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The global biodiversity crisis and constantly growing human impact on the natural environment call for more evidence where conservation actions are the most urgent. As the agricultural lands are under increased pressure of growing human food needs here the literature survey on farmland bird conservation (FBC) was conducted to reveal geographical distribution in research intensity, the topics addressed and to identify potential drivers for the worldwide scientific effort. The Scopus database search has revealed 2290 papers dedicated to FBC from the period 1990-2020. The distribution was spatially uneven with most papers published in Western Europe and North America. Scientific collaboration was also spatially biased in favor of countries located close to each other and having high scientific capacity. The analysis also revealed 139 terms representing main topics raised in FBC research. The number of FBC papers per country was positively correlated with Gross Domestic Production (GDP), the total number of scientific papers, and number of threatened species, and negatively with the GDP from agricultural production, whereas it was not related to area of agricultural lands or bird species richness. Spatial and thematic biases in studies of farmland birds may have important consequences since uneven scientific evidence constrains development of proper conservation solutions and limits their implementation. We conclude that research on FBC should be globally coordinated and flexible enough to undertake burning conservation problems adjusted to regional differences in agriculture, socio-economy, and bird diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of geography-related papers, as of March 1926. "The Status of Zoogeography in North America," by Chas. C. Adams; "Settlement and Economic Development of the San Juan Region of Colorado," by Wallace W. Atwood; "Culture and Landscape at Madison, Wisconsin," by V.C. Finch.

Myxicola infundibulum Montagu, 1808 is the most reported species of its genus, showing an unusually wide distribution from the Mediterranean area to Australia, North Europe, and North America, a situation deriving from a wide synonymizing of numerous species with M. infundibulum. Recently, genetic analysis confirmed that the Australian form of this species is an introduced taxon from the Mediterranean area, while the examined North American specimens were genetically and morphologically different. In the present paper we travel through the history of M. infundibulum from the first descriptions, trying to trace both the origin of this taxon and the origin of its wide distribution, through an analysis of the descriptions of all valid and invalid taxa to date. We also examined material present in the collection of one of the authors previously identified as M. infundibulum, comparing Mediterranean material to some from the English Channel, and material from North America. This led to the erection of four taxa new to science from material recently collected along the Italian coasts, and the restoration of Myxicola pacifica Johnson, 1901. Delimitation of taxa is based only on morphology, and we propose new morphological features to be considered; however, a molecular examination is planned in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the main forces driving economic integration in cross-border regions (CBRs). Drawing on the proximity framework, it contends that all four forms of proximity need to be stressed in cross-border regional economic integration discourses. The paper is based on a comparison of two cross-border regional contexts in North America, which have been investigated using a survey and semi-structured interviews. Based upon the data collected, the two case studies shed a light on cognitive proximity as an underestimated driver in CBRs. Moreover, the cross-border regional identity as well as the access to a talented workforce emerge as remarkable assets to leverage through appropriate cross-border regional policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades many urban leaders have searched for an appropriate policy response to tackle urban decay. Various kinds of flagship projects emerged in many cities as the products of a property-led approach to the regeneration strategies adopted by local governments in North American and European cities. It was expected that the creation of high-profile milieux would launch chain reactions which would eventually lead to the regeneration of declining neighbourhoods. The focus of this study lies in the anatomy of physical transformation in an inner city neighbourhood within the context of post-socialist transition. In particular, the paper discusses the flagship role of the Golden Angel commercial centre in the physical upgrading of the Smíchov district in Prague. The case study contributes to the understanding of complex circumstances and mechanisms of revitalization in the post-socialist inner city. The empirical material is based on field observations, expert opinions and existing documents. The paper shows that a high-profile project can be one of the driving forces in physical revitalization through the provision of symbolic power, credibility and appeal to a declining neighbourhood. At the same time, it is emphasize that physical transformation is a multi-conditional and context-related process rather than an automatic and straightforward outcome of flagship developments. Successful revitalization depends on a favourable constellation of various factors. On the local level, the key factors include the development potential of the location, the attitude of the local authorities and the commitment of all involved actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood-related water damages have become the largest home insurance claims in North America in recent years. In response, considerable effort is being focused on options to reduce flood damages, including reducing sanitary sewer backups contributing to basement flooding. The expenditure to carry out field surveys to establish the effectiveness of alternatives, such as the impact of reducing rainfall-derived inflows (RDI), is substantial. Considering this, a guidance methodology on minimum data size requirements is developed. To accomplish this, a statistical and mathematical methodology is developed as a guide to design field programmes, enabling an assessment of the amount of data collection required. The results show that collecting data for approximately 39 storm events yields an acceptable level of accuracy for