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Harlow Gale is often depicted as the first experimentalist in advertising thought. This positioning elides influences which impacted upon his thinking. In this article, we outline Gale's involvement with psychical research and its implications for advertising. These narratives are situated within a genealogy of subliminal processes across advertising and marketing theory from the late nineteenth century through to social cognition studies today. Gale's connection with psychical research, in conjunction with early practitioner reflections on the unconscious, formed the enabling conditions for his major contributions to advertising. Psychical scholarship spotlighted the centrality of the "multiplex self" to human functioning. While psychical framings scaffolded Gale's empirical, conceptual, and theoretical work, it also limited greater engagement with his insights. However, subsequent modifications of advertising theory and practice are underwritten by levels of continuity and discontinuity that facilitate the identification of psychically indebted bodies of thought from Gale's time to the present day. Taken together, these analytic associations provide a substantive reorientation of historical and contemporary accounts of advertising theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(He even offered a critical aside regarding Philip Mirowski - one of the most formidable, adept critics of mainstream "cyborg science" economics ([17]) - faulting him for his "rather distorted reading of many of the leading figures of the institutionalist literature" (Bush [5], 342; Bush [4]). If this seems like hyperbole, I would suggest that skeptical readers consult the 5.75 linear feet of files Bush left to the department of special collection at California State University's library - all meticulously preserved I à i la Bush in six large file boxes (Bush [7]). This, to me, was profoundly important and it led me to another facet of Bush's approach to life: when I first met Bush, and for well over a decade thereafter, Bush epitomized "instrumentalism" in every way. In 1967, I - "impecunious" as Dale Bush frequently described me, using his always-at-hand Veblenian terminology - rolled into what was then "Fresno State" (later rechristened, to the eternal dismay of the provincial old guard, California State University, Fresno). [Extracted from the article]

Archival turn scholars have argued that to understand a record one needs to consider its broader provenance. Theoretical and conceptual frameworks such as the record continuum model, parallel provenance and societal provenance have aided in debunking the myth of linear, objective and neutral records. While these theories and concepts support the inclusion of Indigenous worldviews in recordkeeping praxis, Indigenous worldviews have been noticeably absent in the formulation of these and other archival theorisations. This article introduces the green ribbon and blue ribbon stories, an Indigenous, specifically Bidjara, conceptual framework for appraising and interpreting archival records. This conceptual framework has been derived from Bidjara ways of being and knowing. This article consists of three parts: the first introduces the conceptual framework and explains its background. The second discusses the intellectual and cultural authority of the framework and protocols for its use, and the final part of the article demonstrates how the green ribbon and blue ribbon stories' conceptual framework applies to archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of recent research examining the holdings of Australian research library collections recorded in the WorldCat database using OCLC WorldCat Collection Analysis software. The objectives of the research are: 1. To better understand the distribution of printed monographs amongst Australian research collections in order to assess the potential for enhanced collaboration in aspects of collection management. 2. To test the OCLC WorldCat Collection Analysis software in order to ascertain its value in comparing collection data based on the Australian research libraries subset of the WorldCat database. The collections compared are the National Library of Australia; University of Melbourne; Monash University, and CAVAL Archival and Research Materials Centre. The data record the extent of overlap between collections, and the prevalence and distribution of single copies. The paper refects on the use of WorldCat Collection Analysis software as a means of supporting the future management of Australian research collections. The research was undertaken as a pilot for a larger study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2002, the Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST), Higher Education Information Infrastructure Advisory Committee commissioned the National Library of Australia to analyse the uniqueness and overlap of Australian university library collections, comparing library collections in each state, using the National Bibliographic Database (NBD) available through the Kinetica Service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is the failure of the fetus toachieve its genetically determined growth potential, which increasesrisks for a variety of genetic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and stroke, during the lifetime. The dysregulation of DNA methylationis known to interact with environmental fluctuations, affect gene expressions comprehensively, and be fatal to fetus development in specific cases. Therefore, we set out to find out epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations associated with FGR development. We found a set of differentially expressed genes associated with differentially methylated regions in placentae and cord blood samples. Using dimensional reduction analysis, the expression and methylation variables of the epigenetically altered genes classified the FGR samples from the controls. These genes were also enriched in the biological pathways such as metabolism and developmental processes related to FGR. Furthermore, three genes of INS, MEG3, and ZFP36L2 are implicated in epigenetic imprinting, which has been associated with FGR. These results strongly suggest that DNA methylation is highly dysregulated during FGR development, and abnormal DNA methylation patterns are likely to alter gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of