their small sample sizes, the widespread heterogeneity of included studies and their medium average methodological quality. Future research should focus on the effects of home-based active video games on impairments specific to Parkinson's disease, such as falls, freezing of gait and attention, as well as the dose, need for supervision and retention of the benefits of these interventions. Home-based active video games are effective in improving motor functions in people with PD. No conclusion can be drawn regarding cognition in people with PD. No conclusion can be drawn regarding quality of life in people with PD. Home-based active video games seem feasible and safe, and are enjoyed by people with PD. The dose, need for control and retention of the benefits still need to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite an increase in information evaluating the therapeutic and adverse effects of cannabinoids, many potentially important clinical correlates, including violence or aggression, have not been adequately investigated. Objectives: In this systematic review, we examine the published evidence for the relationship between cannabis and aggression or violence in individuals with psychiatric disorders. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, articles in English were searched on PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO from database inception to January 2022. Data for aggression and violence in people with psychiatric diagnoses were identified during the searches. Results: Of 391 papers identified within the initial search, 15 studies met inclusion criteria. Cross-sectional associations between cannabis use and aggression or violence in samples with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were found. Moreover, a longitudinal association between cannabis use and violence and aggression was observed in psychotic-spectrum disorders. However, the presence of uncontrolled confounding factors in the majority of included studies precludes any causal conclusions. Conclusion: Although cannabis use is associated with aggression or violence in individuals with PTSD or psychotic-spectrum disorders, causal conclusions cannot be drawn due to methodological limitations observed in the current literature. Well-controlled, longitudinal studies are needed to ascertain whether cannabis plays a causal role on subsequent violence or aggression in mental health disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades predictors of alcohol use disorder (AUD) relapse have been studied, and around 40 different clinical and demographic relapse determinants have been identified. This paper aims to investigate the relationship of two of these AUD relapse factors, namely craving and meaning in life (MiL). We hypothesized that greater meaning in life would be associated with lower cravings and lower relapse rates. An AUD subsample of 81 patients within a clinical population that participated in ongoing exploratory research on religious/spiritual factors related to substance use disorders was followed up to 1 year. Craving (as measured with the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale) and meaning in life (as measured with the Meaning in Life Questionnaire- presence subscale) measures were assessed at baseline and relapse was assessed at 6- and 12-month follow up. Main effects and the interaction between craving and meaning in life in predicting alcohol relapse (with relapse defined as 'any alcohol use' and ≥ 3 consecutive days of drinking) were calculated/subject of analyses. We also investigated the relationship between relapse and alcohol dependence severity as measured with the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire. Baseline craving and dependence severity were related to relapse, but there were no associations between meaning in life and levels of craving or alcohol relapse. Our findings suggest a need for additional research on characterizing the Meaning in Life concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of embodied actions in the daily practices of parliamentary debates in nineteenth-century France. The publication of parliamentary transcripts in the main newspapers at the time confirms the interest of the public in political debates. Instead of simply reporting the content of speeches delivered in the assemblies, these transcripts provided readers with highly detailed accounts of the deliberations, including, for example, the reactions of the audience, as well as the movements and vocal characteristics of political actors. Reproducing the articulations of speeches within the material context of the Chambre, journalists and stenographers sought to allow readers to immerse themselves into the parliamentary experience. Using the analytical frame of experience to examine these material elements within the recorded parliamentary activity found in a representative selection of newspapers, this paper argues that the discursive interactions within the assembly relied on practices that used the materiality of the Chambre. These practices shaped the cultural code of the assembly, which merged within its institutional fabric and exerted a strong influence on the debates. Given the volume of transcripts published during the long nineteenth century, the analysis focuses on a significant parliamentary crisis, the Manuel Affair, to serve as a contextual entry point into the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Termitomyces species are known edible mushrooms in Nigeria, believed to have exceptional culinary and nutraceutical properties. Methanol extract from fruiting bodies of Termitomyces robustus was evaluated for antidiabetic activity using in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays. The