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While levels of internal mobility have been trending down in many advanced economies, the interregional migration rates of Spanish young adults have increased. This paper analyses the internal movements of the Spanish-born population aged 25-39 between NUTS-2 regions from 1992 to 2018, including sub-periods linked to the Spanish economic context. The analysis incorporates the urban-rural dimension within each region and the educational level of migrants, a variable that has not been included in Spanish internal migration studies. We used flow register data of migration and sociodemographic information from the Labor Force Survey. The results show that migrations between regions have become more unbalanced over time, especially since the 2008 crisis. In addition, a new trend of out-migration from cities in peripheral regions has been detected, which contrasts with the former high level of rural outmigration. A great educational selectivity of out-migrants and a growing internal brain drain have also been found. Moreover, qualified human capital accumulation has been increasing in Madrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper and accompanying map aim on the issue of brain drain (otherwise known as Human Capital Flight) concerning cultural and creative industries. The study is focused on the evaluation of Olomouc city, Czechia. In the case of a mid-sized city such as Olomouc, human capital flight is largely associated with cultural and creative fields, because it plays a significant part of the economy and character of the city. The 'brain drain index' of Czech municipalities has been calculated and visualized within the synthetic map. The study supported by a map investigated the brain drain from the local university. Moreover, four analytical side-maps which present the most important phenomena used for the Brain Drain Index calculating, and one side-map which summarizes the results of the questionnaire survey, have been visualized. The map layout is extended by description, table and a scheme which characterize the individual steps of the workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many studies have investigated the migration intentions of sub-Saharan African medical students and health professionals within the context of a legacy of active international recruitment by receiving countries. However, many health workers migrate outside of this recruitment paradigm. This paper aims to explore the reasons for migration of health workers from sub-Saharan Africa to Belgium and Austria; European countries without a history of active recruitment in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Data were collected using semistructured interviews. Twenty-seven health workers were interviewed about their migration experiences. Included participants were born in sub-Saharan Africa, had trained as health workers in sub-Saharan Africa, and were currently living in Belgium or Austria, though not necessarily currently working as a health professional. Results: Both Austria and Belgium were shown not to be target countries for the health workers, who instead moved there by circumstance, rather than choice. Three principal reasons for migration were reported: 1) educational purposes; 2) political instability or insecurity in their country of origin; and 3) family reunification. In addition, two respondents mentioned medical reasons and, although less explicit, economic factors were also involved in several of the respondents’ decision to migrate. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of the broader economic, social, and political context within which migration decisions are made. Training opportunities proved to be an important factor for migration. A further development and upgrade of primary care might help to counter the common desire to specialize and improve domestic training opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ongoing debates in Canadian higher education is the dilemma of the brain drain and the seemingly conflicting goals between the strategies and intentions of various government departments. While Citizenship and Immigration Canada aims to recruit the brightest students from across the globe to study in Canada and to enable their long-term stay as permanent residents and ultimately as citizens, the Canadian International Development Agency is mandated to strengthen human capacity in developing countries. This paper provides a critical analysis of the brain drain problem by juxtaposing Canadian policies with Cuban policies as manifested in the two countries' divergent approaches to international students and tertiary education scholarships for students from poorer countries. Following an overview of the existing scholarship programmes in both countries, ethical and philosophical considerations are examined that appear to underlie the two countries' individual-rights-based and collective-rights-based justifications for making decisions about the terms on which students from other countries are permitted to study in Canada and Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the moderating effect of institutional quality on the relationship between foreign capital flow and human capital development in sub-Saharan Africa. The study uses a sample of 34 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and data for 2009 to 2019. Human capital development is measured using the Human Development Index (HDI). To control for endogeneity, the study uses the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator. The results demonstrate a positive relationship between remittances, foreign direct investment (FDI), institutional quality and human capital development. Official development assistance (ODA), on the other hand, has a negative and significant effect on human capital development. The findings further reveal that the effect of remittances and FDI on the human capital development is moderated by the institution's quality. However, the effect of ODA on the development of human capital is not influenced by institutional quality. Findings from the study provide valuable insights to policymakers. This study highlights the importance of remittances and FDI in stimulating human capital development in sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, the study reveals the harmful impact of official development on human capital development that necessitates policy interventions. Drawing on these findings, policymakers should undertake policy reforms to improve the quality of institutions and enhance the impact of foreign capital flows on human development. This study offers two contributions. First, the study fills a vacuum in the literature by focusing on the relationship between foreign capital flow, institutional quality, and the development of human capital in sub-Saharan Africa. Second, the SSA is one of the developing nations that has seen a significant brain drain because of widespread migration to industrialized nations. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how much foreign capital flows through the development of human capital contribute to the socio-economic change of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An excerpt of the article "Book symposium on Debating Brain Drain: May Government Restrict Emigration?" is presented with focuses on the need for legitimate states to impose coercive measures in restricting skilled workers' emigration.