a new online training course, A trauma-informed approach to managing archives, for the Australian Society of Archivists. It outlines why such a course is needed, who its audience is, and provides a brief overview of what is covered. Trauma is pervasive and affects everyone, and this course provides information and training materials about what this means for archives and how archivists can better support people having a trauma reaction. It introduces the concept of trauma-informed practice, expands on that notion to outline what trauma-informed archival practice may look like, and also discusses vicarious trauma and the impacts this may have on archives workers. The article provides information about when the course will be available, and how people will be able to access the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The email of contemporary literary figures is ripe for research by scholars, and of broad interest to the general public, but can also present many challenges to cultural memory institutions that seek to appraise, process and provide access to this rich archival material. This article explores how five institutions across the United States, United Kingdom and New Zealand are using ePADD, free and open source software developed by Stanford Libraries that incorporates artificial intelligence and machine learning to help meet these challenges for email in contemporary English‐language literary collections. Authors and institutions represented include British poet Wendy Cope (The British Library), British novelist Ian McEwan (Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin), British Indian novelist and essayist Salman Rushdie (Emory University), American poet Robert Creeley (Stanford University) and New Zealand poet and critic Ian Wedde (National Library of New Zealand). The use cases are followed by a discussion identifying lessons learned and areas for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the intersections between literature and new media through the lens of the Discworld computer games based on Sir Terry Pratchett's novels. Although Pratchett was one of the twentieth century's most successful authors in the English language, he has been largely absent from literary criticism, chiefly because he was and continues to be perceived as a popular author, a writer for the masses. The popularity of his Discworld series of novels led computer game developers to adapt them to new media in the 1980s and 1990s. The Colin Smythe/Terry Pratchett collection at Senate House Library, University of London, provides a treasure trove of information to understand this aspect of Pratchett's vast literary and publishing output as a result of the survival of invaluable analogue peripheral records, visual and printed sources which document the creative process and Pratchett's input. The essay argues that although these digital objects have been largely treated as physical objects and have been mostly retained for their artefactual and anecdotal value, the existence of analogue sources provides a unique opportunity to explore them in more detail, taking into account the historical, social and cultural context that enabled their creation to inform their future digital preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Strathfieldsaye Estate collection at the University of Melbourne Archives is discussed in relation to recognising, protecting and reclaiming Koori (First Peoples of southeast Australia) heritage. The settler collection includes early 1900s photographs of Koori people within two distinct albums – a family album that includes a series of studio portraits of Koori adults and children, and an album depicting Koori families on Ramahyuck Aboriginal Mission Station. In the past, these albums have been defined by, and limited to, traditional archiving practices excluding Koori interpretation, authorship and social context. Restoring Koori ownership and authorship of intangible heritage plays a large part in consolidating ancestor photographs with Koori perspectives of identity and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil," by W.E.B. Du Bois is presented. It mentions the book's eclectic composition. Also discussed is a conception of existentialism that can be ascribed to Du Bois, the supposed conflict between existentialism and Marxism, and an existentialist socialism offered in the book.

Digital archives are a popular way for archivists to provide access to their important collections, but they also create more opportunities for private information within these collections to be disseminated widely and without consent. This is especially true of collections of the recent past, which often include materials and testimonies from living individuals. This paper draws on interview data collected from 13 archivists at four institutions that created digital archives of Civil Rights Movement-era materials. Despite clear professional obligations to protect individual privacy, the author found that archivists relied on open-access policies to justify their projects and digitisation labour itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occasionally, organisations are forced to adopt new practices that are inconsistent with the expectations of their stakeholders. An immediate adoption of the practices would risk the organisation’s legitimacy, but as previous research has noted, the perceptions of organisational stakeholders can be managed through symbolic actions. In this article, I examine how actors from four retail organisations symbolically legitimated the adoption of the hypermarket format within their individual contexts by means of internal professional magazines. The analysis suggests that the organisations buttressed their legitimacy by reversing Meyer and Rowan’s idea of loose coupling - adopting the new practice but maintaining their formal appearances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion on the typical political, social, and cultural orientations of chemists, physicists, biologists, and engineers in a sociological concept. Chemists are the most abundant of the scientific professions. It also cites that the engineers are more absorbed in their professional duties and less involved in management and community activities. The physicists include the astronomers, applied mathematicians, and some advanced electrical and electronics engineer. It also cites the various biologist groups.

