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Scholars usually consider the Historia anatomica corporis humani, published in 1600 by André du Laurens, as an obsolete defense of Galenic principles against the novelty of Vesalian material. Although du Laurens’s book plagiarized many illustrations from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (1543), critics such as Choulant insisted that the Historia’s iconography had “no particular anatomical or artistic value.” However, four of the Historia’s engravings appear to be original. One of these, the Tabula hæc veram spinalis medullae et nervorum ab ea prodeuntium effigiem exprimit, is now famous for depicting the intradural spinal nerves as a horsetail, leading to the addition of the term cauda equina to the anatomical lexicon. A less flamboyant figure from the same plate shows small blood vessels coursing over the surface of the cervical spinal cord. This drawing may be the first published depiction of anterior spinal arteries and veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of the complexity of the surgical anatomy of the upper eyelid and the surrounding structures is mandatory when trying to minimize complications and achieve excellent cosmetic results during eyelid surgery. Postoperative upper eyelid asymmetry is one of the most common causes of patients’ dissatisfaction, and several parameters should be taken into consideration when performing cosmetic blepharoplasties and ptosis surgery. Tarsal platform show and brow fat span are two of the most important variables pertaining to the perception of beauty and youthfulness that every oculoplastic and facial plastic surgeon should address when performing such surgery. The aim of this review paper is to provide a detailed anatomy of the upper eyelid and the surrounding structures, to highlight all the relevant factors that contribute to the perception of beauty and the changes that occur to the aging face and to address the preoperative factors that need to be carefully examined before performing upper eyelid surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cadaveric dissection shapes the ways in which healthcare students understand the human body and the attitudes, identities and behaviors they exhibit as health professionals. There is however a paucity of related research with physiotherapy (PT) students. Purpose: The purpose of this interpretivist study was to investigate PT students' conceptions of the human body in relation to experiences with human cadavers in anatomy education. Methods: Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with PT students along with four optional written reflections completed. Data was thematically analyzed. Results: Students engaged in a continuous process of habituation involving oscillation between "humanization" and "dehumanization" of cadavers in the anatomy lab. We describe the contextual mediators that shaped the process, the multi-sensory and emotional experience of the students, and the "interruptions" that contributed to the variability in their conceptions over time and contexts. Students ultimately habituated toward dehumanization which had multiple effects on learning and professionalization. Conclusion: Study findings highlight the complexity of PT students' experiences and learning within the cadaver lab outside of the formal goals of anatomy education. We discuss the implications for anatomy curricula, including the potential advantages of incorporating a biopsychosocial approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interprofessional education (IPE) is prioritized as a critical component in preparing pre-licensure health professional students for effective teamwork and collaboration in the workplace to facilitate patient-centered care. Knowledge in anatomy is fundamental for healthcare professionals, making interprofessional anatomy education an attractive intervention for IPE and anatomy learning. Since 2009, the Education Program in Anatomy at McMaster University has offered an intensive 10-week IPE Anatomy Dissection elective to seven health professional programs annually. From 2011, students were invited to complete the Readiness for Interprofessional Scale (RIPLS) and Interprofessional Education Perception Scale (IEPS) before and after the elective. A total of 264 students from 2011 to 2020 completed RIPLS and IEPS. There were significant differences before and after the elective in students' total RIPLS scores and three of the four subscales: teamwork and collaboration, positive professional identity, and roles and responsibilities. Similarly, there were statistical differences in the total IEPS scores and two of three subscales: competency and autonomy and perceived actual cooperation. Statistically significant differences in RIPLS and IEPS total scores across several disciplines were also observed. This study demonstrates the elective's impact in improving students' IPE perceptions and attitudes, likely from the extended learning and exposure opportunity with other disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The anatomy of the extraocular rectus muscle insertions is clinically relevant in the field of ophthalmology. This descriptive cadaveric study determines the relative degree orientation of the superior, lateral, and inferior rectus muscles with respect to the medial rectus and investigates the distances between the rectus muscle insertions. Method: Thirty cadavers (50% female, mean age = 81.86 years, SD 12.16) were included for a total of 60 eyes. For each eye, a lateral canthotomy and cantholysis were performed followed by a peritomy. Muscle hooks were then used to access and isolate the rectus muscles. The degree orientation was determined by marking the muscle midpoints at insertion, using the center of the cornea as the vertex, and measuring the angle with the Angle Meter 360 application (© Alexey Kozlov) (Figure 1). The distances between rectus muscles were measured from the same muscle midpoints using calipers. Results: The degree orientations with respect to the medial rectus are displayed in Figure 2 and were as follows: superior rectus (mean = 93.14, SD = 3.04, min. 82.3, max. 100.3), lateral rectus (mean = 180.21, SD = 5.65, min. 170.5, max. 190.6), and inferior rectus (mean = 90.57, SD = 4.47, min. 84.0, max. 98.9). The distances (measured in mm) between rectus muscle midpoints at insertion included medial rectus to inferior rectus (mean = 13.64, SD = 0.54), inferior rectus to lateral rectus (mean = 13.79, SD = 0.75), lateral rectus to superior rectus (mean = 13.54, SD = 0.63), and superior rectus to medial rectus (mean = 13.83, SD = 0.75). The relative distances between the midpoints of the extraocular muscles observed in males versus females showed statistically significant differences in medial rectus to inferior rectus (13.8 vs. 13.5, p = .01), inferior rectus to lateral rectus (14.1 vs. 13.5, p = .03), and superior rectus to medial rectus (14.0 vs. 13.5, p = .04), respectively (Table 1). Conclusion: This is an important study of the extraocular muscle degree orientation performed with an innovative measuring approach. The degree orientation of the insertions relative to the medial rectus may have surgical application in the field of ophthalmology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Araripesuchus is a genus of medium-sized (approximately 1 m long) terrestrial uruguaysuchid crocodyliforms that lived during the Cretaceous in Gondwana. There is limited information about juvenile notosuchian specimens due to the scarcity of well-preserved fossils from ontogenetic series. This study presents a comprehensive morphological description of three juvenile specimens of Araripesuchus (MPCA PV 259, 624, and 1193) from the La Buitrera Paleontological