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The article presents an overview of the Technological Arms Race that has dominated the research and development activities of the United States since World War II. It focuses on the historic development of the equipments that has been invented for the management and direction of the country's military technology programs. It also examines the role and functions of scientists and engineers in the military technology programs of the United States. It also cites the organizational mechanisms which controlled and influenced the course of technological developments.

This article discusses various issues related to the imposition of controls over the free flow of scientific information in the United States and its national security. The article makes specific reference to the views of Bobby Inman, deputy director of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, in this regard. There are many reports and proposed regulations that ask to limit openness and free flow of scientific work due to certain national security concerns. Different reviews conducted by different agencies have affected the work of intellectuals including scientists, engineers, students along with university and industrial officials.

The article discusses the four studies which investigate how academic specialists in the U.S. view themselves, as well as their roles in technical assistance programs. These studies were conducted by Leonard J. Fein at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for International Studies on engineers and scientists, and Clarence E. Thurber, George M. Guthrie, and Richard M. Spencer at the Pennsylvania State University on agriculturists, education specialist, and engineers. Also, C. Wendell King and Edwin D. Driver at the University of Massachusetts conducted studies on teachers in the social sciences and humanities, and William B. Storm and Jason L. Finkle at the University of Southern California on social scientists.

The article discusses the demands of scientific revolution to the government in the U.S. One of them is to correct the inadequate salaries specifically on the executive levels. Another is to provide technical people a suitable environment under the control of professional scientists and engineers. Also urgently needed are more flexible personnel policies in the management levels-similar to those in corporations. Scientists and engineers must face up to three new facts including the inevitability and urgency of their new public service functions, the need for a new and respected career pattern to fulfill these functions and the need to develop methods to maintain the highest technical competence under these conditions.

This article argues the need for government support in promoting and subsidizing civilian research and development to solve US economic and domestic problems and to inspire scientists and engineers. In a rapidly changing security environment, the receding military threat from the Warsaw Pact is reducing NATO's defense needs, and in the strategic arena, smaller nuclear arsenals are being negotiated. If the emerging supply of research scientists and engineers once engaged by the military is not redeployed, their talents could be wasted while environmental deterioration deepens and the international competitiveness of U.S. industry declines further. This would exacerbate an already unfavorable situation: traditionally, as profits decline, the private sector spends less for R& D. If military R& D is not replaced by civilian R& D, the country's overall research activities will shrink while economic competitors are increasing their research investments. And Reagan turned the Energy Department into an atomic bomb agency: by the end of the decade, the department was spending nearly twice as much on weapons as on civilian energy programs, including research funds dedicated to Star Wars projects--designing atomic reactors to power space vehicles and the atomic explosions that would pulse the X-ray laser weapon.

The article focuses on the statement of Senator Edward M. Kennedy on the amendment to the Independent Offices Appropriations Bill in the U.S. for the fiscal year 1971. According to him, the amendment aims to increase the appropriation for the National Science Foundation to provide for the planning, research and development in methods of converting scientific manpower and resources from the defense activities to civilian-related projects. The appropriations bill would help address the problem of unemployment among trained scientists, engineers and technicians in the nation.

The article presents a discussion on the implications of the development of the atomic bomb in the relationships between the United States and Russia. It also discusses the international control of atomic energy and suggests the denaturing of fissionable materials for the purpose of making them more difficult to use for the manufacture of bombs. It also cites the viability of creating a situation that will enable the United States to appeal in various ways to physicists and engineers for information that would uncover violations on the control of atomic weapons.

Forensic structural engineering is a distinct specialty that identifies the causes of structural failures, sometimes in a legal context. Its application is not limited to catastrophic failure, but is applicable in any situation where there is an unacceptable difference between expected and observed structural performance. This paper introduces forensic structural engineering by reviewing the formation of forensic engineering as a speciality in the US; introducing the principles and implementation of forensic investigations; presenting the technical and forensic attributes of the forensic engineer; and discussing its contribution to the wider Australian engineering profession. The paper concludes with a presentation of the resources available to the Australian engineer wishing to pursue a career in forensics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Fundreds in Arkansas lesson implemented and taught at the Spring Dale High School in Arkansas. It mentions the lesson's relevance to the Operation Paydirt, which is also known as The Fundred Dollar Bill Project, of Mel Chin and it covers communities as well as educational institutions in the U.S. The lesson was collaborated by several professionals including biological scientists, engineers, healthcare professionals, and urban planners. The lesson's relevance in settling various environmental problems in the country is also reported.

