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Copyright of Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vector-borne diseases are a growing burden worldwide. In particular, the risks of allergic reactions to bites are associated with growing arthropod populations in contact with the public. The diversity of allergic reactions associated with host and arthropod factors difficult disease diagnosis, prognosis and prevention. Therefore, arthropod-associated allergies are underdiagnosed and require better surveillance of arthropod populations and disease diagnosis and management. To face these challenges, in this study, we describe five cases to illustrate arthropod-associated allergies with different symptomatology, including alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) associated with anti-alpha-gal IgE antibody titres. Information on symptoms in response to arthropod bites was collected from patients and medical doctors. The five cases included patients bitten by a robber fly and different tick species. Cases were in Spain or U.S.A. Two cases were diagnosed with AGS and one case was diagnosed with anaphylaxis in response to tick bite with high anti-alpha-gal IgE levels. The symptoms in response to arthropod bites vary between different cases. Allergic reactions and symptoms in response to arthropod bites vary in association with host and arthropod factors. Herein we propose recommendations to control allergic symptoms, associated disease risk factors and the way forward to advance in the prevention and control of arthropod-associated allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delivering the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires leaders to navigate different fields and work across public, private, and plural sectors. Higher education (HE) is positioned uniquely to bring disciplines together and convene leaders from business, government, and civil society by designing customized learning encounters. Here we explore the creation and delivery of a change program for leaders concerned with the SDGs based on a framework for understanding and shifting underlying relationships – termed here, agreement structures. Informed by meta-analysis of cases integrating social and technical innovations, an immersive personalized sustainability learning program was designed and offered in a university setting in summer 2019 in Spain. Drawing from academia (students and faculty), business and local government, learning experiences were co-created to help shift the paradigm for creating change among people, place, and planet. Making explicit agreement structures influenced learning design and enabled the co-creation of a customized cross-disciplinary, cross-sectoral program for leaders concerned with fulfilment of the SDGs. Exploiting the unique convening and integrating power of HE, the SDGs provided a shared narrative around which the faculty could communicate and bring their unique perspectives to co-create the program. Focused on accelerating multi-actor partnerships for delivery of the SDGs, the program focused on enabling a shift in underlying agreement structures necessary for local-global collaboration and transformation. The study describes a program that made conscious the relationships that need shifting to fulfil the SDGs and offers new insights to leverage the convening power of HE to contribute towards fulfilment of the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main aim of this research was to explore experiences of care during the lockdown of the first wave of COVID-19 syndemic in Spain Methods: This is a qualitative and explorative study using self-photo-elicitation as a data collection method. Fifteen participants (Twelve women and three men) shared 25 photographs and one video between the June 18 and August, 2020. Participants' photographs and texts were collected online. Data were analysed based on Thematic Analysis. Results: Three emerging categories were constructed: 1) the deconstruction of care: self-care and collective care 2) the crisis of care and gendered care, 2) beyond anthropocentrism: animalism and ecology. Findings indicate the need to understand "care" in terms of social reproduction, including self-care, care towards other humans and non-human animals, and collective care. Also, the need to care for planetary health and to be in contact with nature as a form of self-care and social care. Conclusions: Care in a period of social and health crisis puts human relationships and also non-human life at the centre. Care requires adopting taking an ecological one-health perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodological proposal was developed for the study of prehistoric siliceous artefacts which includes the use of smartphone photography as an analytical tool. Different kinds of materials (cherts, rock crystal and quartzite) were sampled from the lithic assemblage of La Calvera rock-shelter (Camaleño, Spain), chosen as a case study. Each sample was photographed with a smartphone and colour features were compared with portable and non-destructive standardised techniques including visible spectrophotometry, Raman, diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and portable X-ray fluorescence. The obtained results suggest that smartphone image analysis is a reliable approach to characterise siliceous rocks and that it can be a valuable, cheap and fast method especially suitable for the first screening of large lithic assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard FIX prophylaxis for PWHB require frequent injections, which has led to the development of extended half-life products like rIX-FP (albutrepenonacog alfa) that has shown good efficacy in clinical studies. This ambispective study aims to report a real-world experience with rIX-FP in a Spanish centre with PWHB who switched from SHL-FIX or began prophylaxis with rIX-FP. Five PWHB were included in this study, Four PTP switched to rIX-FP with prophylaxis every 7 days whilst one PUP started with an every-14-days regimen. 