Area, Patagonia, Argentina. These early developmental-stage specimens were identified at a generic level due to the absence of mature anatomical characters for precise classification. Variations were observed between these juveniles and the previously examined adult specimens from the same region. As a result, a list of characters indicating ontogenetic variants was provided. These characters represent discrete traits that vary throughout the life of the individuals and could serve as ontogenetic indicators. This study offers a deeper understanding of the skeletal anatomy of Araripesuchus and its range of morphological variation, providing new data for the characterisation of the genus and potential new taxa of uruguaysuchids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African First Ladies are categorised into two: the less powerful First Ladies, the behind-the-scene actors, making positive contributions to their spouses’ regime and the powerful First Ladies whose arbitrary powers and overarching presence pose real threat to the regime. Extant studies concentrate on the former and pay scant attention to the latter. Drawing on the activities of Patience Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria’s former First Lady, this paper explores the ways Patience and other powerful African First Ladies contribute to regime change in emerging African democracies. In doing so, the paper explores the anatomy of female power and its intricate interface with the Office of the First Lady, the framework for appropriating and exercising the power of the First Lady. The goal is to provide the theoretical basis for understanding the empirical, that is, the practical ways Patience Jonathan and other powerful First Ladies appropriate power and contribute to regime change in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study looks at multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in examinations and their effectiveness in testing higher-order cognition. While there are claims that MCQs can do this, we consider many assertions problematic because of the difficulty in interpreting what higher-order cognition consists of and whether or not assessment tasks genuinely lead to specific outcomes. We interviewed university teachers from different disciplines to explore the extent to which MCQs can assess higher-order cognition specified in Bloom's taxonomy. The study showed that study participants believed MCQs can test higher-order cognition but most likely only at levels of 'apply' and 'analyse'. Using MCQs was often driven by the practicality of assessing large classes and by a need for comparing students' performances. MCQs also had a powerful effect on curriculum due to the careful alignment between teaching and assessment, which makes changes to teaching difficult. These findings have implications for both teaching and how higher education is managed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postgraduate Taught study (PGT) students are often assumed to be confident and independent learners, and many possess a strong sense of professional identity and thus are perceived as not requiring support. This paper aims to address these perceptions. This paper presents a qualitative study of the experiences of PGT students at an Australian university who participated in a Transition In program that has been embedded in the curriculum. The primary aim was to explore the effectiveness of the Transition In program, which is the first step in a program-wide employability curriculum strategy. The findings of this study demonstrated that students' levels of confidence and engagement as well as their connection with their profession increased as a direct result of feeling supported. This paper highlights the importance of, and benefits gained by providing PGT students structured support to enable them to successfully transition into their program of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dorsal color pattern, together with the morphology of the copulatory apparatus, provide important taxonomic characteristics for the identification of land planarians. In genera such as Paraba, in which most species have a morphologically similar copulatory apparatus and a dorsum with several stripes that vary according to color, width, and arrangement, the existence of pseudocryptic species can lead to a misidentification and underestimation of their diversity. In this work we describe three new species of Paraba which, due to the color pattern, have been mistaken for already described species of the genus. Specimens were collected in different forest formations of the southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from each other and from other congeners through the color pattern of the dorsal surface of the body combined with some features of the copulatory apparatus, like the anatomy of the prostatic vesicle and the male atrium. Additionally, we propose an emendation to the diagnosis of Paraba based on characters observed in the three new species and some characteristics occurring in other species of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caiuajara dobruskii is a tapejarine pterosaur from a unique pterosaur bonebed in southern Brazil, where hundreds of bones referred to this species have been described. Despite its abundance, specimens were found disarticulated and/or disassociated, hindering ontogenetic interpretations from anatomy. Osteohistology is a proper approach to obtain information on ontogeny as well as other palaeobiological information. Here, we analyse 28 thin sections of distinct appendicular bones, from 18 different specimens belonging to Caiuajara dobruskii. All samples display a fibrolamellar microstructure, which suggests that Caiuajara dobruskii had high metabolic rates throughout its life history. We propose five different histology-based ontogenetic stages: Early juvenile; Late juvenile; Juvenile-to-subadult transition; Subadult; and Adult. When compared with other pterosaur ontogenetic series, Caiuajara had a higher bone deposition ratio than other pterosaurs such as Pterodaustro and Rhamphorhynchus, even when compared with the youngest individuals of those taxa. The fact that this bonebed shows a large accumulation of juvenile specimens in this bonebed, whereby adults are rare and senile are absent, suggest that C. dobruskii might have developed similar to some behaviours present in extant birds, as a breeding point and/or creching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the decline of the organisations representing formerly deported ethnicities in Russia in the 1990s. Despite the favourable political and legal conditions and the broad national consensus on the need to provide redress to the victims of ethnic deportations in the Stalinist era, these organisations largely ceased or changed their activities without having achieved their goals and without experiencing governmental pressure or intimidation. This paradox will be explained by an examination of the structure of opportunities faced by these organisations and the features of agenda-setting shared by state and non-state actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically analyses how Islamization of Knowledge (IOK), Radical Reform (RR), and Maqasid Methodology (MM), three distinct Islamic intellectual projects, attempted to develop discourses of Islamic epistemology in facing contemporary developments of natural and social sciences. Mainly, the paper focuses on similarities, differences, and potential contributions of all three projects respectively. Initially, this paper observes that IOK, RR, and MM have solid agreements among themselves in defining the core crisis of the modern Islamic intellectual tradition, as well as in highlighting the importance of inclusion of Islamic primary