Examines the development of the international context in which U.S. scientists and engineers create new knowledge and ideas. Indications of the determination of Asian policy makers to strengthen their research and development systems and their knowledge economies; Problem posed by the failure of the U.S. scientific community to participate in the trend in the emergence of global attitude among scientists; Overview of the development of the collaborative links between scientists.

Focuses on the debate over the quantity and quality of the U.S. scientific and engineering workforce. Discussion of the unemployment rates for technology workers; Challenges posed by the boom-bust cycles for technology for policy-makers; Role of institutions in the career paradigm for engineers.

Discusses the labor market for science and engineering (S/E) doctorates in the United States. Discussion on the demand and supply for S/E doctorates; Sources of demand for S/E doctorates; Reason for a slight decline in the effective supply ratio from 1995 to 1997.

Occupational sex segregation is estimated to account for a substantial portion of the sex gap in pay for full-time. year-round workers (England 1992). Although women's representation in many formerly male-dominated occupations has increased since 1972, women are still underrepresented in engineering. In 1993 women were awarded 14 percent of all engineering bachelors degrees and accounted for 8 percent of the U.S. engineering labor force. This study uses data from the 1980 senior sample of the High School and Beyond national longitudinal survey to model sex differences in the choice of engineering in college. Multi- nomial logit models of major choice are constructed as a function of individual-level attributes associated with high school preparation and gender role attitudes. Decomposition analysis indicates that avenge sex differences in these two areas explain between 8.8 and 33.4 percent of the sex gap. Policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the author's views on the efforts of the U.S. officials over the past half decade to restrict the free flow of scientific and technical information. Such attempts are against fundamental principles of openness. Restricting open communication among American scientists and engineers that helped the U.S. in the past would hamper the technological basis of its national security. Clear rules as to what should be kept secret are required to prevent abuses.

The article reports on the formation of the U.S. Federation of American Scientists which are composed of scientists and engineers concerned with the impact of science on national matters. The organization has been a place for inquiry, debate or criticism which is free from governmental or economic connections. The dependence of most universities to the federal government may worsen when a university conducts classified military research which could compromise the basic way of freedom of discussion and criticism. Secrecy in research is antithetic, gives an improper environment for the academic training of students and to the values and functions of the university. With this, the Council of the Federation of the American Scientists recommends guidelines for university sponsored research.

The article offers news briefs related to science in the U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower announced a new National Committee for the Development of Scientists and Engineers on April 13, 1956. Meanwhile, a group of physicists invited by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Academy of Sciences to attend a high energy nuclear conference has received permission to go from the Atomic Energy Commission.

The article offers news in connection with the ninth semiannual report of the United States Atomic Energy Congress (AEC) in July 1947. The semiannual report reviews AEC contract policy and operations from the vantage point of four full years of experience. It aims to widen participation of all segments of the economy program. The Manhattan Engineer District has been one of the most important administrative decision of the commission, which aims to continue the practice of contracting with industrial concerns and academic institutions to performs the actual operations. INSET: KOREAN APPEAL FOR TEXTBOOKS.

The article presents opinion on the claims of workforce shortages or shortfalls in the science and engineering sectors in the U.S. Sufficiency of demand in labor markets for the professional services of scientists and engineers is essential. Job experiences in science and engineering are not commendable compared with other professions. The reports regarding the sufficiency of production of scientists and engineers should consider the factors that affect the appeal of the professions.

Discusses preliminary data from a statistical profile of the engineering workforce in the United States, compiled by the National Science Foundation. Number of engineering graduates; Employed and unemployed engineers; Popularity of computer engineering; Transition of engineering from a hardware to service-oriented profession.

