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The problem of urban crashes brings huge challenges and threats to local police and governments, especially in many cities in developing countries such as China. To reduce the frequency and severity of urban crashes, the local government in China has gradually taken interest in conducting detailed actions of traffic safety improvement at the microzone-level. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to try a new method in spatiotemporal data mining techniques, the space-time cube method, to find high-risk crash spots at the spatiotemporal level and to obtain their spatiotemporal evolution patterns. The cumulative frequency curve method was performed to identify high-risk crash spots, and the contributory factors of forming these spots were analyzed by the latent class analysis method. The results showed that: (1) key parameters' selection is crucial in the space-time cube construction; (2) the exit ramp gore point in interchanges, intersections, and entrances of neighborhoods were prone to have many high-risk crash spots at the spatiotemporal scale; and (3) locations with consecutive, persistent, and sporadic hotspots patterns need different risk monitoring strategies and traffic safety improvement. The feasibility and advantages of the space-time cube method in hotspots identification at the microzone-level were confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multigrid methods, algebraic or geometric, commonly suffer from high frequency residuals after prolongation. This paper develops a stable approach to remove high frequency residuals for geometric multigrid methods for solving nonlinear advection–diffusion problems with degenerate coefficients. Here, a local problem is treated by optimization on subdomains with mesh refinements. Newton's method is utilized in the procedure and the iteration is completed when the residual in the subdomain is reduced to the given magnitude, usually set to be the average of residuals in the non-high-frequency domains. An oversampling technique is employed to further improve the stability by providing a definite flow path in regions where coefficients have high contrast and complex structures. Removing high frequency residuals before continuing the global Newton iteration improves global convergence behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a unified M-estimation method in Yang (2018) is extended to the matrix exponential spatial dynamic panel specification (MESDPS) with fixed effects in short panels. Similar to the STLE model which includes the spatial lag effect, the space-time effect and the spatial error effect in Yang (2018), the quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) estimation for MESDPS also has the initial condition specification problem. The initial-condition free M-estimator in this paper solves this problem and is proved to be consistent and asymptotically normal. An outer product of martingale difference (OPMD) estimator for the variance-covariance (VC) matrix of the M-estimator is also derived and proved to be consistent. The finite sample property of the M-estimator is studied through an extensive Monte Carlo study. The method is applied to US outward FDI data to show its validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let wF, wC+, and wC− be three distinct worlds, each of which contains only a single point-sized material particle, and in each of which spacetime is: uniformly flat, constantly positively curved, and constantly negatively curved, respectively. By the relationist's lights, these worlds seem to be qualitatively identical. Nevertheless, for each world, there are propositions concerning possible arrangements of material points that are true in that world, but false in the other two. I argue that, surprisingly, the relationist can ground these differences in the distinct non-modal and intrinsic relations that are instantiated in each of wF, wC+, and wC–. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material culture is an extension of spatial–temporal perceptions and behaviour. The nature of the manner in which rhetorical material is woven into visual narrative become symbolic expressions of material assembly. Mikhail Bakhtin referred to such material assembly as "flesh" in the instance of the novel. In this article, I will extend Bakhtin's notion of "flesh" to film and demonstrate that Edward Hall's theory of mono-chronic and poly-chronic time apply to the materialisation of narrative flesh in the films discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ladyman and Presnell have recently argued that the Hole argument is naturally resolved when spacetime is represented within homotopy type theory rather than set theory. The core idea behind their proposal is that the argument does not confront us with any indeterminism, since the set-theoretically different representations of spacetime involved in the argument are homotopy type-theoretically identical. In this article, we will offer a new resolution based on ZFC set theory to the argument. It neither relies on a constructive-intuitionistic form of mathematics, as used by Ladyman and Presnell, nor is foundationally problematic, such as the existing set-theoretic suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) systems, the main-lobe of the receiving angle spectrum suffers from severe broadening due to a small-array aperture effect. This broadening causes more clutter components to be mixed into the main-lobe, resulting in target vessels more prone to be submerged in the clutter. This problem severely affects the target detection performance. A reduction in the number of array elements decreases the degrees of freedom (DOF), making clutter suppression more difficult. Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) has recently become a crucial tool for clutter suppression in advanced HFSWR systems, using two-dimensional data to increase DOF. Focusing on low DOF and typical nonhomogeneous clutter with high energy, this study proposes a STAP clutter suppression method by estimating clutter components accurately in the space-time domain based on sparse representation in few snapshots. The experimental results verify that the proposed algorithm provides high suppression performance for measured clutter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of COVID-19 shutdowns, much of the world fundamentally adjusted its relationship to time, space, work, productivity, and rest. In this essay, I theorize the pandemic as forcing many people to live within "sick spacetime," which involves 1) experiencing inconsistent mobility, 2) acknowledging the precarity of our bodyminds, and 3) living in the liminal state of being constantly in-wait. I use "sick spacetime" to problematize widespread calls for the "return to normal," then outline a politics of crip/sick futurity in which orientations to time and space remain flexible as pandemic restrictions ease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A generalization of the ultra-hyperbolic time-fractional diffusion-wave equation introduced by the author in Dorrego [The Mittag–Leffler function and its application to the ultra-hyperbolic time-fractional diffusion-wave equation. Integral Transforms Spec. Funct. 