estimating RDI, providing valuable guidance for field collection programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The higher religiosity of women in the Western Christian societies is one of the best documented findings in the religious scholarship. In spite of the recent vibrancy of secular movements in North America, the higher religiosity of women appears persistent. As a result, the gender ratio is greatly skewed in the secular groups in favour of males. For instance, for every atheist female in North America, there are at least three males. Using the Canadian General Social Surveys of 1985–2014, this paper examines how the gender religiosity gap has evolved among the Canadian-born. Throughout the period, Canadian-born women are found less likely to be unaffiliated and show a greater frequency of religious attendance. The religious attendance gap is found to be closing. The unaffiliation gap, on the other hand, seems to have widened in the 21st century. Limiting the analyses to the gainfully employed respondents only reduces the religious attendance gap. For the high earners, the attendance gap effectively disappears, while a large unaffiliation gap persists into the 2010s. This pattern is best explained by the recent literature asserting that men and women are differentially socially sanctioned for the adoption of a secularized identity. The alleged sexism of the new secular movements is also noted as a potential explanation. The examination of the recent Canadian data on perceived religious and gender discrimination produces evidence congruent with both of these potential explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A map depicting glacial dispersal trains in North America has been compiled from published sources. It covers the Canadian Shield, the Arctic Islands, the Cordillera and Appalachian mountains, and Phanerozoic sedimentary basins south of the Shield. In total, 140 trains are portrayed, including those emanating from major mineral-deposit types (e.g. gold, base metal, diamondiferous kimberlite, etc.). The map took 10 years of on-and-off work to generate, and it culls data from over 150 years of work by government, industry, and academia. It provides a new tool to help companies find ore deposits in Canada: the trains are generally a better predictor of dispersal distance and direction than striations and streamlined landforms, the data typically depicted on surficial-geology maps, including the Glacial Map of Canada. It also gives new insight into sedimentation patterns and processes beneath ice sheets, a sedimentary environment that, because of its inaccessibility, remains poorly understood and controversial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Energy' presents a number of complex and interrelated challenges regarding the environment, economy, and politics. In this paper, we argue that cartography should help clarify our understanding of energy issues, but ask whether this has in fact been the case. In a review of over 100 articles pulled from twenty-three peer-reviewed geography journals, we qualitatively assess energy maps published since the early 20th century, examining trends in topic and cartographic technique. Energy maps in geography journals have focused on North America and Western Europe while relying on proportional symbols, grayscale production, and the analysis of energy phenomena at the national scale-tendencies that in many instances have limited our understanding of the ways in which energy is actually consumed. Simultaneously, cartographers are limited to the energy data available to them, frequently precluding small-scale consumption analysis or consideration of diurnal and seasonal trends. We argue that the future of energy cartography relies on access to consumption data coupled with greater user interactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little research has examined public diplomacy as a comparative education issue, particularly regarding social-psychological, economic and political fears or personal and national insecurities. This paper discusses American public diplomacy as a mostly Cold War strategy adapted to post-9/11 national security interests, fears and desires. It further explores differences, similarities, and debates in Canadian media, policy documents and academia, in response to American political, economic and military pressures or demands for a 'North American' (i.e. joint American-Canadian) security approach. From a critical pedagogy perspective the paper argues that modern public diplomacy has been a dubious, pseudo-educational, fear-mongering concept nurtured by academics, politicians and military leaders as part of an American foreign policy, military security and propaganda strategy. The paper further shows that post-9/11 Canada, problematically, adapted its own public diplomacy policies to serve American interests. Further research is needed to examine more closely public diplomacy's impacts on Canadian education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cultural land-use is an important driver of ecosystem change, influencing the composition of species across landscapes and through time. Recent research in northwestern North America has shown that historical Indigenous land-use and forest management has resulted in relict forest gardens dominated by edible fruit, nut, and berry producing trees and shrubs – many of which continue to grow adjacent to archaeological village sites today. Our research combines archaeological and ecological methods to better understand the historical ecology of seven forest gardens in the Pacific Northwest. Vascular plant communities at all sites are evaluated for distinctiveness using ANOSIM, NMDS, and indicator species analyses. We identify 15 forest garden indicator species, all of which are culturally significant edible fruit or root-bearing species. We then present the results of an intensive historical-ecological study of one site in Laxyuubm Gitselasu (Ts'msyen). Paleoethnobotanical data, soil and tree ring analyses, and radiocarbon dates show that forest management in the Gitsaex forest garden of Gitselasu pre-dates settler colonialism and shows that people likely modified soils and otherwise enhanced their immediate environment to increase the productivity of desired plant species. Given the importance of Indigenous peoples' role in sustaining forested foodsheds, there is an ongoing and urgent need to support their revitalization and management and better understand the integrated cultural practices and ecological processes that result in these vast cultural landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution to the genus Cantharellus in North America deals with the smaller, reddish pink species from the Gulf of Mexico states and eastern United States. C. texensis sp. nov. is presented as a new southern lookalike of C. cinnabarinus. The morphological species concepts are supported by newly generated molecular sequence data from the protein coding gene tef1. Similarities to C. persicinus, a third pinkish taxon, are discussed. The very different microscopic features for the three taxa are illustrated in detail. C. cinnabarinus is neotypified. C. minor forma intensissima is considered to be possibly unrelated not only to the discussed taxa in this paper but also to typical C. minor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1920 and 1940, fertility dropped below replacement level in many Western countries. In today's scholarly literature, the drop is usually explained as a temporary reaction to the exceptional conditions of the inter-war period. This paper confronts that interpretation with the interpretations offered by scholars writing between the wars. According to leading demographers of the time, low fertility was due not to war or economic crisis, but rather to processes that now tend to be associated with the Second Demographic Transition, including secularization, individualization, rising consumerism, and women's emancipation. Since these were seen as structural features of modernization, most inter-war scholars argued that subreplacement fertility would remain an obstinate feature of modern society for an extended period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares and contrasts the rebuilding sequences of late prehistoric and protohistoric Cherokee structures at the Coweeta Creek site in the upper Little Tennessee Valley of southwestern North Carolina. Several domestic structures dating to the 1600s were built and rebuilt in place, as was the public structure (or townhouse), whose six successive stages span the period from the mid- to late 1600s to the very early 1700s. By contrast, domestic structures dating to the fifteenth century demonstrate a less compact and a less formalized settlement plan. The formally planned town at Coweeta Creek-comprising the townhouse, town plaza, and domestic houses placed around the edges of the plaza-postdates early European contact in the southern Appalachians, and this paper argues that the formal settlement plan at Coweeta Creek created a sense of place that emphasized permanence in the midst of the destabilizing effects of European contact on native peoples of the Southeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OVERVIEW: In today's competitive environment, the ability of an organization to innovate is paramount. While most organizations have flashes or spurts of innovation, only a handful have been able to innovate on a continuous and sustained basis. This paper surveys the challenges faced by firms when trying to build sustainable innovation programs. These findings have been derived from an examination of innovation programs in over 30 organizations in North America, Europe and Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary North American insecurities and fears are the focus of this article. In the first section, the inter-related concepts of insecurity, fear and vulnerability are theorised, and the argument put forward that these have come to constitute a dominant discourse in contemporary North American society. In the second section of the paper, the components of this discourse are presented by reviewing what North Americans fear, including terrorism, crime and violence, and the 'Other'. Comparisons and local manifestations of this discourse in Canada, Mexico and the US are described. The final section turns to the educational implications (effects) of this discourse as it has been taken up across the three nations. While other comparativists have focused on phenomena such as globalisation and neo-liberalism to explain contemporary education reform, the author argues that it is the discourse of fear and insecurity that now underpins educational reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terminal Pleistocene-early Holocene Mesa complex (ca. 9750-10,250 B.P. in uncalibrated radiocarbon years) of arctic Alaska, with its distinctive and technologically diagnostic bifacial tools, is often thought to be part of the broader Paleoindian tradition found throughout Pleistocene North America. In addition to artifacts of Paleoindian type, however, the Mesa site (type site of the Mesa complex) has a wedge-shaped core microblade technology, which is decidedly non-Paleoindian in character. Unfortunately, the Mesa is a shallow site, with no appreciable vertical structure or stratigraphic development. In essence, artifacts must be treated as if they were sitting on a single surface. This situation permits conflicting interpretations of the microblades and their relationship to the Paleoindian component. This paper presents a basic description of the microblades and associated artifacts at the Mesa site and the results of an analysis designed to discriminate these materials from the rest of the site assemblage. Using data on technology, raw material, and spatial patterning, I argue that the microblades and associated artifacts constitute a component that is distinct and separate from the Mesa Paleoindian component. The paper concludes with a discussion of several possible interpretations of the Mesa complex in light of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnographies of Native North America document an abundant and diverse array of directional color systems, yet archaeology has contributed little to the understanding of the historical development of such systems. Given a rekindling of archaeological interest in color, this paper reviews and organizes the ethnographic data in order to pose historical and functional hypotheses susceptible to archaeological evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the use of discriminant analysis as an aid in paleovegetational reconstruction based on modern and fossil pollen data. We derived a set of discriminant functions that correctly classifies 95 percent of 121 surface samples collected from different vegetation regions in northeastern North America. These functions were then applied to the pollen-stratigraphic data from Jack Lake to reconstruct the postglacial vegetational history of northern Ontario. The discriminant analysis results are summarized in two indices. A "vegetation zonal index" directly translates