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Abstract\nHighlightsThe calcium ferrite nanoparticles were made by the sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, and UV–vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the material. There is an orthorhombic phase in the space group Pnma. There were four techniques used to calculate the average crystallite size. Using ImageJ software, the particles were aggregated and their size was ascertained. Using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, the composition of the material was ascertained. 2.29 eV was determined to be the band gap. Vibrating test magnetometer (VSM) provided an explanation for the materials’ magnetic property. A decreased band gap energy is responsible for the 90% degradation of malachite green dye at a concentration of 15 mg/L in 150 min, with a four-cycle reusability.Calcium ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol–gel assisted combustion method using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea as fuel.To the best of the author’s knowledge, no such case study that reports the synthesis of calcium ferrite nanoparticles by using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea is previously reported in academic literature.The method is cost-effective and convenient without the use of any chemical fuel agents.The synthesized prepared material efficiently removes malachite green dye, commonly used in industries for dyeing silk and nylon, from the solution.More than 90 % removal efficiency for MB.The material displayed excellent stability and reusability for dyes adsorption.Results were validated with pseudo-first-order kinetic model.Calcium ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol–gel assisted combustion method using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea as fuel.To the best of the author’s knowledge, no such case study that reports the synthesis of calcium ferrite nanoparticles by using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea is previously reported in academic literature.The method is cost-effective and convenient without the use of any chemical fuel agents.The synthesized prepared material efficiently removes malachite green dye, commonly used in industries for dyeing silk and nylon, from the solution.More than 90 % removal efficiency for MB.The material displayed excellent stability and reusability for dyes adsorption.Results were validated with pseudo-first-order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roll bonding is a solid-state welding process, employed to join similar and dissimilar metals. Roll bonding with secondary particles in-between and accumulating the roll bonded material multiple times is an alternative method for manufacturing high-strength composites. In the current work, commercially pure aluminium strips are roll bonded at room temperature to 400 °C. The percent reduction varied from 10% to 70%, with an increment of 10%. Moreover, the aluminium strips are roll bonded with graphite particles dispersed in between (Al–Gr–Al). The aim is to study the effect of graphite particles on bonding behaviour. The critical process parameters such as the effect of temperature and percentage reduction on the bond strength are determined. The lap shear test is used to evaluate the bond strength. It is observed that the dispersion of graphite particles in between aluminium significantly increased the threshold reduction required for bond establishment. The threshold reduction decreases for roll-bonding aluminium with increasing temperature. Furthermore, it is observed that the bond strength significantly increases with increasing processing temperature. However, roll bonding with the graphite particles dispersed in between reduced the bond strength, and the effect was significant with increasing temperature. The bond strength of both Al and the Al–Gr–Al composites increases by increasing the reduction percentage. The de-bonded sample surfaces are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. It is worth mentioning that the experimental outcomes of the current study predict the roll bonding parameters for the successful fabrication of an Al/Gr composite by accumulative roll bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of nano clay composite and reactive diluents was found to be good for various properties of the composite when individually used. This research aims at the preparation of modified nanocomposites and investigating their mechanical properties. Mechanical testing, crosslinking density, surface morphology, and functional groups present in the composite were observed in this research. The composites were mixed with varying wt.% (2, 5, 7, 10) of 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy) propan-1-ol reactive diluent and a steady (5 wt.%) of nano clay mixed in epoxy. Mechanical testing samples were manufactured in line with ASTM standards. Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy tests have been conducted to investigate the surface morphology and the presence of functional groups present in the system. The swelling behaviour of the samples has been observed to gain a better understanding of crosslinking density. The tensile and fracture toughness behaviour of the composite was greatly improved. In addition, 7 wt.% diluent and 5 wt.