Some restrictionist arguments justifying the duty to stay as a means of addressing medical brain drain have relied on reciprocity as the moral basis for their policy proposals. In this essay, I argue that such reciprocity-based justifications for the duty to stay ignore crucial conditions of fittingness as relates to the funding of medical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we aim to assess how the negative effects of brain drain can be mitigated in a fair way. We particularly focus on the policies of extraterritorial taxation and temporary compulsory service for highly skilled migrants in developing countries, which are most thoroughly defended by Gillian Brock. We argue that while Brock is right in pressing for policies seeking to combat the damaging effects of brain drain, she fails to properly characterize the complex strands of disadvantage that run through this phenomenon, placing an unfair redistributive burden on highly skilled migrants. By contrast, we maintain that any fair distribution of such burdens can only flow from a comprehensive account of existing comparative disadvantages, without regard for migratory status. The resulting policy implications are that a considerable part of the tax burden required for mitigating brain drain should be borne by citizens of developed countries, and that compulsory service in developing countries should be rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two traditional theorems of welfare economics posit a trade-off between a government redistribution targets and efficiency. We propose a third 'claim' of welfare economics, stating that in closed economies the actual efficiency costs associated with redistribution are small. We then examine the claim in the current phase of 'hyper-globalization'. On the one hand, a race-to-the-bottom in taxation restricts the capacity to tax high-earners and the associated brain drain may affect a country's long-run growth. On the other hand, demand for social insurance should be particularly high in an open economy, especially with advancing digitalization. Xenophobic sentiments may, however, offset this demand. We also discuss the impact of globalization on wage equalization and productive efficiency. We conclude against the idea that the welfare state is intrinsically unable to carry out its redistributive function in an era of globalization. However, its strategies and tools of intervention must be rethought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the political intervention in public universities and scientific institutes in several Latin American countries. This intervention has resulted in a brain drain of appreciable proportions at a time of acute need for specialized skills and intellectually disciplined leadership to carry on the process of economic and social development in these countries. This intervention has also deprived teaching and research faculties of academic freedom and security of tenure which is necessary to the effective advancement of science and its technological applications.

The article discusses the brain drain problem in Europe due to the migration of the scientists. Between the reigns of Justinian and Charlemagne, evidence of migration can be found by the learned and attempts to influence it. More signs appear from the beginning of the Benedictine era when European education and erudition was centered in monasteries or Episcopal schools. However, the first original documents on official policies that promote or prevent the migration of researchers appeared after the coming of European universities. Despite political fragmentation in the country, its intellectual and cultural unity facilitated migration which was caused by economic, political, social and intellectual advantages gained by acquiring knowledge in medicine, theology, and philosophy.

An excerpt of the article "Book symposium on Debating Brain Drain: May Government Restrict Emigration?" is presented with showcases the need for legitimate states to impose coercive measures in restricting skilled workers' emigration.