3 PTPs extended their dosing intervals to every 14 days or every 21 days. In all PTPs, median annualized spontaneous and joint bleeding rates were maintained at 0.00 and median (range) of ABR was 0.92 (0.00–2.77) after switch to rIX-FP. Mean trough level with previous product was 3.68% (SD = 2.06), while it was 7.08% (SD = 3) with all rIX-FP dosing intervals. After switching to rIX-FP, all PTP reduced their annual infusion rate between 50 and 84% and their annual FIX consumption by 61% (59–67%). This is the first reported real-world experience with albutrepenonacog alfa in a small cohort in Spain and demonstrates good bleeding control together with a reduction of the infusion rate, factor consumption and higher through factor level than previous treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective is to assess the perception of gynecologists regarding patients' adherence to vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) treatments, to evaluate the gynecologists' opinions on what their patients think about treatment adherence, and to compare the gynecologists' opinions with the patients' own perceptions within the CRETA study. Spanish gynecologists who participated in the CRETA study were asked to fill out an online 41-item questionnaire to evaluate their views on VVA management. From 29 centers across Spain, 44 gynecologists completed the survey. Their mean age was 47.2 years old, two-thirds of them were women, and the average professional experience was over 20 years. According to the gynecologists, the therapy most frequently used by VVA-diagnosed women was vaginal moisturizers (45.5%), followed by local estrogen therapy (36.4%) and ospemifene (18.2%). Nevertheless, ospemifene was viewed as the therapeutic option with the most efficacy, easiest route of administration, shorter time to symptom improvement, lower percentage of dropouts, and higher treatment adherence. Spanish gynecologists are in general agreement with their patients regarding VVA treatment preferences and the main issues for adherence and effectiveness. However, there is an opportunity for doctor–patient communication improvement. Among the three therapeutic options evaluated, ospemifene is regarded as offering some competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deer hunting has traditionally had great relevance due to the diversity of resources obtained from it, such as meat. Our aim has been to analyse the total post-mortem weight, dressed carcass weight and carcass yield, as well as their variations as a function of years, sex, age and hunting season (autumn vs. winter). Also, predictive equations for carcass weight from total weight were performed. A total of 947 red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) of both sexes, hunted from 1989 to 1993 in the Quintos de Mora National Reserve, Spain, were analysed. Seasonal and interannual differences were detected in all weight measures and carcass yield, conditioned by sex, age and climatic factors such as temperature. In general, to obtain a higher meat yield deer extractions should be carried out in autumn. In addition, carcass weight variation (measured on cold carcasses dressed without head and feet, keeping skin, lateral diaphragm portions, fat deposits and legs) can be considered a good indicator of body condition that integrates seasonal nutritional gains and/or losses and long-term nutritional legacies. This index provides information on the animal´s natural history and ecological environment conditions, making its standardized record an essential tool for monitoring wild game populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 outbreak forced governments to implement regional measures avoiding the spread of the virus, while evaluating their economic effects. However, official Spanish regional economic information is scarce. We estimate monthly regional aggregated indicators for each Spanish region combining a mixed frequency Dynamic Factor Model with a recursive procedure that identifies the most informative variables capturing economic developments in each region. The set of variables that better describe aggregate economic conditions varies considerably across the regions, which emphasizes the heterogeneity in their productive structures. Our results suggest that the post-pandemic recovery will be uneven across territories, stressing the need to monitor regional economic developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the biological diversity in a given area can provide valuable approaches not only to conserve ecological systems, but also to understand their functioning and organization. The current paper analyzes the species richness and diversity patterns of sarcosaprophagous Diptera across an elevational gradient of natural habitats in central Spain, and the relationship between the species diversity and the environmental variables defining each habitat. The calculation of randomized species richness curves and non-parametric estimators confirmed the representativeness of the inventories. Oromediterranean habitats, i.e. those located at highest elevation, showed significantly lower species richness than mesomediterranean and supramediterranean levels. Slope and solar radiation were significantly and negatively correlated with diversity, whereas the correlation between mean temperature and diversity was significantly positive. A significantly negative correlation was found between diversity and the percentage of forest surface, whereas the correlation between diversity and the percentage of urban surface was positive and close to significance. Possible explanations for these observed patterns are considered and discussed. This study also supports the use of different, complementary diversity measurements in order to obtain a proper assessment of the diversity of a given area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women experience poorer health than men despite their longer life expectancy, due to a higher prevalence of non-fatal chronic illnesses. This paper aims to explore whether the unequal gender distribution of roles and resources can account for inequalities in general self-rated health (SRH) by gender, across social classes, in a Southern European population. Methods: Cross-sectional study of residents in Catalonia aged 25-64, using data from the 2006 population living conditions survey (n = 5,817). Poisson regression models were used to calculate the fair/poor SRH prevalence ratio (PR) by gender and to estimate the contribution of variables assessing several dimensions of