This paper reflects on the place of books in archival collections and outlines the methodology used to incorporate Germaine Greer’s publications and personal library in the Greer Archive. Identification and inclusion of metadata documenting context, significance to the creator and relationships to other records in the Archive, demonstrate the value that can be added to bibliographic records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the processing of the born-digital archive of the English poet Wendy Cope, deposited at the British Library in 2011. Using the Cope Archive as a template, the authors set out a six-part workflow to acquire, preserve, process and make it accessible. The Cope Archive, which contains several types of digital media, presented various problems. The authors, however, were able to successfully apply their workflow and outline the various software and methods used at each stage. They conclude that, though each born-digital archive presents a unique set of issues, the proposed workflow is a successful framework that would be applicable to most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015–16 researchers from the University of Melbourne and Museums Victoria undertook a collaborative project which sought to visualise archival data from the museum as a means to investigate the structure and context of the Dorothy Howard Collection. This article introduces Dorothy Howard’s work, which is part of the internationally significant Australian Children’s Folklore Collection, and looks at the project’s processes and outcomes, including the initial visualisations produced. In doing so, the authors highlight the data-intensive nature of such work, suggest the potential of visualisations to reveal collection structures, and outline possibilities for future projects and collaborations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Why do volunteers choose to contribute thousands of unpaid hours per week to Australian archives? This paper presents the results of a nationwide web survey that provides insight into the demographics, motivations and experiences of volunteers in Australian archives. The findings provide a representative overview of formal volunteers in Australian archives, determining ‘who’ they are, the value of the contributions they provide and the level of training and support offered to them. This study is a continuation of existing discussions about volunteers in Australian archives and represents an opportunity for the development of stronger relationships with Australian archival volunteers and, through them, the communities our archives serve. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Gas and particle emissions from R/VRobert Gordon Sproulwere measured for ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and hydrogenation derived renewable diesel (HDRD) during dedicated aerosol measurement cruises in 2014 (29 September–3 October) and 2015 (4–7 and 26–28 September). CO, CO2, and NOXwere measured directly from the starboard stack from the 2-stroke, small bore, high speed engine, while number and mass size distributions for both particles and black carbon (BC) were measured by intercepting the ship plume. Measurements at constant engine speeds (1600 rpm, 1300 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 700 rpm) had emission factors of CO () and NOXthat were lower by 20% and 13%, respectively, for HDRD compared to ULSD at 700 rpm. However, at 1600 rpm,andwere within one standard deviation for both ULSD (: 4.0 ± 0.1 g [kg-fuel]−1;: 51 ± 0.8 g [kg-fuel]−1) and HDRD (: 3.9 ± 0.2 g [kg-fuel]−1;: 51 ± 2 g [kg-fuel]−1). HDRD emission factors of particle number and mass concentrations were higher than ULSD by 46% to 107% and 36% to 150%, respectively, at 1600, 1300, and 1000 rpm, but the differences were smaller than the cycle-to-cycle variability at 700 rpm. BC mass emission factors were nearly 200% larger for 700, 1000, and 1300 rpm for HDRD compared to ULSD, but the mass differences were smaller than cycle-to-cycle variability at 1600 rpm. BC mass size distributions showed that the peak diameter of the BC mass mode for ULSD (∼120 nm) is about 20 nm larger than for HDRD (∼100 nm), even though the particle mass and number size distributions are quite similar. Copyright © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerosol particle emissions from R/VRobert Gordon Sproulwere measured during two 5-day research cruises (29 September–3 October 2014; 4–7 and 26–28 September 2015) at four engine speeds (1600 rpm, 1300 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 700 rpm) to characterize the emissions under different engine conditions for ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and hydrogenation derived renewable diesel (HDRD) fuels. Organic aerosol composition and mass distribution were measured on the aft deck of the vessel directly behind the exhaust stack to intercept the ship plume. The ship emissions for both fuels were composed of alkane-like compounds (H/C = 1.94 ± 0.003, O/C = 0.04 ± 0.001, CnH2n) with mass spectral fragmentation patterns consistent with hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA). Single-particle mass spectra from emissions for both fuels showed two distinct HOA compositions, with one HOA type containing more saturated alkane fragments (CnH2n+1) and the other HOA type containing more monounsaturated fragments (CnH2n−1). The particles dominated by the CnH2n−1fragment series are similar to mass spectra previously associated with cooking emissions. More cooking-type organic particles were observed in the ship emissions for HDRD than for ULSD (45% and 38%, respectively). Changes in the plume aerosol composition due to photochemical aging in the atmosphere were also characterized. The higher fraction of alkene or aromatic (CnH2n−m,m≥ 3) fragments in aged compared to fresh plume emissions suggest that some of the semivolatile alkane-like components partition back to the vapor phase as dilution increases, while alkene or aromatic hydrocarbons contribute more mass to the particle phase due to continuing photochemical oxidation and subsequent condensation from the vapor phase. Copyright © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of Indigenous languages, archival science in Australia continues to move from a theoretical framework of considering record subjects as third parties to