2016;27(5):392–404] is presented and studied. The results obtained here extend the previous to the whole space R n . The problem is solved by applying the integral transforms method and the analytical solution is given by the Fox H-function. Some interesting particular cases are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning (ML) interpretability has become increasingly crucial for identifying accurate and relevant structural relationships between spatial events and factors that explain them. Methodologically aspatial ML algorithms with an apparent high predictive power ignore non-stationary domain relationships in spatio-temporal data (e.g. dependence, heterogeneity), leading to incorrect interpretations and poor management decisions. This study addresses this critical methodological issue of 'interpretability' in ML-based modeling of structural relationships using the example of heterogeneous drivers of wildfires across the United States. Specifically, we present and evaluate a spatio-temporally interpretable random forest (iST-RF) that uses spatio-temporal sampling-based training and weighted prediction. Although the ultimate scientific objective is to derive interpretation in space-time, experiments show that iST-RF can improve predictive accuracy (76%) compared to the aspatial RF approach (70%) while enhancing interpretations of the trained model's spatio-temporal relevance for its ensemble prediction. This novel approach can help balance prediction and interpretation with fidelity in a spatial data science life cycle. However, challenges exist for predictive modeling when the dataset is very small because in such cases locally optimized sub-model's prediction performance can be suboptimal. With that caveat, our proposed approach is an ideal choice for identifying drivers of spatio-temporal events at country- or regional-scale studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how young people in Sweden talk about and understand violence, with a particular emphasis on how violence, gender, space and time are co-constructed in this discourse. We found that young people display an ambivalent attitude to violence, reinforcing several contradictory discourses of violence. Young people adopt various understandings that place violence differently in time (ongoing vs. past) and space (distant/absent vs. close/present). They discursively construct the school as a non-violent space while considering digital spaces to be violent. Yet, they still find that violence occurs at different places and times at school. These 'discursive manoeuvres' highlight how views on violence that territorialises and re-territorialises places as being 'safe' or 'unsafe' is part of the gendered spatial regulation of young people's lives. By specifically analysing time and space in young people's discourse on violence, this article contributes to research on their perspectives on gendered violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we first study the theory of the spatial-temporal half spectral modeling and describe some properties of recently proposed half spectral models. Next, we propose an estimation method for the estimation of spatial-temporal covariance functions in the half-spectral setting. To assess the performance of the proposed half-spectral models, we conduct two simulations, in which we compare the proposed fitting approach with respect to the other classical estimation methods. The proposed methods have great success in fitting parametric space-time covariance functions specifically for massive data sets. Finally, we apply the proposed methods for a real daily wind speed data in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce and study a time-changed version of the space-time fractional Poisson process (STFPP) by time changing it by an independent Lévy subordinator with finite moments of any order. We call the introduced process as the time-changed fractional Poisson process (TCFPP). The probability mass function, probability generating function and a variant of the law of iterated logarithm for the TCFPP are obtained. Several special cases of the TCFPP are considered and their governing differential equations are derived. Later, we consider the STFPP time-changed by inverse of Lévy subordinator and discuss its particular cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long-held view that discrete movements aimed to a target are composed of a sequence of movement units (sub-movements) that have different roles in motor control (e.g., initial impulse, error correction and movement termination) depending on the task constraints (e.g., spatial-temporal requirements). Here we report findings from the manipulation of vision/no-vision on the prevalence and type of sub-movements in discrete movement tasks over a range of space-time task criteria. The presence of vison resulted in longer movement times compared to the no-vision counterpart in time-matching tasks. A similar vision effect was observed in the highest Index of Difficulty for time-minimization tasks. Conditions that resulted/required longer movement times demonstrated more pre-velocity-peak and post-velocity-peak types of sub-movements whereas short movement times increased the likelihood of overshooting sub-movements. The present study results are consistent with the idea that movement time is the variable associated with changes in sub-movement profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present analysis, the non-local behavior during thermal lagging is studied to accommodate the effect of the thermomass for a piezoelastic half-space due to the influence of magnetic field in the context of dual-phase-lag model of generalized thermoelasticity, defined in an integral form of a common derivative on a slipping interval. Simultaneous existence of the nonlocality (in space) and lagging (in time) behaviors give rise to a new type of thermal waves, which can be of major significance. In the current analysis, Danilovskaya's problem has been solved in which, the thermal shock is employed on the boundary of the half-space, which is traction-free. Employing the Laplace transform, the problem has been solved and the solution in the