living conditions as the reduction in the PR after their inclusion in the model. Analyses were stratified by social class (non-manual and manual). Results: SRH was poorer for women among both non-manual (PR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09-1.76) and manual social classes (PR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20-1.56). Adjustment for individual income alone eliminated the association between sex and SRH, especially among manual classes (PR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85-1.19; among nonmanual 1.19, 0.92-1.54). The association was also reduced when adjusting by employment conditions among manual classes, and household material and economic situation, time in household chores and residential environment among non-manual classes. Discussion: Gender inequalities in individual income appear to contribute largely to women's poorer health. Individual income may indicate the availability of economic resources, but also the history of access to the labour market and potentially the degree of independence and power within the household. Policies to facilitate women's labour market participation, to close the gender pay gap, or to raise non-contributory pensions may be helpful to improve women's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although family firms are traditionally associated with low levels of internationalisation, this paper shows that family ownership can generate opportunities for international entrepreneurship related to the exploitation abroad of the expertise and social capital developed at home. Specifically, it argues that family character favours international expansion in at least three ways: (1) by granting more freedom to the managers of the company to develop their business model; (2) by facilitating the transfer to, and exploitation of, this model in foreign markets; and (3) by making the adoption of governance structures based upon trust easier. Drawing on a comparison between the business history of selected Spanish and Italian ‘new multinationals’, support is found for these hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although the Iberian hare is important to Spanish ecosystems and a valued game species, little is known about the survival and spatial behaviour of the species, which are crucial for correct management decisions. This paper studies the survival, home range, probable causes of mortality and den-site selection for 23 wild Iberian haresLepus granatensis. We used radio telemetry to monitor hares on arable farmland in north-west Spain where habitat management measures were taken, control of predators was carried out and hunting was not allowed. Survival for the period studied (300 days) was 13% and average home range size (MCP 95%) was 39.6 ha. Probable causes of death included predation by wild canids (52%), disease (13%), roadkills (9%), and unknown (26%) for hares we studied. The red foxVulpes vulpeswas the main predator, whereas no raptor predation was reported. Den-site selection was affected by habitat type and hares showed a high preference for uncultivated land. Home range size tended to decrease when hares selected uncultivated land, grassland and lucerne, which were transition zones between shrubland, forest, and cultivated lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses Spanish infrastructure policy since the early 1700s: road building in the eighteenth century, railway creation and expansion in the nineteenth, motorway expansion in the twentieth, and high speed rail development in the twenty-first. The analysis reveals a long-term pattern, in which infrastructure policy in Spain has been driven not by the requirements of commerce and economic activity, but rather by the desire to centralise transportation around the country's political capital. As commerce has been unable to sustain the development of this policy, regulation and subsidies from the national budget have regularly been used to decide the priorities regarding infrastructure creation and to fund the development, maintenance, and operation of the networks. When high roads, bridges, canals, etc. are in this manner made and supported by the commerce which is carried on by means of them, they can be made only where that commerce requires them, and consequently where it is proper to make them. Their expense too, their grandeur and magnificence, must be suited to what that commerce can afford to pay. They must be made consequently as it is proper to make them. A magnificent high road cannot be made through a desert country where there is little or no commerce, or merely because it happens to lead to the country villa of the intendant of the province, or to that of some great lord to whom the intendant finds it convenient to make his court. Adam Smith, The wealth of nations (1776, vol. III.V.I, pp. 95-96) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the role of certain determinant factors of tax morale in Spain will be analyzed through information provided by the Survey into Tax Morale in Spain, which had a remit that covered the entirety of the national territory. To this end, discrete choice models have been employed, and a particular relevance of a number of categorical variables, as well as some macroeconomic variables have been observed. The relevant role that socioeconomic variables play, such as the age and gender of each interviewee, is prominent and observable, as is the importance of other factors - such as that of the interviewee's having presented their income tax return or their belief that immigrants have to make contributions - in positively indicating the interviewee's level of tax morale. It is also observed that, in regions with a higher GDP per capita, a lower rate of unemployment or the greater strength of the construction sector, the level of tax morale is considerably lower than the mean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Spanish canned fruit and vegetable industry has had a strong export orientation since its beginnings at the end of the nineteenth century. A growing foreign demand, the constraints of the domestic market and the need to find outlets for large quantities of fruit and vegetables resulting from the modernisation of farming were behind this intense move towards an international focus. In