sources and its normative guidance in the process of reorienting modern knowledge. Equally, each of those projects presents itself as a new reflection of Islamic primary texts considering current intellectual challenges. Nevertheless, this paper further finds that all three projects have deep disagreements among themselves in terms of defining the scope of epistemic authority of revelation, reason, and spirituality and thereby offer three different visions of Islamic epistemic schema in facing modern knowledge. Finally, this paper reflects how these differences could potentially impact visions of an alternative education system from an Islamic worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nSTATEMENT OF NOVELTYThis study unveiled the cadmium phytoremediation potential and its augmentation using 6-Benzylaminopurine in Strobilanthes alternata. Cadmium stress was provided by applying 250 mg/kg cadmium chloride in soil and 25 ppm of 6-BAP (25 ml) was administered to the plants as foliar spray. The results revealed high bioconcentration factor (BCF) (18.82 ± 0.54) and low translocation factor (TF) values (0.055 ± 0.002) for the plant based on which we strongly recommend S. alternata as a promising candidate for Cd phytoremediation. The phytostabilization potential of the plant was further enhanced by applying 6-BAP, which augmented its BCF to 22.09 ± 0.64 and reduced the TF to 0.038 ± 0.001. Cd toxicity caused a reduction of plant growth parameters, root volume, adaxial-abaxial stomatal indices, relative water content, tolerance index, moisture content, membrane stability index, and xylem vessel diameter in S. alternata. However, Cd + 6-BAP treated plants exhibited an increase of the same compared to Cd-treated plants. FTIR analysis of Cd + 6-BAP treated plants revealed increased deposition of hemicellulose, causing enhanced retention of Cd in the root xylem walls, which is largely responsible for increased phytostabilization of Cd. Therefore, 6-BAP application in S. alternata can be exploited to restore Cd-contaminated areas effectively.The research paper “6-Benzylaminopurine Mediated Augmentation of Cadmium Phytostabilization Potential in Strobilanthes alternata” has established the Cd phytostabilization potential of the plant Strobilanthes alternata and also identified the role of 6-BAP in augmenting the Cd phytoremediation potential of this plant for the very first time. The physiological and anatomical changes in relation to the applied stress signals were also studied for the first time in S. alternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wood anatomy of Gymnanthes klotzschiana was studied, to assess whether there are variations in the secondary xylem under different geopedological conditions. The species is dominant in subtropical alluvial forests and can be established in different ecological conditions, especially regarding soil water regime. Wood samples were collected in the plain of the Iguaçu River, in Paraná, Brazil, encompassing three geopedological conditions: gleysol, fluvisol and psamment, characterized by varying degrees of water saturation, ranging from very poorly drained to heavily drained. Considerable intraspecific variations were found in the xylem in response to geopedological conditions. Most of the variation occurs in attributes related to the biomechanical and hydraulic functions (e.g. fibers and vessels), with cells smaller in gleysol, larger in fluvisol and intermediate in psamment. For some variables, the xylem has similar responses in conditions of water deficit and permanent water saturation, indicating a probable influence of physiological drought. The phenotypic plasticity of the species explains its high adaptability to the selective and variable conditions of riparian environments. The study contributes to understanding the species' ecological responses, highlighting its relevance as a keystone species in the dynamic and fragile ecosystems of the floodplains, fundamental for the maintenance of many ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Bolboschoenus has been intensively studied from the morphological, ecological and physiological aspects, however, anatomical features of stems, leaves and epidermal structures of leaves have not been investigated sufficiently yet. The main objective of this study was to compare the four Bolboschoenus species growing in Serbia at the anatomical level and to define the most important anatomical characteristics for distinguishing these species. Descriptive, nonmetric multidimensional scaling and canonical discriminant analysis of the anatomical characters of leaves, stems and epidermal structures have been conducted for these purposes. The number and position of sclerenchyma strands in the leaves, the presence of bulliform cells in the epidermis, the number of translucent cell layers under the adaxial epidermis in the midrib area of the lamina, the number of aerial cavities in leaves and stems were the most significant anatomical characters for differentiation of species. The most differentiated species was B. glaucus, while B. laticarpus occupied an intermediate position between B. maritimus and B. planiculmis, on the one hand, and B. glaucus on the other. The combination of the anatomical features of leaves and stems and the epidermal structures had a more excellent taxonomic value than these three individual groups of features individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomy of climbing plants shows a fascinating arrangement of vascular tissues, which may vary from species to species. In the present study, stem anatomy of Gymnema cuspidatum, G. latifolium, G. montanum and G. sylvestre (Apocynaceae) and the occurrence of vascular variants are described here for the first time. They were compared histologically to understand the structural variations in the secondary xylem and ontogeny of vascular variants if any within the species. All four species increase their stem diameter by a single ring of vascular cambium like most of the eudicots. In thick stems, periderm forms distinct ridges and furrows in all the species except G. sylvestre, in which it was minimal. Differential activity of the cambium resulted in the formation of distinct and deep phloem wedges in G. latifolium and G. sylvestre while in other species they were either shallow or almost absent. The secondary xylem was diffuse-porous with distinct growth rings in G. cuspidatum and G. montanum while they were indistinct in G. latifolium and G. sylvestre. Besides regular xylem elements, the presence of perforated ray cells and radially oriented laticifers in the xylem rays was observed frequently in all the investigated samples. The formation of the intraxylary primary phloem was observed concomitant to the regular protoxylem and protophloem at the pith margin. Subsequently, an additional intraxylary phloem was developed from the adjacent pith cells and by the activity of intraxylary/medullary cambium at the pith margin. In thick stems, parenchymatous cells situated between the protoxylem and intraxylary protophloem led to the initiation of intraxylary cambium. In conclusion, three species showed distinct ridges and furrows due to the formation of periderm except G. sylvestre, phloem ray parenchyma showed the formation of sclerenchyma only in the thick stems of G. sylvestre. The formation of intraxylary phloem in all four species may serve as an additional way for the transport of organic nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spiral of Tillaux describes the historically accepted insertion distances of the medial rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, and superior rectus from the limbus: 5.5 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.9 mm, and 7.7 mm, respectively. The corneal diameters are