isolation and structural elucidation of metabolites from the T. robustus extract afforded five compounds including a new natural product γ-glutamyl-β-phenylethylamine 3 and four known phenyl derivatives: tryptophan 1, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 2, 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid 4, and phenyllactic acid 5. Structures were elucidated from analyses of spectroscopic data (1 D and 2 D NMR, HRESIMS) and all isolated compounds were tested for α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activity. The in vitro assay established crude extract to possess α- amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 of 78.05 µg/mL and 86.10 µg/mL, respectively. The isolated compounds compared favourably with the standard drug, acarbose with IC50 ranging from 6.18-15.08 µg/mL and 18.28-44.63 µg/mL for α-amylase and glucosidase, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the potential of exercise in the rehabilitation process of patients with Parkinson's (PD) may be an interesting treatment perspective. Exercise-induced responses derived from neurotrophic elements appear to ameliorate the decline in neurodegeneration. Despite this understanding, the literature needs to be updated. Our review focuses on: a) the key mechanisms of exercise on PD, highlighting mainly the responses related to neuroplasticity; b) the effects induced by different traditional types of exercise, also highlighting the effects of complementary therapies related to movement; c) the volume of exercise required to support efficient results are explored in the context of PD. Additionally, the proposition of new clinical application strategies in the context of PD will also be determined. It is suggested that different intensities of aerobic exercise be explored for the treatment of PD. The results associated with high intensity seem promising for performance, physiological and clinical parameters, such as BDNF production and cognition. On the other hand, the diversification of tasks and repetition of motor gestures appear as consistent arguments to exercise prescription. Finally, for future investigations, the neuromodulation strategy in association with aerobic exercise appears as a potential inducer of benefits on gait and cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early indicators of who will remain in - or leave - treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) can drive targeted interventions to support long-term recovery.Objectives: To conduct a comprehensive study of linguistic markers of SUD treatment outcomes, the current study integrated features produced by machine learning models known to have social-psychology relevance.Methods: We extracted and analyzed linguistic features from participants' Facebook posts (N = 206, 39.32% female; 55,415 postings) over the two years before they entered a SUD treatment program. Exploratory features produced by both Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling and the features from theoretical domains of religiosity, affect, and temporal orientation via established AI-based linguistic models were utilized.Results: Patients who stayed in the SUD treatment for over 90 days used more words associated with religion, positive emotions, family, affiliations, and the present, and used more first-person singular pronouns (Cohen's d values: [-0.39, -0.57]). Patients who discontinued their treatment before 90 days discussed more diverse topics, focused on the past, and used more articles (Cohen's d values: [0.44, 0.57]). All ps < .05 with Benjamini-Hochberg False Discovery Rate correction.Conclusions: We confirmed the literature on protective and risk social-psychological factors linking to SUD treatment in language analysis, showing that Facebook language before treatment entry could be used to identify the markers of SUD treatment outcomes. This reflects the importance of taking these linguistic features and markers into consideration when designing and recommending SUD treatment plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of life, individuals may re-engage with earlier life trauma as they reflect on life experiences and confront their mortality. As such, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms at the end of life may worsen the quality of death experience. This is a concern for military veterans, who tend to have more trauma exposures and higher rates of PTSD, and particularly for veterans receiving care in rural areas where access to PTSD specialty services is limited. To better understand this issue, we conducted 10 focus groups with clinicians serving veterans in rural communities across five U.S. states. The aims of this project were to evaluate: (1) do hospice and palliative care providers/staff observe PTSD symptoms in veterans at the end of life? (2) if so, how are symptoms similar to and different from existing DSM-5 criteria for PTSD? We used qualitative content analysis with mixed deductive and inductive approaches to code 151 anonymized statements. Analyses found descriptions of PTSD symptoms aligned broadly with existing diagnostic nomenclature, but descriptions revealed specific presentations relevant to the end of life setting such as resistance to care, agitation, restlessness, and effects of delirium. In addition, some veterans expressed pride in service and openness to discussing military experiences. Further, clinicians noted that PTSD symptoms were relevant to family dynamics. Future research should further characterize these symptom differences through direct patient assessment and develop resources to improve quality of death experience for veterans with PTSD symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to