this paper we seek to show what constituted the bases of the competitive advantage of the Spanish canning industry. Three main conclusions can be drawn from applying the theory of industrial clusters: the absolute advantage of costs (in salaries and in raw materials) obtained from the geographical concentration of the sector, which allowed businesses to offer highly competitive prices; knowledge sharing throughout the history of the industry; and the importance of state help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is likely that ritual activity existed (and even played an important role) in the life of Upper Palaeolithic groups. However, rites are among the aspects of human behaviour most elusive to archaeological research. In this paper, we will analyse the evidence from several Magdalenian cave sites where the existence of 'sanctuaries' or other kinds of ritual activity has been claimed. The available methods for the evaluation of this kind of area will be discussed, and a preliminary assessment of some recently documented sites will be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case studies of hydraulic systems in al-Andalus prove them to be inextricably linked with specific forms of local clan procedure of water allocation. On the basis of the past and ongoing research on the irrigation systems of al-Andalus, especially in the Balearic Islands, amounting to just under 200 cases studied, it can be safely said that they were conceived, created and managed by peasant groups without any significant intervention by the state. Consequently the diffusion of plants from the east and the water technologies associated with their cultivation are best understood as a part of peasant knowledge, a technical transmission that took effect outside the Wittfogelian paradigm. In this paper I will try to show that the size of irrigated areas is important and that its modifications are key aspects of the discussion on the peasant management of the hydraulic systems of al-Andalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of funerary customs in antiquity has enjoyed a long tradition in archaeology. By contrast, there has been little research of such a kind from the late Middle Ages onwards. This paper attempts to demonstrate what archaeology can contribute to the knowledge of funerary and death-worship practices, by analysing practices undertaken between the thirteenth and eighteenth century in the collegiate church and cemetery apud ecclesiam of Gandia in Valencia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the organisational design of New Settlements (NS) of Sierra Morena, a Spanish farming and colonist project of the eighteenth century. Using archival data, historical facts during the period 1767-1772 are identified, collected and examined to understand how these settlements were structured. The reconstructions of their practices demonstrated that, in the eighteenth century, organisations already had the disciplinary techniques and dimensions of Weber's rational-legal bureaucracy. In fact, we observed the evolution of NS through three different organisational structures (configurations) to become more effective - rational - over time. This comprehensive analysis also provides evidence of how the colonies' growth (and their organisational complexity) implied changes to the co-ordination mechanisms used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric care and mental hygiene in Spain during the 1930s was influenced by the presence of ideological, social, and political polarization. This peculiarity of Spain's history makes it impossible to find more or less uniformed discourses and attitudes in the country. This paper analyzes the eugenic discourse developed by Spanish pro-Fascist psychiatrists, concerning mental and racial hygiene. Some special cases are highlighted that illustrate the situation of the mentally ill during the Spanish Civil War: the evacuation of asylums near the front and the attempt to apply the psychiatric reform promoted by the Second Republic regime. Despite ideological and scientific differences, both mass sterilization of mentally disabled patients and physical extermination of the mentally ill cannot be identified as typical features of Spanish psychiatry, before or after the Civil War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the origin of superficial films on different rock types from rural and urban locations in Spain and Ireland, foxing mainly on oxalate films. There is little agreement on the origin of oxalate films coating building stone. Some authors state that they are man-made whereas others claim that they are naturally produced by micro-organisms. This paper presents evidence for the existence of three different types of film, each type with a different origin, composition and microstructure, and concludes that oxalate films can be both man-made and biologically produced. Analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction, petrographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry attachment, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrophotametry, percentage weight loss on ignition, colorimetry by titration and conductivity measurements coupled to expandable ion analysis were used to study films on sandstone, limestone, dolomite and granite from a number of monuments and quarries. The results provide evidence that the films studied fell into three distinctive types. A crystalline calcite film resulting from weathering was found in quarries, an oxalate film of biogenic origin was found on rural Irish monuments and man-made oxalate films containing gypsum were present on Spanish monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the description of the stucco (decorative plasterwork) and pigments used in the Alhambra (Granada, southern Spain). The nature, structure and deterioration of these materials are described in detail, as well as the painting and stucco techniques employed. A cast plaster technique is found throughout the Lions Palace (late Nasrid period, second half of the fourteenth century), whereas plaster carved in situ is only found in certain areas of the Partal Palace, one of the oldest constructions still extant in the Alhambra (1302-1309). Two original Nasrid palettes were also identified: an earlier, simpler