historically accepted to be 11.7 mm horizontally and 10.6 mm vertically in adults. We investigated the variability of the insertion distances of the extraocular rectus muscles from the limbus as well as the corneal diameters using eyes from human cadavers and compared our measurements to these historically accepted measurements. A sample of 60 eyes were included. For each eye, a 360 peritomy was conducted and the conjunctiva bluntly dissected to view the sclera. Muscle hooks were utilized to isolate the extraocular rectus muscles. Calipers were used to measure the insertion distances of the rectus muscles as well as the corneal diameters. The mean rectus muscle insertions distances from the limbus were medial 5.28 mm, inferior 5.72 mm, lateral 6.40 mm, and superior 6.78 mm. These insertion distances were shorter than the historical benchmarks (p <.01). However, observed maximum distances of the rectus muscles were all greater than the historically accepted benchmarks, with the medial, inferior, lateral, and superior rectus muscles being 6.4 mm, 7.3 mm, 7.4 mm, and 7.8 m from the limbus, respectively. The mean width and height of the cornea were 11.7 mm and 10.7 mm, respectively, and similar to the expected ranges. This study concludes that variability does exist from the historically accepted Spiral of Tillaux measurements. In addition, significant variation exists between male and female rectus muscle insertions. However, we did confirm that the rectus muscles followed the same spiral pattern described by the Spiral of Tillaux and concluded that the corneal diameters are consistent with previously accepted values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does the Tadamon massacre that come to be known in details in April this year, 9 years after was committed tell us about Syria? This article investigate seven faces of this horrific crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterfactual estimates of excess deaths in Russian regions in the period 2020–21 are compared with officially reported COVID deaths to analyse underreporting. COVID mortality levels at the end of years 2020 and 2021 as well as annual growth during 2021 and the first half of 2022 reveal that COVID is a real threat to high labour productivity regions and those with relatively bigger defence and civilian sectors. Corruption lowers COVID mortality growth, suggesting a public health system where better care is obtained informally. Improved access to a doctor just before the pandemic lowered the level of mortality during the worst year (2021) but did not impact the mortality growth or the mortality level in 2020. Better prevention of any virus including COVID in the future would include more regionally decentralised vaccine and testing initiatives to boost compliance plus a fundamentally reformed health system that includes access to foreign-made vaccines and higher quality mortality data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military cooperation has been one of the milestones in Turkish-Azerbaijani relations since the early 1990s. A qualitatively new phase began in 2010 after the signing of the strategic agreement which not only fixed the ʹcasus foederisʹ clause but also significantly increased the scope and volume of cooperation. Military cooperation underwent a qualitative change and Turkeyʹs participation in the modernization of the Azerbaijani army gained key importance. The goal of this article is to identify the qualitative changes and transformations in military cooperation and examine their direct and indirect impact on the process of transformation of the identity of Azerbaijani society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this editorial, we explore the content of qualitative methods sections in one year of publications from Entrepreneurship & Regional Development (E&RD). We build a common anatomy of qualitative method work, exposing this to critique as we establish best practice and consider opportunities to enhance qualitative method writing. Our findings identify six common areas of focus in qualitative methods sections: arguing for qualitative and inductive 'fit'; defending the sample; data collection procedures; analysis work; substantiation of what is seen; and the use of tables. We problematize the observed tendency of viewing these areas through a post-positivist lens and propose complementary framings to encourage more engaged and reflexive authorship. The pursuit of interesting and thought-provoking qualitative work, which is at the same time methodologically rigorous, presents a challenging paradox for authors. We see this editorial as a navigational guide for authors and reviewers on what we should consider in methodological contributions. At its most powerful, qualitative research exposes tension, uncovers knowledge ambiguities, and offers potential for future perspectives. We argue that engaged authorship in qualitative work allows us to embrace a co-constructed approach to the knowledge of entrepreneurship, creating the opportunity for epistemological contributions which are both robust and courageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hadrosauriformes is a group of ornithopod dinosaurs with a rich and extensive Cretaceous track record. However, their rear foot (pes) anatomy is rather conservative. Thus, distinguishing different putative track producers from morphological differences is often impeded unless their identification is corroborated by stratigraphic and geographic distribution. On the contrary, the forefoot (manus) anatomy of hadrosauriform taxa reflects distinctive characters that, when preserved in tracks, may be critical for identifying their trackmakers. In this study, we examined three manus tracks preserved as sandstone casts, collected from Coniacian deposits of the Frontier Formation, southwestern Montana, USA. Tracks are assigned to Hadrosauriformes according to their steeply inclined morphology, functionally tridactyl condition, presence of hoof-like impressions and crescentic cross-sectional shape. Track preservation suggests that digit II could be extended medially, whereas movements for digits III and IV were limited. The dorsally curved digit II and III impressions indicate that these digits could be hyperextended. One track shows a short, spade-like ungual II impression, suggesting a closer affinity of its producer to hadrosauroid or hadrosaurid ornithopods. Osteological characters of the manus combined with track morphology can help with discerning different hadrosauriform producers, providing important implication for palaeoecological and palaeogeographical reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 19th century, the legal status of the anatomical specimen was only slowly evolving into its modern form. Not yet regulated by legislation, specimens were subject to rampant commodification and were exhibited, collected, bought, and sold, internationally as well as locally. This article considers the status of anatomical preparations at a moment when medical school curricula were fast becoming standardised, surgical techniques increasingly refined, and methods for preserving the body perfected. Focusing on foetal remains, I explore how the use of anatomical specimens mediated between the well-established, if still controversial, practice of dissection and an increasing emphasis on the visual as a privileged mode of constructing the biomedical body. Through close analysis of specimens in British and American collections, I trace the shifting meanings, value, and significance attributed to anatomical preparations in this era. Linking foetal specimens to the medicalisation of pregnancy, contemporary discoveries in embryology, and growing debate around abortion, I argue that the emerging concept of foetal personhood challenged