Proposes on how to lure the scientists and engineers who make the development of weapons systems possible away from the weapons laboratories in the U.S.

The article offers information about the appeal of the scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on the alleged misuse of the government on the developments related to science and technology in the U.S. The author stresses that the government is using the developments of science and technology to increase their capability in creating weapons of mass destruction. Scientists and engineers at MIT created a proposal to address their concern on the increasing exploitation of scientific knowledge. It includes the initiation in examining the policies of the government in science and technology, turning the research applications from the present emphasis on military technology, and sharing the benefits of the developments to mankind.

The article focuses on the goal and organizational structure of the Society for Social Responsibility in Science in Pennsylvania. The society was formed by a group of scientists and engineers in the country. The aim of the society implies objection to destructive activity like war but is devoted to constructive works such as assisting individuals who suffer economic or legal difficulties. Victor Paschkis, the society president, stated that the scientists have omitted all the social and moral aspects of their work just for constructive purposes. A list of new society officers are presented.

The article addresses the various changes in science and engineering. The author expects that by the time the U.S. National Academy of Engineering's Engineer of 2020 project has been completed and documented, female engineers will not only be more numerous in the field, but will more likely be members of two-income households. Many people believe that a greater percentage of women in engineering will have a beneficial effect on how engineers think about their work and that it will broaden men's awareness. The many changes in science and engineering are doing several things such as blurring the boundary between basic and applied research. The problem of ethics concerning engineering and engineers is also addressed.

Discusses the report "Framing the Engineering Outsourcing Debate: Placing the United States on a Level Playing Field With China and India," which compares the number of U.S. engineering students to those in developing nations, as of May 1, 2006. Finding of the study concerning the typical comparisons of the number of engineering students; Percentage of Chinese and Indian engineers who can compete in the global arena; Real threat to the U.S. technological edge.

Presents information on a report from the National Academy of Engineering regarding the future of engineering in the U.S. Adoption of a scenario-based planning technique; Scenarios considered for the project including global conflict and globalization; Suggestions regarding the engineering profession.

Provides data on the number of doctorate degrees in the field of science and engineering awarded by the U.S. institutions for academic year 2000. Demographic characteristics of recipients; Data on selected variables from 1991 to 2000.

Focuses on the report by the National Science Foundation's Engineering Workforce Project showing a growing trend for doctoral-level engineers to move into private-sector jobs rather than join the faculties of four-year colleges and universities. Percentage of doctoral-level engineers employed in the private sector for 1995; Role of occupational specialty on employment for doctoral-level engineers.

Reports on an overall surplus of scientists and engineers in the United States with significant shortages in specialized areas. Percentage increase in academic science and engineering earnings; Factors that contribute to the shortages in specialized areas; National Science Foundation's (NSF) indirect social responsibility for promoting greater participation by minorities and women in science and engineering.

The article reports on a study conducted by engineers at U.S.-based Duke University, in which they are controlling the properties of graphene and looking for applications for the material.

This section presents an update on issues relevant to the high technology industry. The National Association of Colleges and Employers revealed that the starting salary for the 2009 engineering class in the U.S. will be $58.525. Total research and development (R&D) expenditures in Japan for fiscal 2007 reached ¥18,943.8 billion. A Science & Technology Park was inaugurated in Qatar.

This section offers technological innovation-related news briefs. The overall unemployment rate for U.S. scientists and engineers dropped from 3.2% in 2003 to 2.5% in 2006. Singapore is planning a Singaporean $350 million framework for innovation to encourage entrepreneurship and fund start-up companies. A PricewaterhouseCoopers survey found that venture capital firms invested $2.2 billion in clean tech firms in 2007.

Presents science-related news items. Number of engineers employed; Increase in research and development spending by the 100 biggest spenders in the United States; Long-term overproduction of science and engineering doctorates; Swiftness of technol ogy companies in introducing new products.

Presents statistics on science and engineering graduates in the United States. Unemployment rate for all scientists and engineers during 1993; Growth in total science and engineering graduate-student population; Increase in the total number of women in graduate schools; Median number of years between receipt of the bachelors degree and a doctorate in science and engineering.