each fossil pollen spectrum into its modern vegetational analogue. Paleovegetation types without modern analogue could be easily detected by computing the "probability of modern analogue." These results indicate explicitly that the early spruce-dominated boreal forest around Jack Lake does not have a modern analogue and that the boreal forest/Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest ecotone advanced far north of Jack Lake during the Hypsithermal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the establishment of American assembly plants in Europe during the 1920s and the establishment of Japanese assembly plants in North America during the 1980s. It argues that these were similar in a number of respects, most importantly that the basis of the American advantage of the 1920s and the Japanese advantage of the 1980s was, in fact, the same, namely, a specific social organization of production: Fordism for American companies and 'lean production' for Japanese companies. It is also shown that the same factors which obstructed the dissemination of Fordism in Europe during the 1920s, the resistance of management and labor, have obstructed the dissemination of the Japanese system in North America during the 1980s. The concluding section argues that the general trajectory of American automobile companies in Europe during the 1930s may provide insights into the general trajectory of Japanese companies in the US during the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the author proposes an alternative formulation of Ryder's equations of demographic translation by constructing a filter which relates period and cohort-based parametric fertility schedules. The resulting filter is used to study fertility data from eight countries in Europe and North America. The author concludes that although a cohort-based model can explain all but the short-run variations in period fertility, the resulting model would have to be quite complex. In particular, it would need to explain the observed tendency for changes in the tempo and spread of cohort fertility to lead changes in the quantum of cohort fertility by several years. An analysis of the spectral properties of the translation filter indicates that a period-based model could easily produce this pattern. The fact that the period-based model provides a more parsimonious description of the observed patterns sheds doubts on the predictive value of cohort-based models of fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a recently renewed theoretical interesting both North America and in Britain in the sociology of school knowledge, we still have little, if any, comparative empirical material from these two continents. This paper reports the findings of a sociological study, designed to replicate the previous English empirical work by Vulliamy, into music teaching in Ontario high schools. Unlike in England, no overt culture clash was found in Ontario schools between 'school' music and 'students" music, both because of the wider scope of 'what counts as school music' in Canada and because music is not a compulsory school subject there However, by focusing upon the deep structure of the pedagogical process, as opposed to surface features of classroom interaction, it is argued that particular ideologies of the dominant musical culture are transmitted in very similar ways in both contexts. What is shared is a conception of music as equitable with musical notation. The ideological significance of this is pinpointed in an analysis of the structurally homological relationship between different musical languages and the social/cultural contexts of their creation. The processes of school music teaching no only contribute to the legitimation of a dominant musical ideology, but also to much more pervasive ideological assumptions underpinning capitalist societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the results of the analysis of data on residential and non-residential settlements in seventy arctic and sub-arctic North American collector societies are presented. These results are related to the major resource strategies of those societies, and pertain to the ten analytical domains recommended by Binford (1983) for the analysis and interpretation of collector settlements. These results can serve as an effective analogue for the diagnosis and interpretation of Late Palaeolithic Federmesser settlements and land-use practices. Ten fully excavated, representative and mutually comparable Federmesser sites are studied (Houtsma et al. in press). One of these is situated in Great Britain, the others in the Northwest European Plain. By statistical analyses of the ethnographic and the archaeological data, the functions of the ten settlements are diagnosed. Most probably none of these ten sites represents a residential settlement. The hypothesis is proposed that the Federmesser culture constitutes a single language family or perhaps a single tribe/society, with part of its residential settlements in the present North Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tradition from Malthus, Marx, and Ogburn points to differential rates of change as an important predictor variable. Although normal industrial societies include components changing at highly unequal rates without necessarily revealing maladaptive behavior, it still seems a good strategy to pay attention to differential rates of change in trying to explain maladaptivity arising in connection with technological innovations or diffusions. Taking annual rate of change in the number of road deaths per capita as dependent variable, and annual rate of change in the number of cars per capita, and annual rate of change in expenditure per capita devoted to road work as independent variables, it was shown for Britain and Denmark that a considerable increase in such expenditure would be needed to achieve zero growth rate in the dependent variable. Since data on road expenditures proved hard to provide for most countries the main problem discussed in the paper is the relationship between the other two variables mentioned above. This relationship is studied in 13 European and North American nations over approximately 20 years, mostly 1947 to 1966. Deadly accidents on roads were shown to grow more slowly than the number of automobiles, but at a rate rather close to 1/3 of that for automobiles for Europe in general. Data for United States suggest that this dependence between cars and accidents may well be characteristic of nations in their automotive youth and early maturity only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of