and inflected how specimens were understood, highlighting their hybrid nature as both potential human subjects and objects of knowledge. Through this encounter with death, I argue, viewers were invited to comprehend and articulate new notions of ‘life’ itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five rhinoceros species, mainly distinguishable through cranial, mandibular and dental morphology, were recognized during the Quaternary across Europe. The postcranial morphology of these taxa is quite variable, with strong superposition among species, especially between Stephanorhinus etruscus and Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis. Here, the complete sample including 25 postcranial bones from the early Middle Pleistocene site of Contrada Monticelli (Apulia, southern Italy) is described and compared through morphological and biometric analyses. A few bones, in addition to cranial and mandibular remains from this site, have been previously referred to Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis. We explored the morphological variability of Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis from Contrada Monticelli against the diagnostic characters described in the literature. The size variation of the Contrada Monticelli sample is also investigated, through a comparison with other Quaternary European rhinoceros samples. Our results indicate a wide morphological variability with several distinct characters and a strong morphological affinity between Stephanorhinus etruscus and S. hundsheimensis. Our results suggest that Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis from Contrada Monticelli is a species with a high degree of intraspecific variability, possibly a hybrid population or a population including two morphotypes of the same species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The holotype of Sinosaurus triassicus is poorly preserved, and no previous research has focused exclusively on its anatomy. This research reports a new specimen recovered near the locality of the holotype of S. triassicus including a complete skull with mandible and 11 cervical vertebrae. Three newly identified traits are proposed to be unique of the species – (1) a vertical crest developed dorsoventrally from the ventral portion of the maxilla to the nasal crest; (2) ventral border of the antorbital fenestra formed mostly by the anterior process of the jugal; and (3) a fenestra between the nasal, the lacrimal and the prefrontal. This research provides new information on the cranial anatomy of this species as well as the genus Sinosaurus, offering more accessibility for later research concerning the evolution of early deriving neotheropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study of the Dionysus ornament illustrates how the 1623 Shakespearean folio carries with it echoes of previous folio works as it reinterprets this image within its own context. The paper establishes the other Jaggard Press titles in which the headpiece appears to explore how these different contexts draw out the image's semiotic potential. It notes an extreme uptick in use in Crooke's Mikrokosmographia, an anatomical work in which urination and ejaculation feature prominently. Operating in tandem with the 1623 prefatory materials, the headpiece participates in the visual organisational logic of the Folio, structures the Folio's establishment of generic variety, and introduces the volume-wide rhetorical strategy of reading Englishness within a global context. The woodcut's synchronously urinating dogs also suggest a commentary on the communal bodily experience of live theatre. Having noted ways early modern printed folio projects can be mutually citational through ornaments, the paper discusses how the Shakespearean volume positions itself within the English inflection of classical single-author collected drama through the associations with Dionysus, patron god of drama, and Ben Jonson's 1616 Workes. The conclusion considers the Second Folio's adoption of the headpiece as part of the 1623 Folio's iconic look. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, leaf micromorphological features of 42 accessions of 12 species of the genus Citrus were assessed through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, to evaluate phylogenetically significant characters that delineate species. Morphometrical analyses were carried out using the leaf anatomical and micromorphological characters of at least five samples collected from different localities. Some leaflet anatomical traits (cuticle ornamentation, cyclocytic and tetracytic stomata, isobilateral mesophyll arrangement, number of palisade layers, shape of the midrib, sheath around vascular tissue) clearly support various clades defined by previous DNA-based phylogenetic work. Anatomical features of C. limetta and C. aurantifolia were identical, thus supporting the synonimisation of these two species. Leaf anatomy and morphology in the studied taxa reveal many characters high value for infrageneric classification of Citrus. This work provides useful background for further molecular and anatomical studies of Citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical sonography students require a deep understanding of three-dimensional (3D) structural anatomy. In addition, they are required to identify anatomical structures from medical images. To enhance and support online anatomy learning of first year medical sonography students 'virtual café' sessions were designed and offered as weekly activities. They were facilitated by higher year level student peers, who provided contextualisation of anatomy learning, guided discussions about the sonography programme and generated social discussions to allow students to get to know one another. This study investigated the impact of virtual cafe sessions on the student's experience, student learning, student satisfaction with their programme of study and future career. The results indicated scheduled peer facilitated informal student discussions afforded the opportunity for students to catch up, meet each other, talk, and learn in a non-intimidating and social manner, whilst nurturing support was offered. A culture of positive contextualised, and authentic learning was developed which improved student engagement and enthusiasm for their programme of study. Most importantly, virtual café sessions facilitated students building social connections and trust with each other, so they subsequently felt less isolated and overwhelmed, but rather gained a sense of belonging, which motivated their learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To deliver a comprehensive learning experience while shifting to online teaching due to COVID-19, educators at The University of Queensland (Australia) adopted Lt, a cloud-based platform, to overcome the challenges of delivering animal anatomy practicals. A two-phased study was conducted to evaluate the use of Lt for both online and on-campus students and its impact on student satisfaction and performance. Phase 1 investigated students' satisfaction with the practical experience, with online students expressing greater satisfaction across all constructs related to the practical: design, Lt, and feedback. Phase 2 investigated end-of-course evaluations, with all evaluated items increasing from 2019 to 2020 and 2021, along with student performance showing no difference between the online and on-campus students for practical assessment items and final examinations. The findings give confidence for technology adoption to enhance the learning experience for online students and provides an exemplar for similar adoption for practical delivery across other science disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprises a comparative description of the