palette of blue, red and black, and a later, more varied palette of red, blue, green, black and gold. In both cases white was the background colour. The gold decoration technique is described, as are the Christian interventions. Rich pigments were used throughout the history of the Alhambra (e.g. gold, lapis lazuli, azurite, malachite, cinnabar and red lead). Some pigments, red lead and malachite in particular, are severely decayed through introduction of chloride-based materials, resulting in discolorations. Cracking and loss of gold decoration is widespread. The paper gives the first description of the Nasrid palette used to colour the Alhambra stucco, as well as the gilding and the plasterwork techniques. These pioneering results clarify historical and artistic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on price-value relations has frequently used correlation measures in testing the theory of labor value—that is, values are good proxies to prices or, alternatively, they explain, in some sense, prices. However, several authors have detected important problems that affect those measures—particularly, a problem of spurious correlation that invalidates the statistical results typically obtained in the literature. In this paper, we show, using data from Spain (1986-94), that spurious correlation cannot be empirically treated, due to a more general problem of indeterminacy affecting any correlation measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at studies which highlight how, in the first phase of expansion of the industrial system in Catalonia, Spain, the greater harshness of industrial work and reproductive burdens led married women to keep their jobs right up to the moment when their wages could be replaced by their children's. They could then devote their time to the non-remunerated domestic tasks that were considered more important than income. Therefore, women's work changed throughout the family life-cycle, depending mostly on the ratio of active/inactive family members. From the mid-19th-century to the first third of the 20th century, Barcelona maintained a diversified and flexible demand for female labor. European historiography has gathered evidence suggesting that employment strategies also changed on the opportunities available to women in the labor market, and on cultural, ideological and institutional factors. The author argues that more research is needed into what underlies the differing intensities with which working-class families resorted to married women and child labor in various places in Catalonia.

Recently, a number of proposals have claimed a decentralization of the collective bargaining structure in Spain. These proposals start from the premise that the current procedures for collective bargaining are inefficient, given the predominance of intermediate-level collective bargaining, leading to persistently bad outcomes in terms of inflation and unemployment. This paper tests the validity of these proposals, analyzing whether, first, the coverage and, second, the collective bargaining structure in Spain are a determinant factor of the rates of unemployment and inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrating and explaining the fairly emancipated women in al-Andalus has been fraught with ambiguity for the approximately one century of scholarship on the subject. There has been much stereotyping depending upon the investigator's particular perspective. This paper clarifies the roles of Andalusian women in political relations from the Muslim Conquest in 711 through the fall of Granada in 1492. The interpretations used in historiography pit a traditionalist trend, in which continuity from the pre Islamic past is stressed, against the anti-continuist trend, in which an Oriental culture of the Muslims added the distinctive features of Iberian character today. In order to evaluate the two historiographic approaches, the contributions of seven prominent women are presented and evaluated for their social contexts during the eight centuries of al-Andalus. Comparisons are then made to prominent women in other political contexts within the Arab world in order to evaluate the strength of the two competing historiographic perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed lag models are used to explore the issue of the importance of economic factors for demographic performance over the course of the demographic and economic modernization of Spain. Mortality indicators are generated by age, sex, and cause and are assessed in terms of shifts in Gross Domestic Product. During the pre-transitional period, links between mortality and economic performance were simultaneous and rather weak but in the expected direction, declining to near 0 by the beginning of the twentieth century. Afterwards the importance of economic shifts for mortality fluctuations increased dramatically and delayed effects began to predominate, only disappearing after 1950. The paper explains the increase in the importance of economic factors and the change in the lag structure in terms of the greater economic volatility of the 1915-1950 period, the progressive implantation of more efficient public health systems and their sensitivity to economic fluctuations, and improving levels of nutrition and general health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of flooding. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been an increase in city extent and population densities. This study considers the metropolitan area of Pamplona (Spain) as a case study. The delta changes in precipitation quantiles in the Arga River catchment, obtained from 12 climate models, have been transformed into peak flow delta changes using the Real-time Interactive Basin Simulator (RIBS) model. Also, three percentiles of flood quantile delta changes are selected. Water depths and flood extents expected in future flood events have been obtained using the two-dimensional Iber hydrodynamic model. The Safer_DAMAGE algorithm has been used to assess flood losses in urban areas at the building scale. The results show that flood losses are expected to be smaller for low return periods and greater for high return periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CORINE Land Cover is one of the most relevant Land Use Cover (LUC) databases