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The connections between time and space have been studied considerably in quantitative and qualitative research on the geographies of care; however, researchers tend to prioritize one approach over the other. Our article integrates analyses of activity spaces and space–time paths with conceptualizations of care developed in qualitative studies to deepen understanding of the spatiotemporal care routines of older adults in Singapore. Using qualitative geographic information systems (QualiGIS), we develop a comparative frame to understand the differential sociopolitical logics that shape the care routines of older adults who are Singapore citizens and nonmigrants vis-à-vis temporary migrants from the People's Republic of China. Building on recent writing about care assemblages, we conceptualize webs of care as the interlinked chains, in and through which individuals—in this case, older adults—exercise agency to give and receive care in the context of political, institutional, and social structures. Our article shows how the relational thinking of assemblage theory can inform geographic information systems analyses of activity space and space–time paths. We advance research on care assemblages by identifying in actual time–space how various resources within care assemblages (or the lack of) can diminish or enhance the capacity and resilience of older adults to give and receive care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex, dynamic and non-linear characteristics of land use change (LUC) modelling necessitate the development of advanced models and methods. In this research, a novel and stepwise approach is developed for modelling integrated LUC at the regional level based on land suitability, land demand and land use conversion rules. The aim of this model is to use different models (i.e. geographic information systems, remote sensing, fuzzy logic, cellular automata and multi-criteria decision analysis) in a logical way to improve model development, model evaluation and prediction of LUC. The proposed model was implemented in ‘Borkhar and Meymeh’ township, Iran, for two periods (1986–1998 and 1998–2005). Results for producer accuracy, user accuracy, overall accuracy and figure of merit were 0.345, 0.357, 0.351, 0.234 respectively in the first period (1986–1998) and 0.302, 0.287, 0.0.294, 0.202 respectively in the second period (1998–2005). Our results suggest that the developed model is accurate, when compared with the results of existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a Humanities Geographical Information Systems timespace modeling project, which does not reject the ‘space-time’ cube model but rather incorporates, translates and metonymically focuses GIScience methodologies through the epistemological prisms of the arts and humanities. The arts and humanities may offer insights which GIScience can consider in order to conceptualise and model timespaces. Employing the Euclidian framing of conventional GIS approaches, it attempts to artistically, metaphorically and metonymically engage the ‘space-time’ cube concept as a means to suggest a non-linear and fragmented perspective of space and time. The case study presented in this paper triangulates in GIS ‘soft’ data from a modernist novel depicting postmodern perspectives, empirical data sourced from fieldwork guided by the urban mapping strategies of Guy Debord and the Situationists Internationale and Giambattista Vico’s cyclical view of history with Mikhail M. Bakhtin’s literary motif of the chronotope as techniques to model contiguous perspectives of linear and cyclical timespace. The paper hopes to encourage ways to reflect upon a rapprochement between humanistic and scientific approaches to modelling space and time with GIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses philosophical and methodological considerations of space–time representation and analytics. Central to our premise is that how we conceptualize space and time has profound influence on the way in which we represent and analyse spatiotemporal data. Four approaches in space–time representation are discussed based on two sets of space–time dichotomies: absolutism versus relationalism and realism versus idealism. We elaborate on the philosophical inquiries related to the dichotomies and discuss approaches taken in GIScience research. Since most GIS studies to date align well with the absolutism–realism approach to space–time representation, we discuss examples that adopt absolutism–idealism, relationalism–realism, and relationalism–idealism approaches. We argue that multiple perspectives of space and time can bring rich insights into understanding geographic phenomena. All four approaches of space–time representation and ensuing analytical methods should be broadly explored in GIScience research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space–time integration has long been the topic of study and speculation in geography. However, in recent years an entirely new form of space–time integration has become possible in geographic information systems (GIS) and GIScience: real-time space–time integration and interaction. Although real-time spatiotemporal data are now being generated almost ubiquitously, and their applications in research and commerce are widespread and rapidly accelerating, the ability to continuously create and interact with fused space–time data in geography and GIScience is a recent phenomenon, made possible by the invention and development of real-time interactive (RTI) Global Positioning System (GPS)/GIS technology and functionality in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This innovation has since functioned as a core change agent in geography, cartography, GIScience, and many related fields, profoundly realigning traditional relationships and structures, expanding research horizons, and transforming the ways in which geographic data are now collected, mapped, modeled, and used, both in geography and in science and society more broadly. Real-time space–time interactive functionality remains today the underlying process generating the current explosion of fused spatiotemporal data, new geographic research initiatives, and myriad geospatial applications in governments, businesses, and society. This article addresses briefly the development of these real-time space–time functions and capabilities; their impact on geography, cartography, and GIScience; and some implications for how discovery and change can occur in geography and GIScience and how we might foster continued innovation in these fields. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Space and time frame all aspects of the discipline of geography. Integration is normally interpreted by geographers as a straddling of the environmental–social divide, but a more profound interpretation stresses the issues involved in coupling environmental and social processes: a science of integration rather than an integration of sciences. Seven examples of distinct data types and scientific questions are examined, leading to the conclusion that a space–time geographic information system is unlikely to emerge in the near future. Instead, attention should focus on the systematic study of the issues involved in integration through the formal environment of a computational system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this era of abundant space–time geographic information systems (GIS) data, one challenge in GIScience is to adapt and improve current GIS environments to facilitate new ways of space–time thinking and to fully exploit the information in these data. This article focuses on the use of spatiotemporal data transformations using the construct of a space–time cube, which is a space–time coordinate space with geographical horizontal axes and a temporal vertical axis. I have chosen three examples in which the concept of space–time cubes is applied to different themes and on different scales to illustrate how diverse subjects can be interpreted with space–time analysis and transformations of space–time data. The transformation functions, such as space–time overlays, interpolation, and surface operations, can be understood as natural extensions of popular analytical operations already present in current GIS and should be intrinsic in the next generation of GIS to handle the dense space–time information that is available to us. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction is presented to a special section on space-time integration in geography and GIScience (Geographic Information Science) which discusses various reports within the section on topics including global positioning system (GPS) technologies, human mobility, and time.