skull anatomy in the basal megatherioid sloth Schismotherium fractum, based on specimens from the Santa Cruz Formation (late early Miocene; Santacrucian SALMA) in southern Argentine Patagonia. We provide more detailed descriptions and illustrations of the skull bones and their sutural connections, as well as the cranial foramina and their contents, than have previously been available. The anatomy in S. fractum is compared to contemporaneous basal megatherioids from Santa Cruz, Hapalops elongatus and Pelecyodon cristatus. The latter is a close relative of S. fractum in several phylogenetic analyses, but given the high levels of anatomical variation and other taxonomic uncertainties that surround these sloths, previous authors have suggested that the two may not represent distinct taxa. Our observations demonstrate that although the skulls of S. fractum do indeed exhibit variation in a broad variety of features, there are invariant, apomorphic features that consistently distinguish Schismotherium and Pelecyodon from one another, including at least 17 features derived from virtually every region of the skull. While supporting the current taxonomic status of these important, basal-most megatherioids, the present study highlights the need for further anatomical and phylogenetic investigations of Santacrucian sloths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-five years ago, the first author of this paper surveyed the US medical schools to determine their offerings on EOL (End-of-Life) issues. The results showed limited exposure for medical school students to learn about dying and death, thus their "learning" was apparently on-the-job training. The EOL offerings were so limited that the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC), following the 1975 publication from the survey, contacted the first author to inquire about death and dying in the curricula of their medical schools. Apparently, it was so insignificant that the AAMC did not have such information. Palliative medicine, geriatric medicine, and hospice were then in the "birthing" process, a mere blur on the horizon. Today, as in 1975, it is likely that most medical students have personally had minimal experience with death and that for many entering students, other than on television, the cadaver is their first sight of a dead person. The objective of this research is a longitudinal study at five-year intervals since 1975 reporting on EOL education in US medical schools. The total number of medical schools has increased from 113 in 1975 to 150 in 2020. The current study surveyed medical schools electronically and via postal services with a response rate of 37%. Findings from the survey over time revealed significant inclusion of death and dying and palliative medicine as well as geriatrics and hospice. Gross anatomy has evolved from strictly hands-on to integrating 3D/virtual models, a change not without controversy. A noticeable difference in emphasis is obvious as care now plays a more significant role in medical training than previously, thus making modern medicine not only about cure, but more about care than was previously emphasized. Communication with dying patients and families, analgesics for chronic pain, and advance directives all are covered in over 90% of schools today. The current emphasis on EOL care, not just disease management, is increasing and puts more of a human face on modern medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two patients with thyroid eye disease underwent inferomedial orbital decompression complicated by a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. One of the cases developed a postoperative pneumocephalus resolved with conservative measures. In the second case, the CSF leak was managed intraoperatively. In both patients, a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a pronounced slope of the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate, forming an obtuse angle with its lateral bony extension. When this anatomical disposition of the olfactory fossa (OF) is present, the course of the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) is usually embedded in the skull base, and its foramen should not be taken as the upper limit of the transconjunctival ethmoidectomy. The shape and relative height of the olfactory fossa and fovea ethmoidalis, and the course of the AEA should always be assessed before transconjunctival medial decompressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model based on hand anatomy and neural network for the recognition of sign language. Feature extraction is done by using FAST and SIFT techniques. Out of these extracted features, only essential hand landmarks are selected using hand anatomy. NN is then used for the training and testing of the model. The proposed model is evaluated on sign language gestures used for medical purposes, general purposes, and family & relative purposes. The results prove that the proposed model has achieved fast and highly accurate results when compared with other available models. The model has achieved a recognizable accuracy of 99.85%, 97.55%, and 98.85%, on medical purposes, general purposes, and family & relative purposes, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xenassiminea nana n. gen. and n. sp. is described from estuaries of temperate mainland Japan (central to western Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū). This species has a minute, colourless, translucent, depressed and helicoid shell and resembles some so-called skeneimorphs. However, the anatomical characters of the head–foot, radula and reproductive system indicate that this species belongs to the Assimineidae, in spite of the dissimilarity in shell features. The presence of basal cusps of the central radular teeth and the extremely rudimentary cephalic tentacles indicate that it should be assigned to the subfamily Assimineinae. The shell size (0.8 mm in length, 1.1 mm in diameter) is the smallest among known assimineids. It lives beneath stones deeply buried in sandy mud flats at the innermost parts of large bays and can be regarded as threatened by the rapid loss of these habitats in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the terms 'asset', 'assetization', 'asset form' and 'asset condition' have gained prominence. Closely related to established notions of financialization and capitalization, they promise novel analytical insights into these processes. Why has assetization assumed such an important role in the social studies of finance, geography, sociology, political economy and beyond, both conceptually and empirically? Introducing our special section on 'The challenges of assets', this paper reconstructs current conceptual debates about assetization and argues that the concept addresses the complex temporalities of financialization that are simultaneously contractual, de-risked, guaranteed, speculative and uncertain. The central role of property in the definition of the asset holds an unfulfilled promise to elucidate in empirical terms how legal and political relations buttress financialized capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current project sought to extend prior research examining organ donation portrayals on Grey's Anatomy by examining the first fifteen seasons. Guided by the health belief model, content analysis revealed more attention was given to benefits of donation than barriers. Contrary to previous research, more attention was given to refuting rather than promoting commonly cited myths. The results also address attention to the health threat as well as Grey's Anatomy's representation of self-efficacy in registering to be an organ donor. Finally, proportion tests revealed significant differences between the types of organs transplanted on Grey's Anatomy