in Europe because of its degree of detail and long time series. Although some studies have assessed the uncertainty and inconsistencies of the database for specific years and periods, no work has been found that analyses all the available CORINE time series (1990–2018). In this study, we analyse the inconsistencies of the CORINE time series for a specific Spanish region (Asturias). To this end, we compare and analyse the CORINE status layers (CLC) and the CORINE layers of changes (CHA) for each of the mapped periods: 1990–2000, 2000–2006, 2006–2012, 2012–2018. Results show how CLC and CHA layers provide different information, especially after the change of production of CORINE Spain in 2012. The last two CORINE editions (2012, 2018) show a lot of technical changes that make the use of CLC layers very uncertain. In addition, mixed categories, whose definition is imprecise and, therefore, more uncertain, are behind most of detected change in both types of CORINE layers (CHA, CLC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges humanity faces globally. For this reason, governmental efforts to reduce emissions of polluting gases have multiplied in the last decade. Against this panorama, petroleum companies have adopted a strategic policy focused on energy diversification, intending to contribute to sustainable development. In the case of Spain, wind energy has been one of the renewable energies that have attracted the most investment from petroleum companies. In particular, this trend is especially acute in Galicia (a region located in the northwest of Spain), since its biophysical conditions and, above all, its institutional framework for the promotion of photovoltaic energy has aroused the interest of petroleum companies. The objective of this article is to perform a feasibility analysis of an average wind project in Galicia. through the calculation of the initial investment, the necessary financing, and the preparation of balance sheets and profit and loss accounts. For this purpose, the methodology used is based on the preparation of a feasibility plan, through which the necessary investment is analyzed and the flows of receipts and payments generated by the company are considered. In this way, this analysis is intended to be useful for companies that are considering the appropriateness/inappropriateness to carry out this type of investment. The results show a high internal rate of return, which indicates the high profitability of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a new approach to the concept of green budgeting within the context of green economy to analyse the different factors influencing the lack of consistency on environmental policies in Spain. It appears that structural issues have prevented Spain from becoming a real green economy, and thus from taking the right measures that could lead it into a sustainable growth path. This case study is presented as example of failure to integrate environmental issues in policy-making, with political factors being one of the main variables under analysis. A quantitative analysis on the approach to public environmental budget management during the period prior to the recent economic crisis is conducted at national and regional levels. Some of the findings are consistent with other European countries but some distinctive structural issues are also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of holiday rentals' worldwide makes it relevant to confirm what are the determinants of these accommodations' daily rates. This research aims to compare two models on estimating holiday rentals' daily rate through variables that influence it; using artificial neural networks and hedonic pricing method, with the same cross-sectional dataset and variables with data obtained from Booking.com listings from Seville (Spain), a 'cultural tourism' large European city. Artificial neural networks estimations adapt better than the hedonic pricing method due to non-linear relations involved, although hedonic estimators have a clearer economic interpretation. Variables related to size, location and amenities appear as the most relevant in the models, including also seasonal and special events factors. The models presented, not only help to clarify these variables but also allow estimating a rental price congruent with the characteristics of the dwelling and season, being useful as an objective valuation method for the main agents of the accommodation sector: Owners, clients and peer-to-peer platforms. This study wants to highlight the convenience of using Booking.com listings as the main data source, as two variables presented as relevant for the models (size and location) are not available in other peer-to-peer platforms like Airbnb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the long-term development of two strategic alliances between major Spanish (RUI and Iberostar) and German (TUI and Neckermann) tourist firms. Our research builds on the literature on foreign direct investment and institutionalism applied to cross-border cooperation, yet using business history research methods. The study aims to understand how the local Spanish context shaped the interaction between foreign and domestic firms and how this interaction influenced the development of the Spanish companies. Our cases suggest that the Spanish institutional framework affected the nature and strength of alliances. Foreign partners were crucial in providing financial and commercial support, brand consolidation, market knowledge and reputation. However, local actors also played an important role as proactive partners eager to develop their domestic business and upgrade their existing capabilities. Ultimately this strategy would contribute to the internationalisation of Spanish firms after 1990. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat fragmentation is a process that may impair the “habitat provision” ecosystem service provided by forests. Thus, it is relevant to quantify the degree of forest fragmentation, since higher levels are expected to have greater effects on forest species. Our goal was to deploy the Forest Area Density (FAD) metric as a tool to derive maps localizing potential priority areas for species requiring large, relatively undisturbed blocks of forest. The Spanish Forest Map (1:50,000) provided comprehensive data on forestland in the country. We defined forest types considering the ten most abundant species in Spain and pure and mixed stands. Then, we calculated FAD by forest type and produced a set of maps showing the results by general management scenario, namely habitat conservation and restoration. To develop forest planning, specific actions can be implemented within these areas in later steps, fostering biodiversity at national or smaller scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geological survey has been carried out in El Hierro with the aim to produce a new Geological Map at 1:12,500 scale for the Southern Rift. Almost 70 km² have been mapped providing a detailed stratigraphic and volcano-tectonic reconstruction of its evolution. Our work focused on the last Rift Volcanism phase, where hundreds of cinder cones, associated with thin lava flows, cover most of the island’s surface. Lava flows fields (40), monogenetic volcanic edifices (>90), and volcano–tectonic structures (69), such as dykes, eruptive fissures, and faults have been surveyed and stored in the Geological Map. The map poses fundamental constraints on the Southern Rift geological evolution, mainly concerning its recent activity and allowing the definition of 4 main stages during the last 40 ka. Moreover, this 1:12,500 scale detailed map represents a primary tool for the volcanic hazard assessment of the Island, volcanic monitoring, urban planning, and further stratigraphic data-based investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the hypothesis that, currently, the potential aesthetic and formal values of engineering are not recognized by society, the main objective of this work was to deepen understanding of the perception of engineering work in Spain and Portugal. For this purpose, a structured survey was developed, and the collected data were subjected to descriptive statistics and non-parametric assessment to evaluate differences among groups. A total of 586 participants were considered in this study, of which 80% had difficulties in recognizing contemporary art, 60% continued to associate it with beauty and 75% acknowledged that they do not understand art or are indifferent to it. The age, education, and urban context of the respondents were factors that influenced levels of knowledge and acceptance of civil engineering work as art, with a clear positioning of architecture as the standard-bearer of its aesthetics. When addressing surveyed interpretation of images, frequency of visits to cultural venues favours the perception of contemporary works of art, while most selected civil works were designed by engineers, which shows that aesthetics and design don't have to be assigned to other professionals. The vast majority of the participants agree with the notion that engineering enables trust, while about a third of the participants disagree with the idea that art dominates science in engineering work. Finally, there is a broad perception among participants that engineering works can be elevated to a new form of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of managerial ownership on audit fees in a context of concentrated ownership and poor investor protection. Using samples of Portuguese and Spanish listed companies for the period 2010–2021, the results of this research suggest that there is a non-linear relationship between managerial ownership and audit fee which corresponds to a pattern of "alignment-entrenchment-alignment". In Portugal and Spain, the convergence of interest effect dominates the entrenchment effect in the low and high ranges of managerial ownership, leading to the conclusion that a policy of providing management with amounts of equity within these ranges of managerial ownership should reduce agency costs and decrease audit fees. In contrast, in Spain, the entrenchment effect dominates the convergence of interest effect in the intermediate range of managerial ownership, which have the effect of increasing audit fees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of population changes across space and time of cohorts at different life stages is relevant for regional planning, but it is often not taken into account. We focus on a case study along the urban-rural gradient of continental Spain from 2002 to 2017 at a municipal scale. Making use of longitudinal data from the municipal registers, we studied changes in total population and three birth cohorts: the cohort joining the workforce, the cohort at a mature working age and the cohort reaching retirement during the study period. The results showed key spatiotemporal population variations. The absolute population increased in 36% of the municipalities, but at least one of the study cohorts showed an increase in 75% of the municipalities. While the cohort joining workforce tended to concentrate in urban and suburban areas, the retiring cohort tended to move to small suburban and rural municipalities. In the next decades the retirement of large birth cohorts in Spain will be a relevant issue for planning. This methodological approach allows us to understand life cycle residential movements across urban, suburban and rural areas and better enables spatial planning decisions. The method can be applied to other study areas at different spatial and temporal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In numerous countries, official forest cartography is obtained through photointerpretation of aerial images which hinders having up-to-date information. This study explores the usefulness of a land cover map produced automatically using Sentinel-2 images as a complement of the official Spanish forest map in Galicia. It was obtained a map with an Overall Accuracy of 86%. Both maps were compared. Net area covered by each forest class differed among maps, the differences were higher in areas managed with shorter rotation cycles. Main differences were due to the capabilities of Sentinel-2 to identify harvestings or disturbances and to the minimum mapping units of each map. The Sentinel-2 map had a higher ability to map trees outside the forest, and the official cartography hides small parcels and incipient land change dynamics. Sentinel-2 based maps could be a powerful tool to reduce the information gap considering the official cartography