% nano clay in the pristine epoxy reveal an optimal property. Including nano clay and reactive diluent 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy) propan-1-ol in differing amounts improves tensile and fracture resilience by (19–23)%, suggesting a tight forming bond between epoxy, nano clay, and diluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study demonstrates the effect of Ni-substitution on the structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of Ba0.90Sr0.10Ti1-xNixO3 (where x = 0.000, 0.005, 0.015 and 0.025) ceramics, synthesized by solid-state reaction approach. A pure perovskite phase with tetragonal structure has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed change in microstructure. The dielectric behavior of the prepared ceramics was investigated as a function of temperature (30–150°C) at different frequencies. The results indicate that there is an increase in dielectric constant (ϵRT) and low dielectric loss (tanδRT) were obtained at room temperature by substitution of Ni2+ ions in BST ceramics, offering a promising material for capacitor applications at room temperature. Room temperature P-E loops were recorded at different applied electric fields and typical hysteresis loops were obtained. Improvement in the values of Pr and Pmax was observed by substitution of Ni2+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Momonides neolandbergi Li & Guo sp. nov. is described in detail, which is the fifth species all over the world in Momonidinae Lundblad, 1941, Momoniidae K. Viets, 1926. The family and subfamily are newly recorded for Chinese fauna. The new species are recorded by camera, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope. Publication:New species: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of fatigue crack growth(FCG) plays a vital role in the design and performance of modern structural materials like Al 6061-T6 alloy. Al 6061-T6 is an alloy of Al-Mg-Si which is artificially aged under T6 condition. In the present study, Al 6061-T6 plates of 6 mm thickness welded by a gas metal arc welding(GMAW) technique using an ER-5356 as filler wire. The microhardness profile was obtained through Vickers microhardness test. The pre-qualification tests such as X-ray radiography, tensile, and bending tests were carried out on base metal (BM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and weld zone (WZ)along rolling direction to study the mechanical behavior. The fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) tests on the three zones were carried out as per ASTM E-647 standards under stress ratios of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5. The WZ possessed highest FCGR compared to BM and HAZ. The lowest fracture toughness (Kc) was found for WZ, which is due to fusion of filler wire with BM. The microstructural transformation in HAZ from very fine needle shape β'' precipitates to coarse bar shape β' precipitates produced by the thermal effect during the welding process resulting in moderate FCGR compared to WZ and BM. Mechanical strength and microstructure regeneration during the welding thermal cycle are the two important factors that affect the FCGR in all zones. Fractographic analysis was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study the crack initiation, final fracture, nature of the fracture, and causes of failure under various stress ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The open hole tensile and flexural test of composites holds immense importance in aerospace and structural engineering. These tests provide critical insights into how composites perform under real-world conditions, allowing for the development of materials that meet rigorous standards, thereby ensuring the safety and durability of aircraft and other applications. This study investigates the influence of hole size on the open hole tensile (OHT) and flexural properties (OHF) of plain weave aramid/epoxy (AFRP), basalt/epoxy (BFRP), and aramid-basalt/epoxy (ABFRP) inter-ply hybrid laminates. Laminates were fabricated using hand layup followed by the compression molding method. The specimens were cut according to ASTM D5766 and ASTM D7264 to analyze OHT and OHF performance for three different hole sizes viz., 4, 6, and 8 mm. Results indicated that the ABFRP inter-ply layup composite significantly enhanced the mechanical performance of when compared to AFRP laminates. However, the decline in mechanical properties was observed in all the composites with the increase in hole size. BFRP laminates showed higher hole sensitivity under tensile loading due to its brittle fracture mechanism while AFRP exhibited higher hole sensitivity under flexural loading which can be attributed to its the poor compressive strength. The effect of hole size on the damage mechanism has also been highlighted through scanning electron microscope (SEM). The fibre fracture was observed to be dominant failure mechanism in large hole specimens while matrix cracking and delamination were found to be dominant failure mechanism in small holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Bi-Mg-O composite nano-catalyst was prepared by using Bi(NO3)3 and nano-MgO. Prepared catalyst was characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique which confirms its nano-crystalline nature and composition. The synthesized novel catalyst Bi-Mg-O was found to be competent catalyst for the synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives by multicomponent reaction of isatin, dimedone, malononitrile and 4H-pyran derivatives by reaction of dimedone, aryl aldehydes and malononitrile using ethanol as solvent at room temperature. The nanocatalyst proved to be recyclable as it is recycled and recovered for three runs without notable loss in catalytic activity. All synthesized derivatives were obtained in exemplary yields. Novel recyclable nanocatalyst, good yields of products, and benign reaction conditions are the noteworthy aspects of the present protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an attempt is made to check whether a hybrid composite made up of both synthetic and natural fibers (Carbon and Cordia Dichotoma respectively) can be made bio-degradable, at least to some extent, without much compromising on the mechanical properties. Hybrid composites were prepared by reinforcing alkali treated Cordia dichotoma and carbon fibers into epoxy resin using hand lay-up method. By varying the number of layers of fibers in the composite specimen and fixing 20% fiber weight for all composites, nine distinct combinations of specimens were prepared. The maximum tensile strength of 386.68 MPa, flexural strength of 647.08 MPa, and impact energy of 4.82 J were obtained for composites produced with pure carbon fiber, whereas hybrid composite exhibit tensile strength of 367.76 MPa, flexural strength of 646.41MPa and impact energy of 4.74 J. The interfacial bonding between the fibers and matrix of tested specimens was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), as well as the arrangement of fibers within the matrix for the manufactured composite. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate thermal stability, and it was found that it was thermally stable up to 415°C. 9. Crystallinity value increases from 20% carbon fiber to 20% alkali fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fiber reinforced composites are attracting the attention of industries toward a sustainable and environment-friendly material for the future demands. The main drawback pertaining to the use of natural fiber composites lies in its inferior strength in comparison to its counterpart synthetic fibers. This research focuses on improving the fracture toughness of woven jute fabric mat with different orientations (0°, 30° and 45°) in epoxy resin by incorporating fillers and tested in universal tensile testing machine. Silicon carbide (SiC) particles of three sizes 26 µm, 54 µm and 72 µm were incorporated in the matrix in different weight ratios (5%, 10% and 15%). The fracture toughness of the jute/epoxy composites increases with the increase in the amount of SiC particles up to 10% addition and then it shows decreasing trend with further addition. The fracture toughness values show upward trend when the fiber orientation changed from 0° to 45°. Fractography of the tested specimen captured by scanning electron microscope which reveals the fracture of fibers and micro cracks in the epoxy matrix due to the applied load. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also conducted for predicting the most influencing parameters on the fracture toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural fiber extracted from water hyacinth waste could be used for making natural fiber polymer composites. The main intent of this manuscript is to develop polymer composite materials reinforced by aquatic wastewater hyacinth natural fibers having varying lengths. The water hyacinth fibers were extracted using a mechanical drum extractor followed by a drying process at a speed of 320 rpm. Mechanical testing of the composites was conducted as per the relevant ASTM standard and subsequently, thermo gravimetric analysis was also conducted to assess the thermal characteristics of the composites. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (×RD) techniques were employed to characterize the elemental and microstructural properties of the composites. A 20 mm fiber length with a 30% fiber content resulted in the best mechanical properties. Fractured surfaces from the composite samples are evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Brittle fracture, fiber pulled out, fiber clusters are identified as the general failure characteristics of the composites. This study demonstrated that the hyacinth fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite could be useful for developing particleboard products, as well as other lightweight products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For sustainable thermal insulations, vegetable fibers/stems are widely used, which have very dispersed material properties even within a variety. The examination of the fibers' porosity in the conventional way provided reference values in this study, but it can be problematic for cellulose-based fibers. This study examines the porosity of two straw types (barley and wheat) and searches for faster and easier tests; it reveals the inaccuracies that can occur in different methods. The image processing method is applied on records of intact cross-sections made by scanning electron microscope; the essential circumstances to reach the intact cross-section are also discussed in the paper. Stitched cross-sections, made from overlapping records using the same magnification, are supplemented by detailed images with higher magnification. On the fused/detailed images, the entire region of the crosssections was segmented. Each pore was automatically analyzed (area, diameter, perimeter) to determine porosity; the result was compared to the conventional method. Comparing the entire and the detailed cross-sectional image gives information about the importance of magnification in the analysis. The presented method is suitable for porosity measurement but needs some modification in sample preparation and image capturing. Both the conventional and image processing methods provide the same results in ratios between the two straw types but different absolute values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decorticated ramie fiber (Variety R-1449) was degummed using different systems, namely, individual alkali, mix alkali, enzyme, mix enzyme, and peracetic acid to the optimal level of residual gum content. Further, the optimal degummed samples of various systems have been characterized through IR analysis, DSC thermographs, scanning electron microscopes, tensile properties etc. The chemical constituents of degummed samples of various systems at optimal level along with untreated decorticated ramie fiber have been determined and compared. Study suggests the use of new eco-friendly peracetic acid is best degumming method for decorticated ramie followed by synergetic effect of alkalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with the mechanical and thermal characterization of novel composite consisting of vetiver grass fiber (Chrysopogon zizanioides) (VF) and red mud (RM) as reinforcement in epoxy resin. Five types of composites were fabricated using hand lay-up technique by varying the weight percentage (wt%) of vetiver grass and red mud. Various mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength of the said composites were evaluated and discussed. The thermal properties in terms of thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) were evaluated whereas the chemical composition characteristics were analyzed using FTIR and XRD spectroscopy. The fractured surfaces of the tested specimens were studied using a scanning electron microscope. From the results, it was observed that properties of polymer composites were improved by hybridization with vetiver