the clade 2.3.4.4 goose/Guangdong/1996 H5 lineage continue to be a problem in poultry and wild birds in much of the world. The recent incursion of a H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HP AIV from this lineage into North America has resulted in widespread outbreaks in poultry and consistent detections of the virus across diverse families of birds and occasionally mammals. To characterize the pathobiology of this virus in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), which are a primary reservoir of AIV, a challenge study was conducted with 2-week-old birds. The 50% bird infectious dose was determined to be < 2 log10 50% egg infectious doses (EID50) and all exposed ducks, including ducks co-housed with inoculated ducks, were infected. Infection appeared to be subclinical for 58.8% (20/34) of the ducks, one duck was lethargic, about 20% developed neurological signs and were euthanized, and 18% developed corneal opacity. The mallards shed virus by both the oral and cloacal routes within 24–48 h post-infection. Oral shedding substantially decreased by 6–7 days post-infection, but 65% of the ducks continued to shed virus cloacally through 14 days post-exposure (DPE) for the direct inoculates and 13 DPE for contact-exposed ducks. Based on the high transmissibility, high virus shed titres, and mild-to-moderate disease, mallards could serve as efficient reservoirs to amplify and disseminate recent North American clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advocacy is one of the core functions of public health and is a key tool for achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Public health associations play a key role in advocating for the development and implementation of strategies to prevent diseases and promote health and well-being. This study aims to map out the focus of public health advocacy carried out by selected national public health associations over 4 years, between 2018 and 2021, in order to identify gaps and strengths and support associations and professionals in their advocacy efforts. Twelve national public health associations participated in the study. Official policy documents produced between 2018 and 2021 were collected and analysed. The title and summary of the policy documents were examined line by line and coded into the main subject categories and themes. A qualitative thematic analysis was conducted. Policies were assessed from global and regional perspectives. A total of 220 policy documents were analysed. Overall, the largest number of policy documents came from high-income countries and dealt with environmental health and communicable diseases, including COVID-19, with, however, important differences among regions. In the African region, public health advocacy focused mainly on strengthening health systems; Europe and South America were mostly concerned with communicable diseases and pandemic management; and North America and the Western Pacific regions focused primarily on climate change. Limited attention was paid to international health and health as a human right in all regions. Our study showed that, especially in high-income countries, public health associations actively engage in advocacy; however, more effort needs to be devoted to implementing a more international and intersectoral approach at the global level, anchored in health as a human right and aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many distinct glacial episodes in the past ~1 million years in the Central Lowlands of North America left behind a patchwork of glaciated landscapes of different ages and formed through different glacial, paraglacial, and proglacial processes. Herein, we synthesize and reconcile diverse data sources across nine states in the Central Lowlands to create a generalized landform regions map, incorporating information from surficial geology, ageconstrained glacial boundaries, soil properties and parent material, and topography. The resulting map presents regions of till plains, moraines, outwash plains, and glacial lakes with ages ranging from 10.2 cal ka BP to greater than 500 cal ka BP. This new map improves on regional perspectives of the glaciated Central Lowlands by modifying and reconciling boundaries to agree with a variety of spatial data sources with finer detail. This refined map enables a more accurate spatial analysis of the landform regions by reducing noise from imprecise boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores uses of peat bogs and associated plants and other resources by drawing on the published ethnobotanical and archeological literature pertaining to Indigenous groups that lived and continue to live on the Northwest Coast, the Interior/Plateau Regions, Northwestern Canada, the Central and Western Arctic, and the Far Northeast. We examine bog plants used as food and medicine, the relationships between people and bogs as documented through traditional ecological knowledge, and archeological evidence for bogs having been used as places to live and as sources of peat for use as building material. The aim is to bring attention to the fact that peat bogs were, and still are, very much a part of Indigenous cultural landscapes in North America. We suggest that greater attention should be paid to bogs and that a reassessment of their perceived marginality may be necessary to achieve a fuller understanding of past and present human-environment interactions in northern North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a bioarchaeological reanalysis of the skeletal remains interred in the Middle Woodland burial mounds at the Helena Crossing site (3PH11). Based on current bioarchaeological methods, our reanalysis offers summaries of the sex and age estimates, pathologies, and trauma of the burials from Helena Crossing that are useful for their subsequent interpretation. We also document previously unrecognized evidence of postmortem processing in specific burials as evidenced by cut and chop marks that are associated with defleshing, disarticulating, and possibly mutilating particular corpses. We note the special attention paid to detaching and processing the mandibles and/or maxillas of several burials that indicates, along with evidence from other sites, that the mouth was an important symbolically charged orifice during the Middle Woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various research papers within the issue on topics including generic properties of phenomenology, methodological traditions developed in the field of phenomenology in North America and naturalism and supernaturalism.