a ‘participants model’. In a participants model framework record subjects are considered co-creators and custodians of the intellectual property of the record. However, the shift from theory to practice is still an under-described challenge currently facing archival professionals. This article reports on an experience of applying guidelines developed by First Languages Australia (FLA) and National and State Libraries of Australasia (NSLA) aimed at enhancing the rights of Indigenous Australians over records that contain Indigenous language material. A team of researchers from the State Library of New South Wales (SLNSW) Indigenous Services branch and Western Sydney University engaged with four Indigenous language groups to evaluate records containing Indigenous language material held at the SLNSW. On viewing the archival records of Indigenous language material members of community groups expressed a diversity of opinions and suggestions. This feedback was grouped by the authors into the following themes: painful remembrance of the provenance of the archival record, evaluations of the value of the documents, custodianship and use of the language material, and access to the SLNSW records. The authors found that participants in the study substantially shaped the process of implementing the protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduces the December 2001 issue of the organizational studies journal 'Emergence.' Announcement of journal's conversion to electronic format; Range of topics covered by the articles; Conference of the Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence in Florida.

Discovery systems are now increasingly the dominant technology through which clients discover and access the information resources held by academic and research libraries. However, as yet, little work has been done to explore the use and impact of discovery systems on user behaviour. This article examines transactional logs from the Ex Libris Primo installation of Curtin University Library sampled between 2013 and 2015, together with the results of a user survey conducted in 2014, to investigate actual patterns of use and perceptions of value in the available discovery system functionality. The evidence collected supports the original contention of discovery system designers that the single-search box approach adopted by Google and other internet search engines is an appropriate form for library catalogue design. On the other hand, discovery system users clearly value functionality corresponding to traditional library tasks over attempts to locate the catalogue in the conceptual framework of social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There was a marked shift in attitudes towards racial and ethnic discrimination in the capitalist world in the 1960s. In Britain and other Western democracies, workplace discrimination became both illegal and socially unacceptable in the years around 1965. At about the same time, decolonisation accelerated. This article will show how the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation responded to this changing environment by reforming the way it treated non-British workers in Asian markets. Prior to the 1960s, workers had been assigned to ethnic layers, with ethnic Chinese individuals occupying the lowest group and British expatriates filling all executive posts. In the 1960s, this system was scrapped in favour of a less discriminatory one. This article, which is based on research in the company's archive as well as other primary sources, will explore how the bank shed the cultural and institutional legacies of colonialism, which included the so-called comprador system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The State Library of New South Wales holds the world’s most extensive collection on the European exploration and colonisation of Australia and its region and the subsequent development of Australia. Much is held about the Indigenous peoples, some created by Indigenous artists and chroniclers, but the majority by others including explorers, government officers, missionaries and settlers as well as the more recent ethnographers, historians and writers. Many of the records are fragmentary and hidden within documents dealing with other matters. The State Library is working to make these records available in consultation with Indigenous communities. It also seeks to include more and stronger Indigenous voices to reflect on Indigenous experience and provide commentary on the material in the Library’s collections. The Library’s partnership with the New South Wales public library network offers a means for engagement with communities as well as an opportunity to provide better services to Indigenous people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of creative spaces (any place where the community can come together for informal and shared social learning) in public libraries has been an emerging trend worldwide in recent years. It is timely to examine what this means for Australian libraries and their communities, and how such spaces can be successfully established. This article, based on a toolkit produced for a Public Libraries Victoria Network and State Library Victoria Shared Leadership project, provides an overview of what creative spaces are, why they are relevant to libraries and the benefits they can bring to libraries and their communities. It also draws on literature from the field to summarise some key best practice principles for developing a creative space. It reiterates the findings of other commentators in recommending that creative spaces be included in Australian library offerings because of their clear strategic fit, community benefits and scalability for different libraries. These spaces, and their activities, equipment and funding models vary widely, but it is clear that successful creative spaces share certain qualities. There are many clear benefits to both libraries and their communities from having a creative space. These include empowering your community, fostering community collaboration and co-creation, growing a larger, more engaged user base, enabling inter-generational learning and social connectedness, facilitating trans-literacy, developing a culture of lifelong learning and adding socio-economic advantage to communities. Creative spaces also provide an opportunity for libraries to future-proof