grass fibers and red mud. The improved mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites were noticed in increment of wt% of red mud. Highest tensile strength of 51.78 MPa, flexural strength of 35.92 MPa and impact strength of 29 KJ/m2 was obtained for C5 composite which contains highest wt% of red mud. TGA shows better resistance to thermal degradation for the composites containing higher percentage of red mud. Looking at the results it can be concluded that the developed composites in this work can be an efficient alternative for building and automotive application which requires high strength and thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing emergence of bacterial resistance is a challenge for the research community, thus novel antibacterial agents should be developed. Metal nanoparticles are promising antibacterial agents and could solve the problem of antibiotic resistance. Herein, we used Gardenia thailandica methanol extract (GTME) to biogenically synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The characterisation of ZnO-NPs was performed by UV spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning and transmission electron microscopes, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs was studied both in vitro and in vivo against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Its minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 2 to 64 µg/mL, and it significantly decreased the membrane integrity and resulted in a significant increase in the inner and outer membrane permeability. Also, the ZnO-NPs treated cells possessed a distorted and deformed shape when examined by scanning electron microscope. The in vivo study (biochemical parameters and histological investigation) was conducted and it revealed a protective effect of ZnO-NPs against the deleterious influences of P. aeruginosa bacteria on lung, liver, and kidney tissues. LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed a phytochemical tentative identification of 57 compounds for the first time. We propose that GTME is a useful source for ZnO-NPs which has a promising antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study is to investigate pollen morphology and taxonomy of some Apiaceae species in Bilecik, Turkey. The study area is restricted to Vezirhan in the south (Bilecik), Pamukova and Geyve in the north (Sakarya), İznik in the west (Bursa), Gölpazarı in the south-east (Bilecik) and Taraklı in the east (Sakarya). Apiaceae species were collected from the study area by visiting there in all four seasons. In this study, the pollen morphology of 22 taxa belonging to different genera of the Apiaceae family was investigated for the first time in detail using light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollen is radially symmetrical, isopolar and tricolporate in all examined species. Pollen grains are perprolate, prolate and subprolate with the polar axis ranging from 17.53 µm (Non-acetolysed: N) and 18.28 µm (Acetolysed: A) to 39.71 µm (N) and 39.72 µm (A) and the equatorial axis from 11.77 µm (N) and 12.2 µm (A) to 23.77 µm (N) and 23.54 µm (A). The polar shapes of the studied taxa are triangular. Exine ornamentations of four pollen types have been observed by SEM. Two main groups were revealed in the dendrogram which was constructed by using Average Linkage from the examined data. It was determined that some pollen characteristics of investigated Apiaceae taxa are supporters of the classification of taxa with other taxonomical characteristics. Also, three components of investigated palynological characteristics were identified with principal component analysis. Polar axis (P), equatorial axis (E), the ratio of polar axis to equatorial axis (P/E) (pollen shape) and ornamentation in the polar and equatorial views are determined as the most important palynological characteristics for discrimination of the Apiaceae taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the strength growth characteristics of Tianjin Binhai dredger fill, considering the impact load, drainage condition, and loading way of the impact. Based on UU and scanning electron microscope tests, the strength growth mechanism of the dredger fill was studied from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. The results showed that there an optimal impact load under the combined action of impact load and drainage, which can enhance the strength of the dredger fill to the maximum extent, its value is close to the structural yield stress. Furthermore, the methods of 'more impact rounds and fewer impact counts' and 'first light then heavy' can obtain the best effect of foundation reinforcement. Microstructural analysis showed that, with the increase in impact loads, the pore complexity and the number of pores increased, while the porosity, the number of soil particles, the pore circumference, and the total pore area decreased. This research also showed that the increase in the strength of dredger fill was mainly reflected by the increase in the internal friction angle under the combined actions of impact load and drainage, while the change of cohesion was rather small. The mathematical relationship between the internal friction angle and the pore characteristic can be expressed by a unary function, which increases with increasing pore complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun biocompatible fiber mats were made with Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) using a biocompatible solvent Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), because of its compatibility. We have also used the herb "Thespesia populnea" to produce herbal doped electrospun mats. Five samples are produced by varying the percentages of PVA and herbal and the parameters in electrospinning machine. Among those samples, fiber is formed properly when PVA and herbal are taken in the ratio of 5% and 10%, respectively and when Distance, Flow rate, Voltage are set as 15 cm, 0.05 mL/h and 14 kV, respectively. The PVA fiber formation is investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been done to confirm the presence of functional group of the