employ the theoretical domains framework (TDF) to identify behaviour change factors related to leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in spinal cord injury (SCI) ambulators. A cross-sectional design was employed. Among 43 SCI ambulators, the TDF behaviour change factors were assessed, along with the duration, types, and intensities of LTPA performed over the previous week. The TDF behaviour change factors identified as barriers to LTPA included: knowledge, beliefs about capabilities, coping planning, and goal conflict. Approximately 71.81 mins/day (SD = 75.41) was spent doing LTPA. Participants reported aerobic and resistance training activities, along with several other types of LTPA (e.g., rock climbing). Coping planning, action planning, goal conflict, and skills explained significant variance in time spent on LTPA (R2adjusted = 0.259, p < 0.01), but only action planning uniquely predicted LTPA. Greater use of coping and action planning, lower levels of goal conflict and stronger skills were associated with greater participation in LTPA. These factors will be targeted for a future LTPA-enhancing intervention for SCI ambulators, informed by behaviour change theory. SCI ambulators participate in a surprisingly wide range of LTPA. Rehabilitation specialists can use this list to suggest activities for patients with SCI who ambulate. Barriers to leisure-time physical activity for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) who ambulate include lack of knowledge, weak beliefs about capabilities, lack of coping planning, and high goal conflict. Physical activity interventions for individuals with SCI who ambulate should include action and coping planning, goal conflict, and skills. Physical activity interventions should be created systematically using behaviour change theory and involvement of stakeholders throughout the development process. Practitioners can promote skills training in adapted activities like gardening, cycling, and rock-climbing for ambulators with SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative review summarises the latest evidence on the causes and consequences of substance use in adolescence and describes long-term trends in adolescent alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use in Aotearoa. Adolescence is a time of rapid brain development when young people are uniquely vulnerable to the risks of substance use. It is a major cause of health and social harm in this age group and can affect adult outcomes and the health of the next generation. Therefore, substance use trends are central to understanding the current and future state of child and youth wellbeing in Aotearoa. Adolescent use of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis peaked in the late 1990s/early 2000s, then declined rapidly, and prevalence is now much lower than 20 years ago. However, levels of adolescent binge drinking remain high by international standards and disparities in tobacco and cannabis use by ethnicity and socioeconomic status are wide. Evidence suggests we may again be at a turning point, with-long term declines stalling or reversing in the past 2–5 years, and vaping emerging as a new risk. Greater investment in primary prevention is indicated, including restrictions on alcohol marketing and availability, and alleviation of poverty, racism and marginalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converging global evidence highlights the dire consequences of climate change for human mental health and wellbeing. This paper summarises literature across relevant disciplines to provide a comprehensive narrative review of the multiple pathways through which climate change interacts with mental health and wellbeing. Climate change acts as a risk amplifier by disrupting the conditions known to support good mental health, including socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions, and living and working conditions. The disruptive influence of rising global temperatures and extreme weather events, such as experiencing a heatwave or water insecurity, compounds existing stressors experienced by individuals and communities. This has deleterious effects on people's mental health and is particularly acute for those groups already disadvantaged within and across countries. Awareness and experiences of escalating climate threats and climate inaction can generate understandable psychological distress; though strong emotional responses can also motivate climate action. We highlight opportunities to support individuals and communities to cope with and act on climate change. Consideration of the multiple and interconnected pathways of climate impacts and their influence on mental health determinants must inform evidence-based interventions. Appropriate action that centres climate justice can reduce the current and future mental health burden, while simultaneously improving the conditions that nurture wellbeing and equality. The presented evidence adds further weight to the need for decisive climate action by decision makers across all scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting well-being is a key aim of rehabilitation. The intentional design of interventions to address well-being requires an understanding of the factors that affect this complex phenomenon. A growing body of qualitative literature has identified determinants that people with SCI report affect their well-being. It is unclear whether or how rehabilitation interventions can influence these well-being determinants. This study sought to explore the experience and perspective of people with SCI about interventions that target their well-being. Systematic search of seven databases. Deductive analysis to