themselves and adapt to meet the changing nature of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preserving and providing access to local archives is one of the roles performed by public libraries in New South Wales. This role is not mandated, nor is it a stated priority for public libraries. Local government records are regulated by legislation, but what of the other records documenting the lives of rural and city communities? In many cases the library’s local studies collection becomes the default home of the archives of local community organisations and of individuals whose personal papers are acquired by libraries. In some cases, the library shares the role of maintaining local archives with historical societies, museums and universities. The result is a functioning example of distributed custody, where public libraries and other local institutions take responsibility for local archives. This paper is a case study that draws on two major surveys of local studies collections undertaken by the State Library of NSW, the first in 1984 and the second in 2013–2014. It concludes that public libraries have been critical for over 50 years in ensuring that local archives have been acquired and managed, despite there being no explicit regulatory or policy frameworks for doing so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tests ALIA's statement that ‘library print and ebook collections will establish a 50:50 equilibrium by 2020’ against the experience and likely trajectory of Curtin University Library. It identifies features of the higher education landscape that have led to the development of epreferred strategies, outlines current collection principles, and describes the current state of the Library's holdings. Looking ahead, the article charts the likely impact of the current collection development framework over the next six years, considering questions relating to budget, use of space, client experience and treatment of the legacy print collection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the pop-up concept, a world-wide trend which has been employed in various commercial and community settings, with a particular interest in how it has been applied to literary environments, using both physical and digital resources. The report examines six Australian public libraries, investigating why and how they established a pop-up library, and reflecting on their successes, challenges and what they have learnt from the process. The paper provides a definition of pop-up libraries and outlines how to create a pop-up library for a public library service, exploring the risks, benefits and issues to consider when planning for a successful pop-up library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay opens out a series of questions concerning matter and materiality in the age of the digital via engagement with the literary papers of Australian writer Eve Langley (1904-74), held in the Mitchell Library in Sydney. Among those papers is a single black and white snapshot labelled 'The Manuscript Cupboard, 1970', which shows three shelves of a household cupboard filled with exercise books, folders and paper-wrapped parcels. The same collection also contains a series of colour snapshots showing Langley's manuscripts arranged in a variety of tableaux laid out across her untended lawn. That Langley should have first taken and then preserved such photos is perhaps not surprising given her deep attachment to material conditions of writing and, in particular, to manuscripts and paper. For Langley, to write was quite simply to inhabit paper and she framed the experience of writing as one of immersion, not just in ideas and words, but literally in paper. Framed by a consideration of the anxieties around materiality provoked by the emergence of digital technologies, this essay explores paper's presence as an integral dimension of the experience of being in the archive and working with original materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical records embody the contexts of their creation and use through time, but their materiality may be perceived as a neutral background to their content. Analogue records are increasingly available online as digital images, and these images may be perceived as surrogates with evidential value equivalent to the source document. This paper presents a set of prompts for developing awareness of materiality in analogue records, and considers how these prompts might be applied to digital images of analogue records. The paper concludes with suggestions for how archives might acknowledge and mitigate some of the limitations of these representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using three contemporary feminist activist collections as case studies, this article challenges assumptions about digital archives and, more generally, digital collections. First, it challenges the widespread perception that so-called digital archives are necessarily democratising. Second, it examines how archivists and special collections librarians may adopt new media platforms, often in surprising ways, even as they avoid the development of large-scale digitisation projects. Finally, and most notably, this article makes a case fo r recognising how archivists and special collections librarians may use new media platforms to open up access to collections that exceed the narrow scope of digitisation projects. Here, what is foregrounded is not necessarily the limits of digital archives, but rather the limited way in which we continue to think about digital mandates in relation to archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an experimental project working with the Robert Menzies Collection at the University of Melbourne Library. This heritage collection comprises the books previously owned by Menzies, the former Prime Minister of Australia. Our paper describes the process of recording the contents of the collection and assessing the collection for significant signs of provenance. The article highlights a novel approach to making the contents of a personal library accessible to researchers by using non-traditional library technology. Instead of a straightforward catalogue or index, this project uses a relational database to map and connect the books in Menzies's personal library to his life and times. We consider the implications of this approach from library and archival