herbal and PVA in the mat. Antibacterial testing was done for the samples, and the zone of inhibition was found to be 8–12 mm. Drug release test revealed that the drug from the electrospun mat was better around 70%. In vitro cytotoxicity test was done, and the result obtained was negative since a large amount of DMSO was used for dissolving the herbal. Hence it can be controlled by reducing the usage of DMSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fabrication and characterization of laser-treated conductive cotton fabrics by means of copper metallization techniques. The physical properties of the laser-treated knitted samples were examined in terms of thickness, durability, and abrasion impact. Furthermore, the surface topography of the laser-treated substrates was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after the coating process and samples demonstrated remarkably uniform deposition of copper metal nanoparticles on the surface of the fabric. An energy dispersing spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis was carried out to determine the elemental composition on the surface of the substrate after the electroless metallization method. The study found that laser-treated samples showed better resistance to wear compared to untreated fabric samples. Since abrasion resistance is key property in electronic textile applications, laser-treated samples could, therefore, be ideal candidates for electronic textile applications. As a result, laser treatment has been shown to be successful in improving the abrasion resistance of conductive textile fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to investigate the effect of nanofiller, lead oxide on the mechanical, thermal, and water intake behavior of luffa fiber-reinforced epoxy polymer matrix composites. Filler material PbO of 20 nm was added in different weight proportions along with luffa fiber to the matrix and the compression molding technique was used for the fabrication of the composite laminates. Tensile, flexural, and impact properties were studied on the prepared samples. The influence of lead oxide on glass transient temperature (Tg) and the curing of epoxy were also studied using the Differential scanning calorimeter. The optimum mechanical and thermal properties were observed on the addition of 1.25 wt. % of nanofiller. The morphological images show various defects like interfacial behavior, fiber pulls outs, voids, and internal cracks, and these were examined using a scanning electron microscope. Hence the present investigation showed that the addition of nanofiller could enhance the mechanical strength of the natural fiber composite. Further, it enhanced the moisture resistance and thus could find potential structural and packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber officinale (known as ginger), a natural flowering plant of Zingiberaceae family, was taken to investigate its possible utilization in a textile material. Zingiber officinale fibers (ZOFs) were obtained from the plant root. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of ZOFs were determined. Elemental analysis of ZOFs was carried out with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) instrument. Surface morphology of fibers was investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) instrument. The chemical functional groups of ZOFs were confirmed with Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The crystalline structure of ZOFs was analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), and then the crystallinity index was calculated as 78.81%. In addition to this, mechanical properties of ZOFs were investigated with Shimadzu Ag-X machine. The EDX and FT-IR results show that ZOFs have cellulosic structure. Furthermore, it was obtained that ZOFs have rough surface structure and the thickness is approximately 155 µm. The physical properties of ZOFs are substantial enough for its usage as a textile fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present scenario, the searching for novel plant fibers able to be used as reinforcement of polymer composites is highly appreciable. This study deals with extraction and characterization of Eleusine indica grass fibers extracted from its stem by manual retting process. From this study, it was found that the Eleusine indica has higher cellulose of 61.3 wt% content, density of 1143 kg/m3, average tensile strength and Young's modulus equal to 22 MPa and 10.75 GPa, respectively. From the XRD studies, it was noted that the Crystallinity Index (CI) of Eleusine indica was 45%. The surface morphology of Eleusine indica grass was examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Chemical functional group were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The thermal stability of EIF was evaluated using TG and DTG curves from Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The characterization results confirmed that Eleusine indica grass could be used for the production of sustainable fiber-reinforced polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf, stem, calyx, and corolla indumentum of seven endemic taxa belonging to Stachys subsect. Fragiles, growing in Turkey, were micromorphologically and anatomically analyzed under scanning electron and light microscopes with the use of cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis. We detected 10 trichome types on the leaf, seven trichome types on the stem and calyx, and eight trichome types on the corolla. Especially, the type and distribution of the trichomes on the calyx and corolla surfaces were quite different. The calyx and corolla had seven and eight trichome types, including glandular or non-glandular, in the examined taxa, respectively. The most common type observed was a short clavate glandular trichome; however, conical thin-walled unicellular hairs were specific for the studied taxa. No branched trichomes were observed. In the examined taxa, the indumentum indicated variations and some important similarities. The indumentum types have a high taxonomical value for the species of the genus. A key has been offered for the identification