categorize findings related to well-being determinants, and further inductive coding to identify sub-themes, relationships and additional findings. Twenty studies were selected, involving a wide range of interventions. Each intervention influenced a number of well-being determinants, which were inter-related. People with SCI reported improvements in both subjective and psychological well-being. However, well-being was not always well defined in the studies and people with SCI reported lack of priority for, and opportunity to engage in, well-being interventions in the current rehabilitation system. Rehabilitation interventions can influence well-being determinants. These determinants form a useful framework for the intentional design of well-being interventions, which should be informed by a broad understanding of well-being. Well-being can be influenced by rehabilitation interventions, and a more explicit focus on well-being in intervention design and evaluation is recommended. Conceptual frameworks used to define and measure well-being should adopt a broad understanding of well-being. Well-being interventions should address the determinants identified by people with SCI (engaging in occupation, responsibility, values and perspectives, self-worth, self-continuity, relationships and the environment). People with SCI want a greater priority placed on well-being interventions, and more opportunities to engage in these interventions, especially in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive emotions have been found to be analgesic and can be induced by positive psychology exercises. This study tested if positive psychology exercises provide beneficial effects on pain, responses to pain, physical (pain interference), and emotional function. Randomized parallel-group controlled single-blinded superiority-trial including community-dwelling individuals with chronic pain secondary to spinal cord injury. Participants in the intervention group were instructed to practice 4 personalized positive psychology exercises for 8 weeks. Participants in the control group were asked to be mindful and write about current life events. 108 (64%) completed the study. At post-treatment, the intervention participants reported significant reductions in pain intensity and improvements in pain catastrophizing and pain control, relative to baseline. Both groups reported significant decreases in pain interference and negative emotions. Significant between-group differences emerged for pain intensity at post-treatment. At 3-months follow-up, improvements maintained for the intervention group and improvements in positive emotions reached statistical significance. Between-group differences were identified for pain intensity at post-treatment. Positive psychology exercises represent a potential effective complementary treatment that result in benefits on pain which can be readily implemented into daily living. Trials designed with an inactive control condition should be conducted to further address efficacy. Swiss ethics committee (EKNZ 2014-317)/clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02459028) Registration date: Ethics approval 25.10.2014/Study start date: May 2015 URL of the record: Pain engenders negative emotions (e.g., fear, anger, sadness) which can negatively affect psychological, social, and physical function. Positive emotions have been found to be analgesic and can be induced by practicing positive psychology exercises. The findings of the current randomized controlled trial provide support for practicing positive psychology exercises (beyond the effects of pain medication intake), in particular on the reduction of pain intensity, but also in improving pain catastrophizing and pain control. The majority of the positive psychology exercises are brief and self-administered positive activities that have no known negative side effects nor financial cost, can be tailored to a person's preferences in activities and can be readily implemented into daily living with chronic pain, complementing standard treatment of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the effects of a contemporary dance program, combined with conventional physiotherapy, on postural control, satisfaction and adherence in mild-moderate Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. A withdrawal/reversion test with three intervention periods. Each period lasts for two months: physiotherapy, physiotherapy + dance and withdrawing dance and continuing with the physiotherapy sessions. Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up & Go test (TUG), Sensory Organization Test (SOT), Motor Control Test (MCT) and Rhythmic Weigh Shift (RWS) were assessed at T1 (baseline), T2 (post-physiotherapy treatment), T3 (post-physiotherapy and dance) and T4 (post-physiotherapy). A satisfaction questionnaire and adherence were registered. 27 patients (67.32 ± 6.14 yrs) completed the study. Statistical analysis revealed differences between T2-T3 (p = 0.027), T2-T4 (p = 0.029), T1-T3 (p = 0.010) and T1-T4 (p = 0.008) for BBS; and between T1-T2 (p = 0.037), T1-T3 (p = 0.005), T1-T4 (p = 0.004), T2-T3 (p = 0.022) and T2-T4 (p = 0.041) for TUG. Significant differences for CES (p < 0.001), VEST (p = 0.024) and strategy (p = 0.011) were observed, but not for MCT. Lateromedial velocity (p = 0.003) and anteroposterior velocity (p < 0.001) were significant for RWT. Patients showed a high level of satisfaction and adherence. A short 8-weeks contemporary dance program plus combined physiotherapy shows benefits in functional mobility and balance, with a high degree of satisfaction and adherence in PD. Contemporary dance, combined with physiotherapy, is a useful therapeutic tool to treat balance disorders and postural control in people with PD. A short 8-weeks contemporary dance program plus combined physiotherapy shows high satisfaction in people with PD. Contemporary dance, combined with physiotherapy, shows high adherence in people with mild-moderate PD to treat postural control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Happiness, defined as thecognitive and emotional evaluations of individual's life as a whole, not only gives individuals positive emotions, but also has positive returns in many areas related to the individual's life. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the association of happiness with morningness – eveningness preference, sleep-related variables and academic performance in university students. 547 university students (80.4% female, 19.6% male) aged between 19 and 25 years participated in the study. Demographic Questionnaire, CSM and OHQ-SF were used as data collection instruments. Happiness correlated negatively with MSFsc and positively with both M-E Preference and CGPA. Meanwhile, M-E Preference and CGPA were associative factors of Happiness. Univariate two-way ANCOVA provided a significant two-way interaction. The pairwise comparisons indicated that M-type Achievers had higher happiness scores compared to M-type Underachievers. Similarly, E-type Achievers had higher happiness scores compared to E-type Underachievers. Meanwhile, Happiness scores of both Achievers and Underachievers significantly differed in M-E Preference categories. Happiness scores of Achiever M-types differed significantly from Achiever N-types in favour of M-types. Underachiever N-types had higher happiness scores compared to Underachiever E-types. These results indicate that students' happiness scores increase depending on the increase in student's academic performance and the student's being an earlier chronotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determine if an abnormal preliminary neuroendocrine disorder (NED) blood test screen is associated with mild TBI (mTBI) history or post-concussiveclinical features. Observational Among 1,520 participants with military combatexposure, we measured randomly timed serum levels of insulin-likegrowth factor-1, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and total testosterone as a preliminary NED screen. Using multivariable models, we analyzed relation of screen results in mTBI group membership and post-concussiveclinical features (fatigue, depression, cognitive symptoms, executive function, processing speed). None of the mTBI positive groups, including repetitive (≥3 mTBI) and blast-related,differed from the non-TBIcontrols on rates of abnormal lab screen or rates of growth hormone deficiency (GHD), hypothyroidism or male hypogonadism in treatment records. Lab screen findings were also not associated with any clinical feature. This study shows no evidence that remote mTBI(s) or implicated post-concussiveclinical features are linked to GHD, hypothyroidism or male hypogonadism. Large case-controlstudies incorporating more definitive neuroendocrine disorder NED testing (TSH plus thyroxine, early morning testosterone, LH, FSH, prolactin and GH provocative testing) are needed to determine whether mTBI(s) alone elevate one's risk for chronic NED and how best to select patients for comprehensive testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describe dementia cases identified through International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding in the Long-term Impact of Military-relevant Brain Injury Consortium – Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium (LIMBIC-CENC) multicenter prospective longitudinal study (PLS) of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Descriptive case series using cross-sectional data. Veterans Affairs (VA) health system data including ICD codes were obtained for 1563 PLS participants through the VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI). Demographic, injury, and clinical characteristics of Dementia positive and negative cases are described. Five cases of dementia were identified, all under 65 years old. The dementia cases all had a history of blast-related mTBI and all had self-reported functional problems and four had PTSD symptomatology at the clinical disorder range. Cognitive testing revealed some deficits especially in the visual memory and verbal learning and memory domains, and that two of the cases might be false positives. ICD codes for early dementia in the VA system have specificity concerns, but could be indicative of cognitive performance and self-reported cognitive function. Further research is needed to better determine links to blast exposure, blast-related mTBI, and PTSD to early dementia in the military population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe associations of demographic, military, and health comorbidity variables between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) status in a sample of Former and current military personnel. Participants recruited and tested at seven VA sites and one military training facility in the LIMBIC-CENC prospective longitudinal study (PLS), which examines the long-term mental health, neurologic, and cognitive outcomes among previously combat-deployed U.S. Service Members and Veterans (SM/Vs). A total of 1,540 SM/Vs with a history of combat exposure. Data were collected between 1/1/2015 through 3/31/2019. Cross-sectional analysis using data collected at enrollment into the longitudinal study cohort examining demographic, military, and health comorbidity variables across PTSD and mTBI subgroups. PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), mTBI diagnostic status, Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), AUDIT-C, and