perspectives and consider the challenges and opportunities presented by personal libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Protocols for libraries, archives and information services (the Protocols) were written in 1995 and have been updated twice, most recently in 2012. The Protocols are a guide for library and information practitioners in the provision of appropriate services and management of items about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and cultures. Since 1995 there have been significant changes in the information landscape, driven by demand, supply and technological change. The Protocols have been updated to reflect those changes, although Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander aspirations for the management of the materials about them, access to them and to library services have not changed. Therefore the Protocols are as useful and applicable now as when they were first written. Further, the Protocols offer a path to reconciliation, a guide to community engagement and a means to develop cultural competence. The latter two are gaining importance in library and information science. This article discusses development of the Protocols and provides examples of how they can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is focused on the partnership between the WA Museum Maritime History Department and Curtin University's Information Studies Department on a retrospective digitisation project in 2012. The aim was to digitise the Welcome Wall project's paper records and link these records to the museum's online maritime history collection. The paper outlines and discusses the key business process questions that were considered prior and during the embarkation on the digitisation project. The conclusion shares lessons learnt from the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the debate in early 18th century concerning the spheroid shape of the earth. Topics discussed include the four measurements of the length of the ground which were used by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler to estimate the eccentricity and equitorial radius of the Earth, the invention of the pendulum clock, and the illustration of English physicist Isaac Newton of the two canals drill at the center of the Earth.

Drawing upon a database compiled using digital sources, this article explores the development and characteristics of over 1000 Sheffield cutlery enterprises. In Sheffield cutlery, the family was virtually synonymous with the firm. Large factories were rare, with no more than a dozen businesses employing more than 250 workers by 1914. Foreign manufacturers or merchants were sparse, too, and only about 20 have been found operating in Sheffield in the nineteenth century. Businesses drew their strength in the first instance from individual family skills, within a quintessentially craft-based industry. The backstreet nature of most cutlery enterprises enabled women (and children) to play a key role in both the home and factory – sometimes providing additional support through their involvement in the beer houses and shops that many families operated as a second enterprise. Companies often formed miniature family dynasties, reflecting the father-to-son nature of the trade and the connectedness (sometimes through marriage) with other families. Digital sources should allow other family-based English industries or clusters to be recreated in similar detail. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While the goals of rationalising the retention of low-use print research collections, releasing library space, preserving and providing efficient and cost-effective access to print research collections are common to academic and research libraries on a global level the approaches and developments in the United Kingdom, Europe, the United States and Australia have all been different. This paper describes the creation and evolution of an Australian print repository, the CARM (CAVAL Archival and Research Materials) Centre, within the context of international developments. CAVAL is an Australian not-for-profit company established to provide library services to libraries in the region. CAVAL's members and owners are 11 Universities located in New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a study of the holdings of a single discipline (Design) by a single institution (RMIT University Library) in order to test for the possibility of a form of distributed national storage in Australia. The study was undertaken using OCLC Collection Analysis software and the WorldCat database. The collection of RMIT University Library is compared with two "groups" of libraries, the first consisting of seven Victorian academic library collections, and the second of three Melbourne-based non-academic libraries considered to have strong Design collections. Conclusions indicate that for this discipline a form of distributed storage is already in place, with the RMIT University Library collection making a considerable and complementary contribution to the state-wide holdings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing availability and prominence of e-books has led to a perception in some quarters that the requirement for physical books is decreasing, as most, or all scholarly material is openly available in digital form. Some academic administrators and librarians have suggested that it may be possible or desirable to have a solely, or predominantly electronic academic library. This study tests that assumption by randomly selecting a sample of titles from a mid-size Australian academic library and searching for suitable electronic copies. The conclusion of the paper is that a maximum of 33% of titles held by the case study library are available as e-books, and on a practical basis about 26% of titles held by the case study library could be readily obtained as e-books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on examination of the approximation of π values using Lehmer's generalized hypergeometric functions. It informs that two classes of infinite series were developed by an American mathematician Derrick Henry Lehmer. It informs that he developed his first series by manipulating Taylor expansion for arcsine function. It reports that his second series is expressed as generalized hypergeometric functions which can be used for approximation of π.