Pueblo Grande de Nevada, more popularly known as "Lost City" refers to a loosely defined series of archaeological sites in the Moapa Valley of southern Nevada. Excavated between the years of 1924 and 1941, these sites were to have a major impact on early-twentieth-century Southwestern archaeology. Despite the excitement that surrounded these finds at the time of their discovery their legacy has largely been forgotten today. We argue one reason for this oversight is that the data obtained by the original researchers are inadequate for addressing the questions being asked of the region today. In particular, because plant and animal remains were not systematically recovered by the original researchers, the early fieldwork has provided only a broad sketch of the subsistence activities practiced in the region. To remedy these shortcomings, in 2006 archaeologists from the University of Nevada Las Vegas conducted additional excavations at House 20, a roomblock located within one of the so-called Lost City sites. In this paper, the history of the Lost City fieldwork is reviewed and results from our 2006 excavations are presented. The newly obtained data suggest that the inhabitants of House 20 were heavily invested in agriculture and utilized wild resources that could be obtained in the immediate vicinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavation of the Late Paleoindian Howard Gully site (34GR121) in southwestern Oklahoma revealed the remains of one to two bison in association with a shallow side-notched spear point. In some respects, this point style resembles San Patrice points found in the Eastern Woodlands. An analysis of the bison feature, associated lithic materials, and their context is presented in this paper. The Howard Gully site provides an important contribution towards furthering our knowledge of Late Paleoindian chronology and behavior and raises important questions about forager social interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of survey and test excavations in northern Sonora focused on Paleoindian archaeology. Twenty-four sites and collections were investigated, mostly in the western foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental and on the alluvial plains west of the foothills in the area of Hermosillo. Three (SON:K:15, SON:O:3:1, and SON:N: 11:20-21) are large site complexes covering a minimum of 3 km². All three produced Clovis artifacts, and SON:N:11:20-21 yielded unfluted Paleoindian projectile points. The other 21 localities represent isolated finds or unmapped sites and yielded 24 fluted and 12 unfluted specimens. The fluted points are similar to the Clovis style. Some of the unfluted points have similarities to Clovis but otherwise are most similar in style and technology to the Golondrina and Dalton types. Folsom artifacts are as yet unknown from Sonora. The relation between the Sonoran Clovis sites and those to the north is unclear, but there is a physiographic connection between the upper San Pedro Valley (with the Murray Springs, Naco, and Lehner Clovis sites) and the sites reported here via the Rio Sonora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the salamander iconography depicted on ceramics of the Late Prehistoric Devils Lake-Sourisford burial complex of North Dakota and south central Canada, the possibility of an ideological relationship between the behavior of the salamander common to the northeastern Plains, and Native American belief systems that may be discerned. Previous work on the ceramics of the complex is largely limited to issues of form and function, ignoring the probability of a symbolic value placed upon the salamander motif. Research into the life cycle and behavior of the gray tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli) suggests a connection between the physical depiction of the salamander and the spiritual belief system of its creators, particularly to beliefs of spiritual and physical renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plains Indian drawings and historical records produced in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries made progressively greater use of nontraditional drawing materials such as commercial colored pencils, crayons, ink and watercolors. Similarly, cloth and paper begin to supplant traditional hide supports during this period. These non-traditional materials rarely have been studied in this context, yet their dates of manufacture and subsequent availability through traders and missionaries, or distribution by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, has the potential to inform about the creation date of a drawing or historical record. An analysis of the materials and methods used to produce the Rosebud winter count, a Lakota pictographic calendar, is described. Results indicate that the 136 motifs on the Rosebud winter count were produced, likely in sequence, by two different hands, followed by general outlining and finally, motif numbering. The materials used in the winter count were for the most part unavailable before the nineteenth century. Colored pencil containing the pigment Prussian blue was found to form an integral part of the winter count, thus allowing the date of manufacture to be placed most likely after 1883. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become conventional in northern Plains archaeology to recognize an Avonlea phase, based on the presence of delicate, well-formed side-notched arrow points, mainly of the Timber Ridge Side Notched type. Over the past few decades, information regarding the associated pottery has slowly accumulated, allowing us to recognize three main wares: net/fabric-impressed, parallel-grooved, and cord-roughened. In this paper, we move away from the concept of a single Avonlea phase, returning to the original idea of Avonlea as a horizon. In so doing, we emphasize regional concentrations of certain pottery wares as the basis for the recognition of particular phases within the Avonlea horizon. It is apparent that some of these pottery wares are also present to the east in Minnesota and adjacent southern Manitoba and northeastern North Dakota. In particular the net-impressed ware has an Early Woodland presence there. It is postulated, therefore, that most of the Avonlea wares had their origins in this more easterly region, although the impetus behind their westward spread and the manner in which this occurred remain in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to World Travel and Tourism Council estimates, travel and tourism should account for approximately 10.4 percent of global gross domestic product and create nearly 231 million jobs worldwide during 2007. This paper presents an analysis of the performance of the global lodging industry during the year 2007. As such, important lodging industry trends worldwide, including those in North America, mainland Europe, United Kingdom, the Middle East, Africa, and the Asia Pacific regions, are better understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores variability in Late Prehistoric bison faunal assemblages from sites in western Kansas, NE Colorado, and central Nebraska (A.D. 1000-1350). Relationships among occupants of these sites have been a topic of debate for decades, and archaeologists have typically relied on ceramic typologies as a means of separating people, places, and phases. The resulting segregation of sites from different river drainages, however, makes it difficult to assess Late Prehistoric economic variability among related groups who exploited a range of natural environments. As we move away from classificatory and descriptive discussions of artifact assemblages and into considerations of past lived experiences, we may reexamine economic variability in the context of food choice, animal habitat, and shifting migrations of Plains farmers. This study is part of a larger project to establish baseline patterns of bison consumption and use through time among Late Prehistoric and Historical occupants of the North American High Plains. Zooarchaeological methods employed by archaeologists focused on farming communities often differ from methods employed by archaeologists trained on hunter-gatherer bonebeds. In order to facilitate comparisons and to speak to a wider audience about the interactions between hunter-gatherers and farmers and the intersections between hunting and gathering and farming, I argue for broader methodological research protocols that transcend the Plains and are applicable for studying animal use among a variety of middle-range societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil pollen and other proxies from lake sediments are used to reconstruct past dynamics in vegetation, climate and local availability of potable water for the northeastern Plains. thereby providing a landscape context to re-assess local Paleoindian and Early Archaic subsistence strategies and settlement patterns. Presented are pollen and plant macrofossil data from two lakes in North Dakota and discussion of these results in the context of published paleoenvironmental and archaeological data for the region. Aridity has characterized the regional climate since deglaciation. From 12,000 to 10.000 14C yr B.P., this aridity was counter-balanced by glacial meltwater saturating much of the landscape, which supported a vegetation of white spruce parkland, The regional water table lowered after 10,000 14C yr B.P. As some lakes went dry or became saline others received ground-water input, thereby creating scattered "oases" in a deciduous parkland, which would have attracted prehistoric people and game alike, Grassland became widespread by 9000 14C yr B.P. Alternating arid and moist intervals characterized the mid-Holocene Altithermal, but some oases existed in the region. This paper supports the hypothesis proposed by some archaeologists for the persistence of human occupation of the northern Plains during the Altithermal except, perhaps, during the severest droughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on 10 years of research at the Black Mountain Archaeological District, located in north central Wyoming's Bighorn Mountain range. It focuses specifically on two rockshelters: 48BH1827 (Two Moon Shelter) and 48BH1065 (BA Cave). Two Moon Shelter bears stratified Paleoindian deposits that include a Folsom projectile point fragment, a 10,060 ± 60 BR radiocarbon date, and an undated Paleoindian component positioned stratigraphically below the Folsom occupation. Upper levels in the site date to about 8500 BR and are associated with the Late Paleoindian Pryor Stemmed complex. BA Cave is a well-stratified and well-dated archaeological deposit yielding cultural occupations spanning the last 4,000 years. Geoarchaeological investigations at BA Cave describe changes in sediment depositional regimes that may reflect significant Late Holocene trends in centennial-to-millennial-scale climatic changes in the Middle Rocky Mountain region. Together, research at these two rockshelters provides a well-rounded picture of prehistoric life and environments in the Northwestern Plains culture area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article surveys and reconsiders the major predictions of economic models regarding the effects of North American trade liberalization. It compares those predictions to some of the aggregate dimensions of economic performance since liberalization, with a focus on the Canadian experience. It notes that the decisions by Canada and Mexico to enter a free trade relationship with the U.S. constituted turning points in their respective economic histories. A more balanced modeling approach would recognize that integration can have negative as well as positive economic impacts, depending on the interplay of demand, supply, and structural factors.