updating frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the associations between marine recreational fishing, stress, seafood consumption, and sleep quality in a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of a convenience sample of 244 fishers recruited in 2019 in Spain. Fishers' stress levels were moderate, with a mean stress index score of 36.4 units on a scale from 14 (very low stress) to 70 (very high). Their average emotional condition was positive, with a mean index of negative affect of 7.8 units on a scale from 5 (very low negative affect) to 25 (very high). Seafood intake was low, with a mean index of seafood in diets of 38.0 units on a scale from 20 (very low seafood consumption) to 160 (very high). Fishers' perceived quality of night sleep was good because the mean index of sleep problems was 39.5 units on a scale from 21 (very low sleep problems) to 107 (very high). Each hour of self-reported monthly fishing activity was associated with 0.016 units of lower stress score. Thus, the most engaged fishers reported up to 15.4% lower stress score than less avid fishers. Since recreational fishing is a highly accessible outdoor activity for people in older age groups, it is possible that public health could be improved by access to sustainably managed recreational fisheries. Fishing engagement was positively associated with seafood intake. Each hour of fishing per month was associated with one-unit higher seafood consumption. The higher seafood consumption observed among avid recreational fishers compared with less avid fishers might have health implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processes involved in the formation of nocturnal temperature inversions (NTIs) are of great relevance throughout the year, notably influencing the surface distribution of minimum temperatures during nights of atmospheric stability. The low density of surface meteorological stations in the study area motivated the use of thermographies for the mapping and identification of cold air pools CAPs. Thermal distribution during stable nights leads to the formation of CAPs in valley areas and depressed areas, and in areas with warmer air (WAM) in orographically complex areas. The thermographies carried out with satellite products from AQUA and SUOMI-NPP (MODIS and VIIRS LST) represent the only tool capable of fully radiographing the territory under study, thus overcoming the limitations in the interpolation of minimum surface temperatures. The main objective of the research was, therefore, to value thermography as an important tool in the identification of CAPs. The products used were subjected to statistical validation with the surface temperatures recorded in meteorological observatories (R2 0.87/0.88 and Bias −1.2/-1.3) with a new objective of making thermal distribution maps in nocturnal stability processes ... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the long-anticipated digital transformation of traditional retail has become the new reality. Retailers are responding to changes in consumers' shopping behaviours and their demand for new interaction channels and touchpoints to shop at their convenience, regardless of time and location. Consequently, retailers are experiencing a change from single-channel models to multi-channel and omnichannel models. Omnichannel retailing demands integrated channel management and operation to improve customers' shopping experiences. This study uses measures of channel integration levels from previous research to analyse channel integration among leading vendors in three top retailing sectors (clothing and apparel, home furniture and grocery) and expands the analysis by including indicators of digital transformation. The model includes 27 indicators related to channel integration and 9 indicators of digital transformation, and compares the results across sectors. By so doing, the study also aims to help establish values that may be used as target or reference values of channel integration and digitalization of retailers across sectors, irrespective of their size. The research methodology uses the 'mystery shopper' technique and includes the collection of data about the 165 leading companies in these sectors in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses project splitting in environmental impact assessment (EIA), investigating the current state of knowledge through literature, legislation, case-law and practice, discussing problems and providing solutions. The focus is on Spain, but many of the conclusions are applicable worldwide. Project splitting is a much more common practice than generally accepted. The main efforts have been focused on preventing salami-slicing as a mechanism to avoid the EIA, but it is a much more complex problem, with different ways of splitting and reasons for doing so. Measures to avoid this practice should include strengthening the strategic environmental assessment, a greater involvement of the approval authority, specific prohibitions in regulations, using case-by-case examinations instead of thresholds, compulsory scoping and avoid the exclusion of project parts during the EIA. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Highly reflective snow surfaces are sensitive to contamination by light-absorbing particles. When such particles are deposited onto a snow surface, they reduce snow albedo, which leads to snow surface warming and accelerates snowmelt. To better understand and characterize the effects of light-absorbing particles on snow albedo, an experimental campaign was conducted in Cotos Port, Madrid Spain. A spectroradiometric system consisting of six spectroradiometers simultaneously measuring sun irradiance and snow radiance spectra over the range from 300 to 2500 nm was used. Measured snow albedo spectra were compared to modeled snow albedo spectra obtained with a novel snow radiative transfer model (OptiPar) developed by our research group. Comparison of these experimental and OptiPar-modeled results with results from open modeling software, such as SNICAR and snowTARTES, has demonstrated that the detailed consideration of soot aerosol shape and size is helpful for a good spectral albedo prediction and that OptiPar provides enough flexibility for optimal fitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]