other self-reported demographic, military, and health comorbidity variables. Ten years following an index date of mTBI exposure or mid-point of military deployment, combat-exposed SM/Vs with both mTBI history and PTSD had the highest rates of depression symptoms, pain, and sleep apnea risk relative to SM/Vs without both of these conditions. SM/Vs with PTSD, irrespective of mTBI history, had high rates of obesity, sleep problems, and pain. The long-term symptom reporting and health comorbidities among SM/Vs with mTBI history and PTSD suggest that ongoing monitoring and intervention is critical for addressing symptoms and improving quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed a growing in interest in psychoactive substances, particularly those available in e-commerce. These have led to an increase in the number of drug-related poisonings, deaths, and road accidents. Illegal drugs are available on an unprecedented scale and cause previously unknown adverse effects, which creates a challenge for analysts to find rapid methods for identifying these substances and taking appropriate action in the shortest possible time. New psychoactive substances (NPSs) can be lethal at very low concentrations, which give particularly serious cause for concern. These drugs are easily accessible and often regarded (or claimed) to be safe, which encourages many people, in particular young people, to try them. The widespread use of these substances is compounded by the awareness that they are difficult to detect with the existing rapid screening tests. Simple, fast, sensitive, and specific methods for determining the largest possible number of black-market psychoactive substances and their metabolites are therefore essential. Such methods will facilitate treatment and increase the effectiveness of measures aiming to reduce drug addiction. The objective of this review article was to critically compare the most commonly used analytical methods for determining NPS and their metabolites in biological material, with special emphasis on the sample preparation process, and to highlight the possibilities offered by the existing analytical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We explored latent profiles based on mindfulness and difficulties in emotion regulation scores, and investigated each profiles' relations to work–family–school conflict (WFSC). Participants: A total of 194 first year college students (64.4% women) participated in this study. Methods: Latent profile analysis was utilized. Results: Three profiles emerged, characterized as the "healthy" profile (57.5%), the "observant yet judgmental" profile (33.3%) and the "unhealthy without strategies" profile (9.2%). The "healthy" profile showed (a) significantly lower scores on all conflict domains compared to the "observant yet judgmental" profile, and (b) significantly lower scores on all behavior-based conflicts regardless of the domains, compared to the "unhealthy without strategies" profile. The difference between the "observant yet judgmental" profile and "unhealthy without strategies" profile appeared in family-school time. Results indicate that mindfulness and healthy emotion regulation capacity function as protective factors to WFSC. Conclusions: Our findings hold strength in explicating profiles that would otherwise have not been detected when exploring mindfulness and difficulties in emotion regulation independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stent thrombosis (ST) is a catastrophic event and efforts to reduce its incidence by altering blood-stent interactions are longstanding. A new electret coating technology that produces long-lasting negative charge on stent surface could make them intrinsically resistant to thrombosis. We assessed the thrombogenicity of stents using an annular perfusion model with confocal microscopy, and determined the efficacy of electret coating technology to confer thrombo-resistant properties to standard stents. Using an annular perfusion chamber, Bare Metal Stent (BMS), standard uncoated DES (DES), and Electret-coated DES (e-DES) were exposed to human blood under arterial flow conditions. Deposits of fibrinogen and platelets on the stent surface were analyzed using immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. Surface coverage by fibrinogen and platelets and the deposit/aggregate size were quantified using computerized morphometric analysis. The experimental methodology produced consistent, quantifiable results. Area of stent surface covered by fibrinogen and platelets and the average size of the deposits/aggregates were lowest for e-DES and highest on BMS, with DES in the middle. The size of fibrinogen–deposits showed no differences between the stents. The testing methodology used in our study successfully demonstrated that electret coating confers significant antithrombotic property to DES stents. These findings warrant confirmation in a larger study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines teachers' differential emotion socialization practices with girls and boys by observing the emotion language of 27 teachers in naturally-occurring classroom interactions with 112 toddlers. This study explores the valence of teachers' emotion language, the type of teachers' emotion language, and the relation between teachers' emotion language and toddlers' social emotional competence, all by child gender. Results indicate that teachers use negative emotion language more than they use positive emotion language with boys, and emotion language differed by the type of language (labelling, questioning, explaining, or minimizing) for both genders. Additionally, teachers' minimizing of negative emotions to boys was negatively associated with toddler boys' social emotional competence. The current study offers implications for the ways in which we view, socialize, and measure social emotional competence by child gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe high-level footballers' levels and changes in mental health and well-being throughout a 8-week period of lockdown and restricted training during the COVID-19 pandemic. One-hundred and one players belonging to four teams (women's and men's, first and U19 teams) of the same Italian Serie A club participated in the study. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, and administered at 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks after the start of the lockdown. Well-being, positive and negative affects measurements were examined. Across the five measures, 36% of players reported clinical levels in depressive symptoms (scores ≤50) on at least one occasion. Thirteen percent of the players reported clinical levels on > 50% of the occasions. There was a decrease in depressive symptoms and negative affects over the period. No change was found in positive affects. High number of players reportedclinical levels of depressive symptoms compared to what was found previously in high-level athletes. The number decrease during the 8-week period. A similar trend was found for negative affects.Despite a higher prevalence in depressive symptoms earlier during lockdown, this improved as players progressed towards fewer restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this spatial epidemiologic research is to gain greater insights into the geographic dimension displayed by the different duration of mentally unhealthy days (MUDs) across U.S. counties. Mentally unhealthy days (MUDs) are studied in entire cross counties for year of 2014. Using Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data in 2014, we examine main factors of mental health hazard including health behaviour, clinical care, socioeconomic and physical environment, demographic, community resilience, and extreme climatic conditions. In this study, we take complex design factors such as clustering, stratification and sample weight in the BRFSS data into account by using Complex Samples General Linear Model (CSGLM). Then, spatial regression models, spatial lag and error models, are applied to examine spatial dependencies and heteroscedasticity. Results of the geographic analyses indicate that counties with lower air pollution (PM2.5), higher community resilience (social, economic, infrastructure, and institutional resilience), and higher sunlight exposure had significantly lower average number of MUDs reported in the past 30 days. These findings suggest that policy makers should take air pollution, community resilience, and sunlight exposure into account when designing environmental and health policies and allocating resources to more effectively manage mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is increasing interest in the potential for psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and ketamine to treat several mental health disorders, with a growing number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) being conducted to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of psychedelics. Areas covered: We review previous literature on expectancy effects and blinding in the context of psychedelic RCTs – literature which strongly suggest that psychedelic RCTs might be confounded by de-blinding and expectancy. We conduct systematic reviews of psychedelic RCTs using Medline, PsychInfo and EMBASE (Jan 1990 – Nov 2020) and show that currently reported psychedelic RCTs have generally not reported pre-trial expectancy, nor the success of blinding procedures. Expert opinion: While psychedelic RCTs have generally shown promising results, with large effect sizes reported, we argue that treatment effect sizes in psychedelic RCTs are likely over-estimated due to de-blinding of participants and high levels of response expectancy. We suggest that psychedelic RCTs should routinely measure de-blinding and expectancy. Careful attention should be paid to clinical trial design and the instructions given to participants to allow these confounds to be reduced, estimated and removed from effect size estimates. We urge caution in interpreting effect size estimates from extant psychedelic RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are associated with functional network connectivity alterations throughout recovery. Yet, little is known about the adaptive or maladaptive nature of post-mTBI connectivity and which networks are predisposed to altered function and adaptation. The objective of this review was to determine functional connectivity changes post-mTBI and to determine the adaptive or maladaptive nature of connectivity through direct comparisons of connectivity and behavioral data. Literature was systematically searched and appraised for methodological quality. A total of 16 articles were included for review. There was conflicting evidence of post-mTBI connectivity responses as decreased connectivity was noted in 4 articles, 6 articles reported increased connectivity, 5 reported a mixture of increased and decreased connectivity, while 1 found no differences in connectivity. Supporting evidence for adaptive post-mTBI increases in connectivity were found, particularly in the frontoparietal, cerebellar, and default mode networks. Although initial results are promising, continued longitudinal research that systematically controls for confounding variables and that standardizes methodologies is warranted to adequately understand the neurophysiological recovery trajectory of mTBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]