space-time domain is achieved on applying Riemann-sum approximation technique. According to the graphical representations corresponding to the numerical results, conclusions about the new theory is constructed. Several graphical representations are shown to analyze the effects of different parameters and to mark the variation of this non-local model with previously existing models. Excellent predictive capability is demonstrated due to the presence of magnetic filed, memory-dependent derivative, the electric displacement and time-delay parameter, and the effect of correlating length is also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent change detection (CD) methods focus on the extraction of deep change semantic features. However, existing methods overlook the fine-grained features and have the poor ability to capture long-range space–time information, which leads to the micro changes missing and the edges of change types smoothing. In this paper, a potential transformer-based semantic change detection (SCD) model, Pyramid-SCDFormer is proposed, which precisely recognizes the small changes and fine edges details of the changes. The SCD model selectively merges different semantic tokens in multi-head self-attention block to obtain multiscale features, which is crucial for extraction information of remote sensing images (RSIs) with multiple changes from different scales. Moreover, we create a well-annotated SCD dataset, Landsat-SCD with unprecedented time series and change types in complex scenarios. Comparing with three Convolutional Neural Network-based, one attention-based, and two transformer-based networks, experimental results demonstrate that the Pyramid-SCDFormer stably outperforms the existing state-of-the-art CD models and obtains an improvement in MIoU/F1 of 1.11/0.76%, 0.57/0.50%, and 8.75/8.59% on the LEVIR-CD, WHU_CD, and Landsat-SCD dataset respectively. For change classes proportion less than 1%, the proposed model improves the MIoU by 7.17–19.53% on Landsat-SCD dataset. The recognition performance for small-scale and fine edges of change types has greatly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explore space, time, and mattering in relation to empathy and nature by examining videos created by 10 undergraduate education majors attending university in Helsinki. Completed as part of a cross-curricular project between art and music students, the video artworks were inspired by a garden theme. Using arts-based, postqualitative methods, we trace relationships or threads of interconnectedness between empathy and nature, viewing them as entangled "spacetimemattering" events. Working in the intersection of arts and sciences, and inspired by new materialisms—specifically Karen Barad's theory of agential realism—we rethink space and time in artmaking as spacetimemattering. Spacetimemattering, understood as a unified concept, reveals how artistic practices work to conjure heterogeneous understandings of empathy, involving more-than-human objects/materials/matter as entangled phenomena that transcend Cartesian dualisms. In concluding, we discuss implications as to why rethinking space and time as spacetimemattering is important for future art education and research practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Space-Time Colonialism: Alaska's Indigenous and Asian Entanglements" by Juliana Hu Pegues explores the complex relationships between Alaska Natives and Asian immigrants during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The book examines the discursive and material entanglements between these groups, as well as the processes of colonization, racialization, and empire. Through an analysis of historical periods such as the Alaskan purchase, the Gold Rush, the establishment of salmon canneries, and the World War II era, the author highlights the ways in which colonial notions of space and time shaped the experiences of Alaska Natives and Asian immigrants. The book emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research and offers new perspectives on settler colonialism, racial justice, and decolonization. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, the problem of unknown source identification for the space-time fractional diffusion equation is studied. In this equation, the time fractional derivative used is a new fractional derivative, namely, Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. We have illustrated that this problem is an ill-posed problem. Under the assumption of a priori bound, we obtain the optimal error bound analysis of the problem under the source condition. Moreover, we use a modified quasi-boundary regularization method and Landweber iterative regularization method to solve this ill-posed problem. Based on a priori and a posteriori regularization parameter selection rules, the corresponding convergence error estimates of the two regularization methods are obtained, respectively. Compared with the modified quasi-boundary regularization method, the convergence error estimate of Landweber iterative regularization method is order-optimal. Finally, the advantages, stability and effectiveness of the two regularization methods are illustrated by examples with different properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research brings together concerns of food environments, food insecurity, and food access to demonstrate four measures of access for an emergency food provider network. Based on the interacting concerns of accessibility and accommodation, the measures are proximity, segment coverage, transit access, and transit time. Proximity measures geographic access, whereas segment coverage focuses on access at different times of the day, on different days of the week, during different weeks of the month. The two transit measures use the region's actual transit network scheduling to address space–time access via transit. The measures are applied to the food pantry network of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Each demonstrates a unique nuance of access in the emergency food provider context, providing useful inputs into the process of meeting a community's emergency food needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For an individual doctoral student, doctoral education happens in multiple spaces across a considerable amount of time. However, the existing literature and conceptualisations of doctoral education do not adequately address the spatiotemporal dimension related to it. By using the concept of scales, this article examines how the social action of doing doctoral studies is affected by space and time. As a mode of inquiry, I use nexus analysis, which allows the analyst to spotlight issues that routinely go unnoticed by scholars, policy-makers