This paper reports on the results of an overlap study of Australian research library collections. The study used OCLC's WorldCat Collection Analysis software to mine data recording Australian holdings on the WorldCat database. The data is analysed according to the results obtained for six 'groups' which represent various coalitions of academic, national/state, and special libraries. The data is focussed on the incidence and distribution of overlap and unique items, and the analysis considers the implications for the future management of the nation's research collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the contemporary challenges for clinical libraries is to understand and engage with a continuously changing variety of content packaging. The environment is rapidly changing from one where the availability of the content dictated the mode of access, to one in which clients can choose their preferred mode of access and expect that the content they need will be available to fit it. In an effort to adapt to this change the Toowoomba Clinical Library Service observed the ubiquity of iPods and MP3 players was accompanied by a steady increase in the production and availability of audio presentations suitable for practising clinicians. At the same time, suitable indexing and aggregation of podcasts was rare, meaning much of this potentially highly useful content was difficult to discover and was little used. This issue was addressed by establishing a project whereby podcasts were collected and access provided. This project identified (through extensive searching) suitable podcasts and pre-loaded them, as topical collections, onto iPods which were made available for loan. In addition, a database was developed to generate descriptive lists of available podcasts and to facilitate the tracking of podcast allocation to individual iPods. Over time, feedback helped the authors realise the collection, indexing and multimodal distribution of the podcasts was more important than simply the provision of iPods. Subsequent enhancements have been made to encompass these larger goals. This project has been well worthwhile. Use among local clinicians has steadily grown, while hospital libraries in Brisbane and Adelaide are now collaborating with the project. Formal and informal evaluation indicates it is clearly meeting a need by extending the provision of high quality and relevant information in a format which is flexible and appropriate for clinicians thinly stretched for time and intellectual energy. Enhancing the project will involve working on better ways to evaluate the outcomes achieved from this service and the impacts on practitioner behaviour and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the Guerrilla Girls, a group of women activist artists who banded together in 1985 in the Soho neighborhood of New York City. Giving each other guerrilla names after prominent women artists such as Frida Kahlo and Gertrude Stein, the author details the various artistic collaborations the group did with organizations for women's rights, such as the Women's Action Coalition (WAC). Topics include the Guerrilla Girls' efforts for social justice, the group's reincarnation as a feminist theater group named Guerrilla Girls BroadBand, and various posters composed by the group.

The article offers suggestions for libraries seeking to develop a foreign language fiction collection with limited funds. Particular focus is given to the efforts of the Tasmanian Polytechnic Launceston Campus Library developed such a collection through grants and donations. Reasons for developing foreign language fiction collections, the population of Tasmanian Polytechnic for whom English is not their first language, and the process of requesting donations are examined. Benefits of the project are also discussed.

The article offers information on the interpretation of probability as a boundary of finitary probabilities. It states that from a pragmatic viewpoint, the cost is outbalanced by the reality that many beautiful number-theoretic outcomes are most naturally formulated in the language of probability. The famous Erdõs-Kac theorem says that the number of a positive integer n's prime factors acts as a normally-disseminated random variable with mean and variance both equal to log n.

The cultural heritage of library collections and individual items is of importance and interest outside the profession of librarianship, This paper gives an introduction to the concept of 'movable heritage' from the heritage professional's perspective and provides suggestions as to how this concept can be applied to libraries. Identifying what is of cultural heritage significance and how a collection/item is significant is the key to making management decisions which balance the conservation of a library's heritage items with other pressures in library management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]