Background: Migration of health workers from Africa continues to undermine the universal provision of quality health care. South Africa is an epicentre for migration – it exports more health workers to high-income countries than any other African country and imports health workers from its lower-income neighbours to fill the gap. Although an inter-governmental agreement in 2003 reduced the very high numbers migrating from South Africa to the United Kingdom, migration continues to other high-income English-speaking countries and few workers seem to return although the financial incentive to work abroad has lessened. A deeper understanding of reasons for migration from South Africa and post-migration experiences is therefore needed to underpin policy which is developed in order to improve retention within source countries and encourage return. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 South African doctors and nurses who had migrated to the United Kingdom. Interviews explored factors influencing the decision to migrate and post-migration experiences. Results: Salary, career progression, and poor working conditions were not major push factors for migration. Many health workers reported that they had previously overcome these issues within the South African healthcare system by migrating to the private sector. Overwhelmingly, the major push factors were insecurity, high levels of crime, and racial tension. Although the wish to work and train in what was perceived to be a first-class care system was a pull factor to migrate to the United Kingdom, many were disappointed by the experience. Instead of obtaining new skills, many (particularly nurses) felt they had become ‘de-skilled’. Many also felt that working conditions and opportunities for them in the UK National Health Service (NHS) compared unfavourably with the private sector in South Africa. Conclusions: Migration from South Africa seems unlikely to diminish until the major concerns over security, crime, and racial tensions are resolved. However, good working conditions in the private sector in South Africa provide an occupational incentive to return if security did improve. Potential migrants should be made more aware of the risks of losing skills while working abroad that might prejudice return. In addition, re-skilling initiatives should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the emigration intentions of native-born Dutch residents and their subsequent emigration behaviour from 2005 to 2010. Data were collected from two surveys on emigration intentions, one conducted locally and one nationally. A number of novel results stand out. First, intentions were good predictors of future emigration: 34 per cent of those who had stated an intention to emigrate actually emigrated within the 5-year follow-up period. Second, the personality of potential migrants and their discontent with the quality of the public domain in the Netherlands (e.g., crowded space and inadequate access to unspoilt nature, pollution, crime level, mentality of people) were the strongest contributors to the motivation to move abroad. Third, the main difference between movers and those who stated intentions to emigrate but had not (yet) followed through was their state of health: healthy people were more likely to follow through with their migration intentions than those in poorer health. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article sheds light on the impact of migration on origin communities by focusing on two case studies in different regions in Poland. Besides the economic consequences, the social and cultural consequences of migration for community cohesion and the lives of its members are highlighted, with reference to an emerging culture of migration in the communities. By presenting different migration patterns prevalent before and after Poland's accession to the European Union, the article demonstrates the important differences caused by 'visible migration' and 'hidden migration' in the communities of origin, taking into account especially the temporal dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on research that explored and analysed the potential role of diasporas in development aid in the Netherlands. The research adopted the hypothesis that development agencies could benefit from the knowledge, skills, and views of diasporas as 'agents of development' and thereby make aid more effective and sustainable. Data were derived from semi-structured interviews with representatives of diasporas residing in the Netherlands; Dutch NGOs selected by the Dutch government for their capacity-building programmes; official donors, namely the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken); and international organisations, such as the International Organization of Migration (IOM). Secondary data were derived from a literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the patterns of expulsion and constraint relative to emigration in Third World countries. The author explains that the first pattern concerns political and ethnic pressures and associated with tribulations of nation-building in new societies. Another pattern is an effort to block the loss of highly skilled individuals or the 'brain drain.' He claims that the production of refugees is caused by the 'progressive restructuring' of a society. Meanwhile, the pattern of constraint is a response to the potential loss of skilled manpower.

The article discusses the advantages of laissez-faire financing of education in Great Britain. Despite the rise of Keynesianism to the position of economic orthodoxy and the steadily diminishing significance of private finance in education, there has developed, in recent years, a mounting campaign for the laissez-faire finance of education, The objectives of this campaign were well illustrated in a document drawn up in 1969 by a joint working party of the economic and education committees of the Confederation of British Industry. The financing of education largely by direct charges was advocated, and specific recommendations included standard fees for nursery schools, charging the full economic price for school meals, and re:examining the need for school milk provision. A major role in the campaign for the laissez-faire finance of education has been played by the Institute of Economic Affairs which has published a number of works advocating a considerable reduction in the state's direct involvement in the finance of education. It can, of course, be argued that the objection to the existing distribution of incomes is a separate issue that should be dealt with directly and independently of the method of financing education. An illuminating example of the application of neo-classical economic theory provided by recent discussion of the brain drain. Among the problems which the panacea of laissez-faire finance is supposed to solve is that of student unrest.

The article focuses on the upward trend in education that is brain drain in which the teachers with the highest academic abilities move towards the zenithal levels of the educational system. The people available to teach at the levels from which the highly academic are retreating include many admirable people with good qualities; their knowledge of their subjects is said to be fully adequate for teaching at the level at which they are working; and-it is often said-they may understand better the people they are teaching, in the earlier part of secondary education especially; they may be better teachers because there is a smaller gap between their thinking and general interests and those of most of their pupils or students. Moreover, there is more to teaching than knowledge of the subject and superior academic ability; there are the very important factors of personality and the ability to communicate. In addition to the claims made for the academically gifted teacher so far, there is also the teacher's reaction to the learner's performance. It has been said that very able minds find it difficult to see why the learner should be finding difficulty. But it is also true that it often requires high ability to see what the learner is trying to do and to recognize an unorthodox but reasonable approach to a problem. But there are other reactions by academically gifted teachers.