but also doctoral students themselves. Based on the analysis, I argue that to theorise doctoral education further, its spatiotemporal dimension has to be examined more closely and considered more seriously than is currently being done by higher education scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper proposes a new high-order finite difference scheme with low computational complexity to solve the space-time fractional tempered diffusion equation. At the first stage, the time derivative has been approximated by a difference scheme with second-order accuracy. Furthermore, in the next step, a compact operator has been employed to discretize the space derivative with fourth-order accuracy. After deriving the time-discrete scheme, its stability is analysed. So, a suitable term is added to the main difference scheme. By adding this term, we could construct the main ADI scheme. In the final stage, the convergence order of the full-discrete scheme based upon the ADI formulation is proved. The convergence order of the constructed technique is O ((h x α) 4 + (h y β) 4 + τ 2). The numerical results show the efficiency of the new technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the impacts of spatial aggregation on the model parameters and forecasts of the space-time autoregressive moving-average (STARMA) model. In particular, we focus on poolability, the equality of mean squared forecast error of the aggregate variable from both the non-aggregate and aggregate models, where the same model order is assumed because a model order is often unchanged under spatial aggregation, which is different from temporal aggregation. For VARMA models, there exists conditions for poolability with known parameters and a test for poolability when parameters are not known. However, this test does not apply to STARMA models due to the restricted form of their parameter matrices. In focusing on the STARMA model, we show how the aggregate model parameters are functions of the non-aggregate model parameters under poolability. In addition, we develop three poolability tests that apply to any STARMA model. We demonstrate these tests through an empirical example involving urban crime data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metrics of success, status, and justice are founded on subjective narratives of spatialized pasts and futures. This article considers three moralised space-times – chronotopes – and their relations to people's mobility within and from sub-Saharan Africa. The first stems from European efforts to promote 'development at home' which places Africans on a separate temporal trajectory. By discursively positioning Africans outside global space and futures, Europe subsequently denies claims to European space or lives beyond African territory. Moreover, coding border crossing as deviant justifies an apparatus to return Africans to their space-time where they can achieve justice. The latter two chronotopes emerge dialogically among citizens and immigrants in South Africa's 'global city.' Amidst Johannesburg's polyrhythmicity, citizens position themselves in a chronotope of stalled transformation where justice comes by remedying deprivations inherited from an apartheid past. This rubs against international migrants operating in a mode of deferred distanciation: using the city to achieve rights and recognition in future elsewhere. These competing temporalities deny possibilities of a mutually shared definition of justice or spatial claim making. This article ultimately positions chronotopes as critical elements in migration infrastructures that shape movements, conditioning interactions, and foreclosing (or opening) possibilities for justice across or within space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the principles of I latency i and I transparency i require understanding the modes of previous consciousness as eternally existing structures within a broader emerging consciousness, rather than as outdated modes of consciousness that are no longer valid. Gebser's notions of I quality i and I intensity i were directly related to an awareness of the magical and the mythical structures of consciousness fundamental to Eastern thought implicit in Chinese creation stories. Carl Jung's awareness of the psychological truths foundational to culture led him to suggest that the fundamental differences between East and West can be found in the extraverted "style" or psychological point of view of the West, and an introverted spiritual perspective in the East. Gebser's thinking ushered in the establishment of a new model for understanding the development of human consciousness, and he conceptualized this model as a series of nesting "consciousness structures" that reflected the significant historical changes in cultural awareness. [Extracted from the article]

The smooth connections of the last transport services are significant for not only the efficient train scheduling but also the operation security of metro stations. A space-time bicriteria optimization method is newly proposed in this study to improve the connections of the last transit services to make the fewest passengers stranded in metro stations. The spatial rationality analyses on transfer distances and directions are first made in this method to avoid irrational transfers between different lines. Therefore, the time of the last trains arriving at and departing from different stations is rationally coordinated optimally. A double-temperature simulated annealing algorithm is newly developed to search for the optimal solution. A numerical experiment is made to testify effectiveness of the proposed optimization method. It is confirmed that the newly proposed method is able to effectively find the rational optimum from space and time perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space–time prism (STP) modeling for activity programs with various realizations of activity chains has been a challenging research topic. This study claims that a bidirectional search scheme in a multi-state supernetwork is capable of pinpointing the exact STP of an activity program. The correctness and search space are first analyzed for the existing two-stage bidirectional search methods originally suggested for constructing trip-based STPs. Two simultaneous bidirectional search methods are further suggested. Travel time lower bounds based on A*, landmarks, and triangular inequalities are applied in goal-directed searches to reduce the search space. The small twists in formalism over the existing methods ensure accuracy and computational efficiency. The performances of the different search methods are compared for conducting activity programs in large networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For