This paper examines the conjuncture of economic and political developments in the world economy and demographic and environmental factors that, in the aftermath of the Cold War, have caused millions of immigrants and refugees to migrate worldwide, increasingly to the EU and North America where they are marginalised and have become, with greater frequency, victimised by right-wing political groups. Factors under study include the proliferation of civil wars and ethnic conflicts; the increase of inequalities and poverty on a world scale; the effects of neoliberal economic policies on Third World development; overpopulation, urbanisation and environmental degradation in peripheral sites of the world economy; and the impact of economic conditions in the EU on immigrant and native workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. is a parasitic plant and widely distributed in Europe and North America. Here, we compared the plastome sequences of a C. gronovii plant collected from China and other 16 Cuscuta plastomes, including one C. gronovii plastome from North America. The plastome was 86,727 bp in size with a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 14,354 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 50,956 bp, and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 7,063 bp. We predicted 97 genes in the plastome, including 61 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA genes, and 28 transfer RNA genes. We detected a total of 21 microsatellite, 16 tandem, and ten interspersed repeats in the genome. Gene contents analysis of 17 Cuscuta plastomes showed the loss of the entire ndh gene family. The phylogenomic analysis using 22 shared protein sequences shows that the two C. gronovii formed a cluster. Thirteen of Cuscuta plastomes showed no rearrangement. The other three showed smaller inversions and smaller numbers of gene deletion. Next, we identified the two INDELs, one SNP site between the two C. gronovii plastomes. And we identified two putative RNA editing sites. Lastly, to distinguish between C. gronovii and two medicinal Cuscuta species, C. chinensis and C. australis, we identified ten molecular markers based on the genome sequences. The overall large-scale gene loss, conserved gene order, low intraspecific divergence are consistent with the adaptation of C. gronovii to a parasitic lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a number of Germanic sources for ideas which have had foundational significance for art education in North America. Attention is directed to a need for translation of documents originally written in Germanic languages, since their further study would perm it a more adequate clarification of the theories and assumptions on which many of our art practices are founded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inner portions of North American cities may be becoming the location of an asylum without walls for psychiatric patients discharged from mental hospitals. This trend represents an organic outgrowth from the moves to diminish the role of the mental hospital and to encourage a community-based mental health. Discharged patients are comparatively mobile and a large proportion of them filter through urban space to an inner city location. This is a result both of formal placement procedures and of an informal process of spatial filtering within the inner core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the nature and origin of the Canadian Dry Belt, dry regions in the Great Plains of North America. Measurement of annual precipitation; Variability of precipitation; Classification of climate.

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Survival is one of the most important traits to consider for limited animal populations under conservation programs. Here, we estimate the effects of inbreeding, geographical region (Europe, North America and other) and sex on survival at six points of life in American bison populations kept in zoological gardens. The data set consisted of 3893 animals, 1812 males and 2081 females, born between the years 1874 and 2013. We analyzed survival in terms of longevity and survival of the first day after birth. We applied regression analysis with a logistic model. Longevity was examined in terms of six time categories whereas the survival of the first day after birth as a binary trait. We find that the average longevity for the studied population was 5.21 years with a standard deviation of 6.75. The longevity was significantly affected by the sex: females survived on average longer than males. The median values of longevity were considerably lower than the averages and also conditioned by the sex. The largest number of individuals was recorded in survival up to the age of sexual maturity, equal to 43.6% of males and 30.75% of females. More females survived after reaching the age of sexual maturity. Survival of the first day after birth was not influenced by the calf's sex. There was also detected that the survival of individuals decreased with an increasing level of inbreeding, under relative small pedigree parameters for the population studied. It was also demonstrated that geographical region has a significant effect on the longevity of captive bison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown-rot fungi are rapid holocellulose degraders and are the most predominant degraders of coniferous wood products in North America. Brown-rot fungi degrades wood by both enzymatic (plant biomass degrading carbohydrate active enzymes-CAZymes) and non-enzymatic systems (Fenton's reaction) mechanisms. Identifying the genes and molecular mechanisms involved in Fenton's reaction would significantly improve our understanding about brown-rot decay. Our present study identifies the common gene expression patterns involved in brown rot decay by performing metadata analysis of fungal transcriptome datasets. We have also analyzed and compared the genome-wide annotations (InterPro and CAZymes) of the selected brown rot fungi. Genes encoding for various oxidoreductases, iron homeostasis, and metabolic enzymes involved in Fenton's mechanism were found to be significantly expressed among all the brown-rot fungal datasets. Interestingly, a higher number of hemicellulases encoding genes were differentially expressed among all the datasets, while a fewer number of cellulases and peroxidases were expressed (especially haem peroxidase and chloroperoxidase). Apart from these lignocellulose degrading enzymes genes encoding for aldo/keto reductases, 2-nitro dioxygenase, aromatic-ring dioxygenase, dienelactone hydrolase, alcohol dehydrogenase, major facilitator superfamily, cytochrome-P450 monoxygenase, cytochrome b5, and short-chain dehydrogenase were common and differentially up regulated among all the analyzed brown-rot fungal datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]