compared to organs transplanted in the United States. The results are discussed with an emphasis on portrayal trends throughout Season 1 through 15 as well as the theoretical and practical implications of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocranial cavities preserve a record of neural anatomy often used for hypotheses of behavior in extinct organisms. Two reconstructions of cranial endocasts of Allosaurus fragilis and A. jimmadseni from computed tomography data expand understanding of theropod endocranial anatomy including endocranial volume, inner ear shape, and trigeminal ganglion size. Endocranial and trigeminal ganglion volumes are compared with a sample of birds, crocodylians, and non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Allosaurus is found to have a relatively small trigeminal foramen for its body size when compared with foramina of birds and crocodylians. The inner ear is fragmentary but similar in shape to semicircular canals of other large-bodied theropod dinosaurs. These findings suggest Allosaurus had generalist neural structures relative to other non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Like other large-bodied theropod dinosaurs, Allosaurus likely had a large dural venous sinus, potentially important for brain cooling. Allosaurus did not have a derived sense of facial somatosensation akin to that found in crocodylians or some birds. Additional data like these, collected from other tetanuran dinosaurs, will help clarify the evolution of neurosensory systems in the lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New specimens and the reassessment of many silesaurids have recently shed light on the origin and early evolution of dinosaurs and their close relatives. Yet, the group is relatively poorly represented in South America, an area that likely played an important role in dinosaurian origins. Since the discovery of Sacisaurus agudoensis from the Norian Caturrita Formation, only the fragmentary Gamatavus antiquus and Amanasaurus nesbitti have been reported from the Triassic of south Brazil. Here we describe disarticulated silesaurid remains from Waldsanga, one of the most important tetrapod-bearing localities of the Santa Maria Formation, which represent the second Carnian occurrence of the group in Brazil. The postcranial elements exhibit a combination of dinosauromorph symplesiomorphies and silesaurid diagnostic traits, showing that a conservative anatomy is pervasive among early dinosauromorphs. We also conducted a set of exploratory analyses to infer the phylogenetic relations of the new occurrence and the robustness of some of the most recent phylogenetic hypotheses in face of the increasing diversity of Silesauridae. This revealed a rather uncertain evolutionary scenario not only for Silesauridae, but for early dinosauromorphs in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To conduct a morphometric evaluation of the incisive canal, adjacent structures, and their anatomic variations in Brazilian individuals. A retrospective study was conducted using a sample of 157 multislice computed tomography images of adult Brazilian individuals of both sexes (20–96 years). The exam was performed with the RadiAnt DICOM Viewer 4.0.1 (64-bit) software that uses the DICOM PACS standard for visualization of medical and dental images. The values for length and height of the canal, thickness of the palatine bone plate, and latero-lateral diameter of the incisive foramen were higher in men than in women (p < 0.05). The findings of this study demonstrated morphometric differences for the following parameters: latero-lateral diameter; width of canals at all levels measured; palatine bone plate height; canal length and palatine bone plate thickness in relation to the male and female sexes in the Brazilian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of three-dimensional echocardiograms to analyze the coronary anatomy and its relationship with surrounding structures. The axial-oblique view is particularly helpful in visualizing the origin and path of the left and right coronary arteries. The article also mentions the use of different planes, such as the coronal and sagittal-oblique views, to further examine the coronary arteries. The advantages of using three-dimensional echocardiograms over two-dimensional ones are highlighted, and the potential usefulness of this technique in daily practice is mentioned. [Extracted from the article]

Cinnamomum verum is worldwide well-known for its culinary and medicinal properties. The distinguished aroma of this plant is due to the presence of oil cells containing oil drops which are known as the primary site of essential oil biosynthesis. In this study, we compared the content and composition of essential oils of C. verum leaves of two distinct seasons from two different geographical regions, viz. Kharagpur (Cv-K) and Mamit (Cv-M) - the eastern and north-eastern regions of India, respectively. The leaf essential oils of the Kharagpur region were mainly composed of phenylpropanoids (81.98%) while monoterpenoids (48.42%) dominated in the Mamit region. The major components of Kharagpur and Mamit chemotypes were eugenol (81.83±2.09%) and linalool (37.52±7.06%), respectively. Transverse sections obtained through cryomicrotomy showed the presence of lipids and terpenes in the oil droplets upon staining with Sudan III and Nadi, respectively. Though, histochemical analyses did not show any distinct differences in the secretory structures of C. verum growing in two different geographical locations, absence of crystal in Cv-M type leaves was noted. Because of substantial differences in the chemical composition of essential oils, these two populations of C. verum can be considered as two distinct chemotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brachytrachelopan is a dicraeosaurid sauropod that comes from the Jurassic of Argentine Patagonia. With the purpose to infer different palaeobiological traits (e.g., ontogenetic stage, growth dynamics, temporal correlation between morphological and anatomical parameters of maturation), we perform an osteohistological study on different postcranial elements from the holotype individual, including axial (i.e., cervical hemispinous process, dorsal ribs) and appendicular (i.e., femur) bones. The absence of a distinct external fundamental system indicates that the individual died before full body size achievement (i.e., somatic maturity). Furthermore, although not conclusive, the histological data suggest that despite its body size, which is comparable with fully grown individuals of other dicraeosaurid taxa, the individual also corresponds to a sexually immature specimen. Predominance of highly vascularised fibrolamelar with only a cyclical growth mark (CGM) in the outer cortex of the femur reveals a sustained, accelerated growth, typical feature of neosauropod dinosaurs. The external anatomy (i.e., neurocentral sutures are visible in presacral vertebrae) is consistent with histological data, since both indicate some degree of immaturity. Dorsal ribs are best elements to estimate age. The new evidence reinforces the hypothesis that mechanical forces were higher in the anterior edge of cervical hemispinous processes, although, these findings do not support the presence of horn cores or interspinous ligament system in the neck of Brachytrachelopan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English learner (EL) students face the challenge of learning a new language while simultaneously learning other subjects. Similarly, English as Second Language (ESL) teachers have the added responsibility of teaching academic language in STEM subjects to EL students, in addition to language teaching. This article explores how a participant researcher as an ESL teacher collaborated with two mainstream teachers and a science teacher, to enhance EL's language and STEM literacy. Four teachers participated in the study, with one science graduate and one participant researcher, an ESL graduate student, working in a public middle school to co-design and co-teach science lessons. The study analyzed the effectiveness of their semester-long collaboration on the learning of domestic and EL students using mixed methods, such as observations and surveys. The results indicate that ESL teachers and students benefit from the support of pre-service teachers for both STEM content and language. This suggests that placing STEM major graduate students in ESL classrooms and ESL major graduate students in STEM classrooms for their practicum can re-connect language to content literacy development for EL students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What was the educational challenge? The complexity and variability of cross-sectional imaging present a significant challenge in imparting knowledge of radiologic anatomy to medical students. What was the solution? Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) segmentation and augmented reality (AR) technology provide a promising solution. These advances allow for the creation of interactive, patient-specific 3D/AR models which incorporate multiple imaging modalities including MRI, CT, and 3D rotational angiography can help trainees understand cross-sectional imaging. How was the solution implemented? To create the model, DICOM files of patient scans with slice thicknesses of 1 mm or less are exported to a computer and imported to 3D Slicer for registration. Once registered, the files are segmented with Vitrea software utilizing thresholding, region growing, and edge detection. After the creation of the models, they are then imported to a web-based interactive viewing platform and/or AR application. What lessons were learned that are relevant to a wider global audience? Low-resource 3D/AR models offer an accessible and intuitive tool to teach radiologic anatomy and pathology. Our novel method of creating these models leverages recent advances in 3D/AR technology to create a better experience than traditional high and low-resource 3D/AR modeling techniques. This will allow trainees to better understand cross-sectional imaging. What are the next steps? The interactive and intuitive nature of 3D and AR models has the potential to significantly improve the teaching and presentation of radiologic anatomy and pathology to a medical student audience. We encourage educators to incorporate 3D segmentation models and AR in their teaching strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angelica remotiserrata is a novel endemic species discovered in the Kastamonu provinces of northern Turkey. The new species is described by morphological, carpological, ecological and phylogenetic analysis. A. remotiserrata is morphologically distinct from Angelica sylvestris by the coarsely serrata leaf margins, the small and not swollen sheath, the larger fruit and the 12–14 dorsal vittae. A phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the ribosomal DNA was conducted to reveal the evolutionary relationships of the new species. Its relationships with related species and proposed conservation status were reviewed. The morphological, and molecular evidence clearly supports that A. remotiserrata is a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a novel MRI sequence (T2 SPACE) capable of demonstrating detailed structural anatomy and functional CSF flow information simultaneously. While traditionally, a variety of sequences are utilised for this purpose, we have highlighted the advantages of this technique over traditional approaches, using example of a patient with CSF loculation in prepontine/suprasellar cistern, causing third ventricular compression and hydrocephalus. The sequence depicted the surgical anatomy by showing the web/cyst wall as well as CSF flow entering the cyst potentially causing increased pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil nitrogen (N) availability is critical to root function and morphological traits, which reflect strategies for nutrient uptake and survival of plants. However, these factors have rarely been studied in temperate old-growth forests, especially understory shrubs. Therefore, we conducted an 8-year continuous N addition field experiment in Lesser Khingan Mountains northeastern China, including four N treatments. The results showed that under low and medium N treatments, the root diameter of all shrubs generally increased, which was caused by the increase in root stele diameter and cortical thickness, which were mainly regulated by soil NH4+-N. Low N treatment significantly increased the ratio of stele to root diameter, promoted the development of stele and tracheid characteristics, and thus improved the transport capacity of fine roots. High N treatment decreased the cortical thickness of all shrubs, but increased the total area and number of tracheid, which might have a significant positive impact on the growth of fine roots. These results suggest that N deposition may affect the physiological function and activity of fine roots by affecting their diameter, cortical thickness, and stele diameter. Collectively, plants can adjust their root nutrient absorption strategies to adapt to changes in the nutrient environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia aytachii Vural & Adıgüzel species belong to the Lamiaceae family. It is an endemic plant and is locally known as 'Ay Şalbası'. Salvia species are generally known as adaçayı in Anatolia. It has a wide variety of traditional uses concerning the digestive system. In this study, cross-sections were taken from the leaves and stem to determine the anatomical features of S. aytachii. The characteristic elements were determined with the help of a microscope. Chemical components of the essential oil were determined by Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) systems. A total of 79 compounds corresponding to 91.1% of S. aytachii essential oil were determined. Major compounds were identified as camphor (20.3%), 1,8-cineole (20.0%), camphene (6.0%), myrcene (5.6%), valeranone (5.5%,) borneol (5.0%) and α-pinene (4.3%). To evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, broth microdilution method was used against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli NRRL B-3008, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-3711, Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-4378 and Candida albicans ATCC 90,028. The results were found to be significant in terms of antimicrobial efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how issues related to abortion have been portrayed in American television from 2005 to 2021 through a feminist analysis of the melodramatic series Grey's Anatomy. Using a comparative analysis between two female characters facing accidental pregnancies, this work examines how they are portrayed when pondering over the possibility of terminating their pregnancies and investigates male behavior regarding women's decisions. In addition, it scrutinizes how shifts in contemporary feminism might have influenced these depictions. Drawing from an interdisciplinary approach on feminist television scholarship, this paper encompasses theoretical works related to motherhood, abortion, postfeminism, and popular feminism. It also investigates how the polysemic meaning intertwines patriarchal and feminist readings in a mass-culture product, and how the transition from postfeminism to popular feminism into mainstream texts has affected the display of women's bodily autonomy by depicting these plots in a less punitive way towards women than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]