design and management of large scale tunnels, it is important to model the transitions between pressurized and free-surface flows inside them. The pressurized and free-surface flow regimes are separated by a discontinuity with different wave speeds on two sides, which makes efficient and accurate simulations still challenging. A robust and conservative space-time adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) strategy is proposed to simulate such transient mixed flow. In the present AMR, the mesh resolution is refined adaptively near the interface between two flow regimes, and the flow states at child meshes are determined by a conservative approach which can avoid numerical oscillations. The numerical results from the AMR strategy are validated with analytical and experimental results, which indicates its good ability to capture the interface between two flow regimes and prevent numerical oscillations. The numerical test in a field scale tunnel shows that AMR can speed up simulations of transient mixed flow by 60 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The space-time Conservation Element Solution Element (CE/SE) method is used to solve the 1D unsteady equation of thermal diffusion in a multilayer material, with application to thermal batteries. A conservative form of the equation is derived and solved using the CE/SE method. At the interface between the layers, local thermodynamics properties are discontinuous. Their spatial derivatives are calculated using central differences scheme. First, a material with two layers is simulated. The results show a very good agreement with analytical and COMSOL Multiphysicső calculations, and the Fourier Number Insensitivity property is validated, even for values beyond the 0.5 stability criterium. In a second test, a material stack representative of a thermal battery is considered. Obtained results are also very close to the COMSOL simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connections between time and space have been studied considerably in quantitative and qualitative research on the geographies of care; however, researchers tend to prioritize one approach over the other. Our article integrates analyses of activity spaces and space–time paths with conceptualizations of care developed in qualitative studies to deepen understanding of the spatiotemporal care routines of older adults in Singapore. Using qualitative geographic information systems (QualiGIS), we develop a comparative frame to understand the differential sociopolitical logics that shape the care routines of older adults who are Singapore citizens and nonmigrants vis-à-vis temporary migrants from the People's Republic of China. Building on recent writing about care assemblages, we conceptualize webs of care as the interlinked chains, in and through which individuals—in this case, older adults—exercise agency to give and receive care in the context of political, institutional, and social structures. Our article shows how the relational thinking of assemblage theory can inform geographic information systems analyses of activity space and space–time paths. We advance research on care assemblages by identifying in actual time–space how various resources within care assemblages (or the lack of) can diminish or enhance the capacity and resilience of older adults to give and receive care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some epistemologists hold that all rational norms are fundamentally concerned with the agent's states or attitudes at an individual time [Hedden 2015, 2016; Moss 2015]; others argue that all rational norms are fundamentally concerned with processes [Podgorski 2017]. This distinction is not drawn in discussions of emotional rationality. As a result, a widely held assumption in the literature on emotional rationality has gone unexamined. I employ Abelard Podgorski's argument from rational delay to argue that many emotional norms are fundamentally concerned with emotional processes. I also claim that the main response available to the synchronist about belief is not available to the synchronist about emotions and, therefore, fundamental process norms are more plausible than epistemologists tend to believe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 outbreaks in China in late December 2019, then in the United States (US) in early 2020. In the initial wave of diffusion, the virus respectively took 14 and 33 days to spread across the provinces/states in the Chinese mainland and the coterminous US, during which there are 43% and 70% zero entries in the space-time series for China and US respectively, indicating a zero-inflated count process. A logistic growth curve as a function of the number of days since the first case appeared in each of these countries accurately portrays the national aggregate per capita rates of infection for both. This paper presents two space-time model specifications, one based upon the generalized linear mixed model, and the other upon Moran eigenvector space-time filtering, to describe the spread of COVID-19 in the initial 19 and 58 days across the Chinese mainland and the coterminous US, respectively. Results from these case studies show both models shed new light on the role of spatial structures in COVID-19 diffusion, models that can forecast new cases in subsequent days. A principal finding is that describing the spatio-temporal diffusion of COVID-19 benefits from including a hierarchical structural component to supplement the commonly employed contagion component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how 'the Anthropocene' is conceptualized within discourses on security, politics, and ethics, and is narrated as a global-collective experience for all of humanity with an identifiable beginning, common horizon, and shared fate. However, this space–time framing assumes knowledge and experience not actually shared. Even critical engagements with the Anthropocene frequently invoke cosmopolitan space–time referents when seeking to intervene or call for action. Instead, we turn to the metaphor of the palimpsest and its discussion by Jacques Derrida alongside the 'worldism' and 'multiple worlds' of Anna Agathangelou and L.H.M. Ling to propose the heterogeneity of space–time. Doing so de-centres monolithic portrayals of climate change as 'the Anthropocene' and enables 'Multiple Anthropocenes', or the multiplicity of experiences of extinction and visions of political and ethical response. We conclude by discussing some insights from indigenous and queer space–time perspectives that narrate various climate change experiences that are evaded and written-over. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interrogates how the two major competing frameworks in the debates over framing our geological epoch – the Anthropocene and the Capitalocene – are unified in the reproduction of a Eurocentric assumption that functions to confirm the historical priority of Euro-Western geological agency, the corollary of which is the rendering derivative of non-European peoples as lacking in such capacity until mobilized by Euro-Western forces. Rather than assume that humanity in general, or colonial capitalism more specifically, has generated a novel geological epoch by disrupting the 'natural' temporal divide between deep geological time, medium run biological time, and human history, this paper argues for a more co-constitutive relation between geological, biological, and social space-times. Locating ourselves within an irreducible socio-bio-geological space-time, we re-encounter the earth as multiple earth-worldings co-constituted by Indigenous and Black peoples in ways that precede, and exceed, the hitherto understood to be 'originary' geological capacity of Euro-Western colonial capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time creates issues for the intelligence community in its four basic meanings: as an objective measure of the duration between events; as a subjective experience; as a component of the spacetime coordinates locating a target; and as a temporal sequence that can suggest causality or attribution. Latency measures the freshness of intelligence reports and perishability the time over which the content will be sensitive. The use of intelligence by military command is governed by time considerations as is the application and development of technology to overcome the constraints of time. The digital age, and digital media, pose new problems as well as solutions to these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of interdisciplinary fields have provided distinct and complementary perspectives on human-water systems over the past few decades. In that context, an important distinctive feature of sociohydrology is its historical and methodological link to ecohydrology. This linkage implies a compatibility between the two fields that can be leveraged to address important modeling challenges in both fields. Sociohydrology has thus far focused on temporal dynamics and can benefit from recent advances in ecohydrology to represent spatial dynamics in coupled human-water systems. Conversely, as it increasingly focuses on human-altered catchments, ecohydrology can benefit from sociohydrology in terms of developing models of human behavior that are compatible with (eco)hydrological models, while being consistent with prevailing social science theories. We review recent work in ecohydrology and sociohydrology that substantiates these two arguments, and discuss the modeling of water-borne diseases as an example of a promising avenue of research that connects the two fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through analysis of works by Chris Marker and Frédéric Boyer, this study considers the inextricability of place and time in the constitution of environment. Both authors offer attempts to see environment in its spatiotemporal fullness through what I call a poetics of space-time. In Marker's film Sans soleil (1983), various geographic and virtual spaces are juxtaposed through their differing temporal dimensions; they form a matrix that is regulated by globalization, mediated by technology, tradition and, most significantly, time. This heterogenous quality of contemporaneity de-centers representations of the earth based upon place. Boyer assesses the ethical and political consequences of these temporal considerations in Quelle terreur en nous ne veut pas finir ? (2015), an essay that emphasizes how subjective unawareness of questions of time and their relation to questions of space contributes to the most menacing problems facing humanity. From these works, I conclude that thinking about how time structures space is necessary for more adequately representing and understanding the earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a nonlinear heat equation is subjected to nonlocal boundary conditions, the difficulty might arise because time-dependent integral conditions present in the problem. To overcome this difficulty, we derive a nonlocal boundary shape function (NLBSF) to satisfy initial condition and two nonlocal boundary conditions. Then, letting the free function in the NLBSF be the Pascal polynomials, the generated new bases automatically satisfy all the specified conditions. The solution is thus expanded in terms of these bases. After collocating points inside the space-time domain to satisfy the nonlinear heat equation and employing a novel splitting and linearizing technique to solve the resulting linear system, we can quickly find accurate solution of the nonlocal boundary conditions problem of nonlinear heat equation. Examples confirm the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed iterative method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S 4.2 is the modal logic of directed partial pre-orders and/or the modal logic of reflexive and transitive relational frames with a final cluster. It holds a distinguished position in philosophical logic, where it has been advocated as the 'correct' logic of knowledge; it has also found interesting applications in the temporal logic of relativistic spacetime and the metamathematics of forcing in set theory. The satisfiability problem for S 4.2 is P S P A C E -complete: this is a result established in an AiML 2004 paper of Shapirovsky [(2004). On PSPACE-decidability in transitive modal logic. In R. A. Schmidt, I. Pratt-Hartmann, M. Reynolds, & H. Wansing (Eds.), Advances in modal logic 5 (pp. 269–287). King's College Publications] where the complexity classification of S 4.2 emerges as a consequence of a very general method for constructing P S P A C E decision procedures for transitive modal logics. We provide here a 'classical' proof in the standard Halpern-Moses style of Halpern and Moses [(1992). A guide to completeness and complexity for modal logics of knowledge and belief. Artificial Intelligence, 54(2), 319–379]. With little extra work, it is shown that the P S P A C E -completeness result extends to S 4.2 n , the multimodal version of S 4.2 . We prove that the P S P A C E -completeness characterisation of monomodal S 4.2 persists even if we restrict ourselves to fragments with bounded modal depth, but the problem is N P -complete when it is restricted to formulae with modal depth at most one. The complexity of S 4.2 satisfiability for the fragment of the language with a finite number of propositional variables (but unbounded modal depth) remains P S P A C E -hard. For a finite language and bounded