The widespread adoption of location-aware technologies (LATs) has afforded analysts new opportunities for efficiently collecting trajectory data of moving individuals. These technologies enable measuring trajectories as a finite sample set of time-stamped locations. The uncertainty related to both finite sampling and measurement errors makes it often difficult to reconstruct and represent a trajectory followed by an individual in space–time. Time geography offers an interesting framework to deal with the potential path of an individual in between two sample locations. Although this potential path may be easily delineated for travels along networks, this will be less straightforward for more nonnetwork-constrained environments. Current models, however, have mostly concentrated on network environments on the one hand and do not account for the spatiotemporal uncertainties of input data on the other hand. This article simultaneously addresses both issues by developing a novel methodology to capture potential movement between uncertain space–time points in obstacle-constrained travel environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of accessibility needs to take into account factors like individual needs, preferences, and abilities as well as transportation, land use, and finances. This article proposes a sensitive space-time accessibility indicator from a regional perspective. This indicator, representing cumulative available activity time with a regional context, is different from both traditional accessibility measures (e.g., gravity-based accessibility, cumulative accessibility, utility-based accessibility, and so on) and previous concepts of individual space-time accessibility. The major advantage of this indicator is its sensitivity to the location of the anchor point, the transportation network, the distribution of activity sites over the whole region, and certain individual needs such as minimum activity times and activity time budgets. Several examples are worked to demonstrate these sensitivities and an innovative accessibility pattern which was previously unknown. This indicator should be helpful for planning agencies to assess urban environmental patterns and for business owners to evaluate potential business locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central to temporal Geographical Information systems (GIS) research is representation and analysis of temporality in spatial databases. Temporality can be characterized by change, motion, and periodicity, but to date, most temporal GIS research advances contribute to representing and analyzing spatially discrete constructs of amandant vectors, geospatial lifelines, space-time trajectories, events and network flows, none of which accounts for geographic phenomena that are continuously dispersing or propagating in space and time. This article introduces a temporal GIS framework that adopts concepts of fluid kinematics and uses velocity as the basic unit of spatiotemporal representation to identify kinematic flows and features indicative of geographic processes, such as divergence and convergence. Climate projections of IPCC A2 scenario are used to test the proposed kinematic representation by comparing data outputs from two popular General Circulation Models (GCMs): the Center National Weather Research global ocean-atmosphere-coupled system (CNRM-CM3) in France and the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model (NCAR-CCSM3) in the United States. The case study shows that fluid kinematics approach offers an alternative means to time-stamped, change-based or event-based representations of geographic phenomena and provides a new foundation for GIS analysis of space-time fields. Specifically, the proposed GIS framework enables direct manipulation of velocity to reveal flows. The case study identifies distinct regions of rapid isotherm movement. By comparison, both GCMs identify similar regions of convergence and divergence except for the following: a high-latitude region in southern Greenland, a band of regions at -15° latitude extending from the middle of South America to east of Madagascar, a region over the Arabian Sea, a region over Indonesia, and several regions in the tropical oceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although land changes are characterized by dimensionality in both space and time, and a multitude of methods and techniques have been developed to model them, the temporal dimension has seldom been adequately addressed by commonly used methods. In the context of temporal complexities represented in different space-time data models, this study aims to establish a framework for applying survival analysis theory and techniques to geographical land change modeling. Our efforts focus on (1) introducing basic concepts in survival analysis and their connections to space-time data commonly used in land change analysis, (2) using survival metrics to describe temporal patterns that are not easily detected by other methods, and (3) applying survival analysis methods to disclose effects of varying temporal patterns and uncertainties. Our findings suggest that survival analysis, coupled with geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing data, can effectively disclose relationships in land changes, and in many instances excel in shedding light on the temporal patterns of land changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constraint-based models and models constructing accessibility measures mainly focus on single agents having only one available transport mode. However, numerous cases exist where multiple agents or groups of individuals with different available transport modes want to participate in a joint activity at a certain location. The aim of this paper is to provide new insights into representing and reasoning about feasible space-time opportunities for multiple agents. Relying on concepts of time geography, we propose a conceptual framework in order to determine interaction spaces for groups of individuals. Besides availability of means of transport and the locations of each individual, minimum activity duration and opening hours of opportunities are taken into account. The reasoning about space and time is visualized in three dimensions using a hybrid (CAD/GIS) system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While links between social and physical disorder, crime, and the fear of crime have long been areas of research interest, few studies have looked at these links from a spatiotemporal viewpoint. This is somewhat surprising, as many of the factors associated with disorder, crime, and fear are known to vary over time and space. This paper uses GISystems to investigate potential spatiotemporal links between these areas in Wollongong, New South Wales, with specific focus on links between graffiti and the fear of crime. The results reveal that the distribution of fear of crime varies considerably over time and is often spatially coincident with concentrations of disorder. Graffiti was found to be one of the most prevalent types of physical disorder. The results are discussed in the context of the“broken windows” thesis and strategic intervention at the community level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]