modal depth, S 4.2 -satisfiability can be checked in linear time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ocean circulation model, Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO version 3.6) is customized to run at high-resolution over a regional domain [30oE-105oE; 20oS-30oN] in the Indian Ocean. It uses horizontal resolution of 1/12° in longitude/latitude and 75 levels in the vertical direction. The model well captures the observed space-time variations of temperature and salinity at the surface and subsurface, and the surface currents and eddy kinetic energy. The short-term spatio-temporal predictability of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) region is quantified using the model currents. The Lagrangian measure of predictability, Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) is compared with the Eulerian measure (Okubo-Weiss parameter). The regions of chaotic stirring are identified in the BoB. The FTLE analysis reveals that the predictability on a biweekly time scale in the BoB is minimum during October-November, and the highest during May to July. The FTLE is shown to serve as a useful tool for planning targeted observations in the BoB region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporal-focus hypothesis (TFH) states that people's mental conceptualization of past or future as in front is determined by their cultural attitudes towards time. Whereas previous studies have found that personally and contextually-relevant factors (e.g. studying and visiting experience) can cause people's attentional focus to shift, and their implicit space–time mappings to change accordingly, the current study instead shows that Chinese participants adhered to a future-in-front mapping and maintained a future-focus irrespective of experimentally-induced or naturally-occurring contextual stimuli and that temporal focus was not a reliable predictor of temporal representation. These findings call into question the generalizability of the TFH and the inherent reliability of its assessment instruments, thus arguing that further replication studies need to be conducted before concluding that implicit space–time mappings are a function of cultural attitudes towards time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we review the place of "the human" in influential approaches to the Anthropocene to expose the diverse conceptualizations of humanity and human futures. First, we synthesize current research on humans as landscape modifiers across space and time, making a key distinction between the "old Anthropocene" (beginning with human food production) and the "new Anthropocene" (coinciding with the start of the Industrial Revolution). Second, we engage critical perspectives on the structuring effects of capitalist and colonialist systems—now periodized as the Capitalocene and Plantationocene, respectively—that have driven environmental degradation and human inequality over the past half-millennium. In the third section, we introduce alternative perspectives from anthropological and ethnographic research that confront the socioecological disruptions of capitalism and colonialism, drawing on indigenous Amazonian perspectives that have a more capacious understanding of the human—including species other than Homo sapiens. Finally, to conclude, we extend our analysis to a broader suite of visions for building socially and environmentally just futures captured in the framework of the pluriverse, which stands in strong contrast with the techno-modernist aspirations for the next stage in which humans become separated from Earth, in space. In recognizing these varied understandings of humanity, we hope to call attention to the diverse possibilities for human futures beyond the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions which determine the acquisition of skills by migrants are still poorly understood. This paper addresses two of those conditions: the temporality of the acquisition of competences, whether the number and duration of migrations matter, as well as the spatiality, or the variation across countries of origin and return. Based on a large-scale online panel survey of returned young migrants in nine European countries, the significance of time (duration) and space (number of migrations) in the acquisition of skills and competences are examined. The findings reveal that young European returnees' experiences gained abroad result in largely positive outcomes but with significant differences between formal qualifications, language skills and personal and cultural competences. However, their acquisition of skills and competences is mediated by temporality – the combination of number of trips, and duration of migration. Spatiality is also important, with outcomes depending on the destination countries, and whether migration and return are from or to rural versus urban areas. These indicate that structural considerations continue to shape individual migration experiences within the EU's freedom of movement space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a synthesis of the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) and the Kalman filter (KF) methods, which enhances their individual strengths and overcomes certain of their weaknesses for spatiotemporal mapping purposes, is proposed in a spatiotemporal disease mapping context. The proposed BME-Kalman synthesis allows BME to use information from both parametric regression modeling and KF estimation leading to enhanced knowledge bases. The BME-Kalman synthetic approach is used to study the space-time incidence mapping of the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Shandong province (China) during the period May 1st, 2008 to March 19th, 2009. The results showed that the BME-Kalman approach exhibited very good regressive and predictive accuracies, maintained a very good performance even during low-incidence and extremely low-incidence periods, offered an improved description of hierarchical disease characteristics compared to traditional mapping techniques, and provided a clear explanation of the spatial stratified incidence heterogeneity at unsampled locations. The BME-Kalman approach is versatile and flexible so that it can be modified and adjusted according to the needs of the application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographically weighted regression (GWR) and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) are classic methods for estimating non-stationary relationships. Although these methods have been widely used in geographical modeling and spatiotemporal analysis, they face challenges in adequately expressing space-time proximity and constructing a kernel with optimal weights. This probably results in an insufficient estimation of spatiotemporal non-stationarity. To address complex non-linear interactions between time and space, a spatiotemporal proximity neural network (STPNN) is proposed in this paper to accurately generate space-time distance. A geographically and temporally neural network weighted regression (GTNNWR) model that extends geographically neural network weighted regression (GNNWR) with the proposed STPNN is then developed to effectively model spatiotemporal non-stationary relationships. To examine its performance, we conducted two case studies of simulated datasets and environmental modeling in coastal areas of Zhejiang, China. The GTNNWR model was fully evaluated by comparing with ordinary linear regression (OLR), GWR, GNNWR, and GTWR models. The results demonstrated that GTNNWR not only achieved the best fitting and prediction performance but also exactly quantified spatiotemporal non-stationary relationships. Further, GTNNWR has the potential to handle complex spatiotemporal non-stationarity in various geographical processes and environmental phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space-time plays a central role in the scientific study of learning trajectories. From a sociocultural perspective, the definition of a set of space-time coordinates enables researchers to identify and examine both the learning activities in which subjects participate and those life events relevant to understanding their learning processes. The present article reports on a systematic literature review that explored the way in which different researchers define space-time coordinates in their work. We identified 24 empirical studies on the subject, analysis of which led us to conclude that the study of learning trajectories requires not only the specific space-time coordinates of those contexts in which a given learning activity takes place, but also the coordinates that people re/co-construct on an experiential or subjective level based on those activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much of the criticism of director Marguerite Duras's cinema has tended to prioritise sound over image, the writing process over the cinematographic one, this article argues that at every moment, Duras evokes cinema, its components and its material, thus making Duras a cineaste who thinks cinema. To establish this, the author explores the fundamental questions asked by Duras about the medium of cinema in her film L'Homme Atlantique (1981): What is cinema, and what can it do? She first demonstrates how Duras evokes each element of the apparatus: the screen, the cinema theatre room, the celluloid and the individual image unit on the celluloid – the photogram. She then examines Duras's use of the black shot and demonstrates how it is in fact an image and not a negation or absence of image. Finally, she investigates the spectator and the camera, where Duras's spatio-temporal reconfiguration is fully illuminated. The discussion shows that in L'Homme Atlantique, space-time remains in a potential, non-actualised, virtual state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situatedness of the coming out process in space and time shapes the perceptions of parents about what it means to have a gay son. We present a retrospective, qualitative study about coming out narratives of Maltese parents. The study sought to find out whether the initial meanings the parents attached to the coming out of their son had altered as a result of time and circumstances. The findings suggest that over time the parents learnt how to navigate social expectations by changing their perspectives and overall they reported positive adjustment. Various insights about homosexuality were gained as they learnt how to disentangle themselves from old ways of thinking that stood in the way of their happiness. Their relationship with their son acquired new meanings and deeper emotional bonds were formed. Insights about spacetime derived from a posthuman perspective have contributed to our understanding of how the parents came to affirm their son's homosexual identity. The study suggests that aspects of time and space could contribute to better adjustment for parents in various social settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central issue for successful implementation of a multimodal approach is the development of appropriate crash frequency models that can jointly estimate the crash risk of different mode users. This study proposed two multivariate spatial-temporal models to analyze 6 years of modal crash data from counties in California: one with fixed time trend applied to all modes, the other with mode-varying time trend coefficients. These models were compared with three other multivariate models from past studies. The major objective was to examine the benefits of the newly proposed models that have substantially increased computational cost, because both dimensions of time and space, and their interaction, are considered. The model fitness results from penalized criterion revealed that the proposed models significantly improved the model fitting by pooling strength from neighboring sites, consideration of time trend, as well as their interactions. The model with mode-varying time coefficients was observed to be superior in terms of prediction accuracy. The posterior deviance was observed to be the governing factor for overall fit and consistently showed a strong positive correlation between model fit and prediction accuracy. Overall, the study is anticipated to enhance the understanding of safety impacts from the interaction of various modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the changing imaginations of social work in an increasingly entangled world. It is also about the ways in which literatures shared across time and space encourage us to identify with larger collectivities. My central argument is that if social work is to find a larger vision in the wake of the failure of a range of modern progress narratives, we must engage differently with the challenge posed by multiplying and sometimes conflicting knowledge communities. Thinking with contemporary debates in transdisciplinary critical social theory, I nominate and explore a number of alternative heuristics—'generational problematic,' 'translational space,' and 'imagined communities'—in support of future work on the uneven temporal and spatial communities of affiliation that reproduce and change what social work is, or could be, about. I conclude with theoretical suggestions, and some thoughts toward how social work education might better support incoming generations to locate themselves within the broader life-course of the discipline and profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]