of the studied taxa based on the trichome characters, by comparing the key of classic taxonomic characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article observes two objects of natural form through an electron microscope. The first object is an old paper; its beautiful texture is hardly visible on its surface and it resembles the nature that we commonly see. The second object is nanoflowers. Although it is a natural form, it is also an artificial chemical that is invisible to the human eye. This paper aims to present a new perspective on the action of seeing by collectively expressing two microworlds and elements of nature that are seen in everyday life, which are similar to the environment but utterly different from each other. Surrealist painter René Magritte's technique of dépaysement creates a stranger scene by removing a specific object from the context of common sense and placing it in a complicated situation, giving the observer a new shock. I intend to present a unique technique of artistic expression that has been grafted and evolved into the microscopic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work includes the synthesis of zinc selenium telluride ZnSe1-xTex (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) ternary compound and its deposition in the form of thin films having thickness 200nm using thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum. The synthesized material ZnSe1-xTex thin films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-VIS-NIR, and Raman spectroscopic measurements. The structural measurements reveal that the deposited thin films of ZnSe1-xTex material are polycrystalline, whose crystallinity decreases with concentration of tellurium material in thin films. The morphology measurement of films shows that the surface of films is smooth and particles are approximately spherical. The optical band gap estimated from the optical transmission spectra of the films is found to decrease with tellurium concentration. Peak shift is found towards red region with tellurium concentration in the films in Raman spectroscopic measurements. The obtained results are analyzed for application of ZnSe1-xTex thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of Swift Heavy Ion (SHI) irradiation is an effective way to tailor the properties of materials to enhance their applicability toward high-end applications. In the present investigation, hydrothermally synthesized Fe-BTC metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were irradiated with 197Au8+ ion beam, 100 MeV at fluence range of 1×1011 ions/cm² and 1×1012 ions/cm². Hydrothermally synthesized Fe-BTC MOFs were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, UVVisible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The significant modifications were observed as ion fluence increases, viz. decrease of crystallite size, increase of energy bandgap, reduction in average surface roughness, and the formation of new functional group (C-H) at a higher fluences 1×1012 ions/cm². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applicability of natural fiber-reinforced composites in automobile, aerospace like sectors has been increasing as more number of research works is concentrating on natural fibers owing to their eco-friendly nature. Biodegradability of natural fibers is main advantage of them over artificial fibers. Natural fiber-reinforced composite possesses good thermal and mechanical properties besides other requirements. For this reason, investigation of one such natural fiber-reinforced composites has been the focus of the present study. In the present work, composites made up of abutilon indicum fiber reinforced with epoxy have been prepared. Mechanical, morphological, thermal, and spectroscopic studies on the test specimens prepared using the above composites were carried out to evaluate their respective strengths. Also, the effect of alkali treatment (NaOH) for the fibers was studied and evaluated. Scanning electron microscope results indicated that the composite made up of alkali-treated fibers possessed better mechanical properties. Using differential thermal analysis–thermogravimetric analysis apparatus thermal behavior of the composites and using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies, the presence of function groups like C–O, C–H was determined. Thus, characterization of abutilon indicum fiber-reinforced epoxy composites has been carried and properties are evaluated for their applicability to automotive, aerospace similar industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permeable pavements are engineered to temporarily store water to reduce flooding during rainfall events. Permeable pavements are distinguished primarily based on their surface materials which can vary from concrete, asphalt, clay brick, concrete pavers or plastic grids. This paper examined the effect of lightweight carbon-negative aggregates (CNA) on the behaviour of concrete intended for use as solid concrete block pavers in permeable pavements. Performance indicators targeted compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, density and water absorption. CNA were produced and sourced from manufacturing firm Carbon8 Systems in Kent U.K which applies patented accelerated carbonation technology to solidify incinerated ash into useful eco-friendly aggregates. The methodology involved substituting natural aggregates (NA) by mass, with CNA at percentages varying from 0 to 100. A scanning electron microscope was used to examine the aggregate–mortar interface. Both the compressive and tensile strengths decreased exponentially with the addition of CNA. Average 28-day compressive and splitting tensile strengths ranged from 69 MPa (10,000 PSI) to 18 MPa (2600 PSI) and 3.84 MPa (560 PSI) to 1.23 MPa (178 PSI) respectively. Density values decreased linearly with the addtion of CNA with average values ranging from 2200–2600 kg/m3. ⁠Conversely, water absorption increased with increases in CNA with average values ranging from 1.66% to 9.17%. Depending on the loading requirements, CNA can replace NA in solid permeable pavement blocks by up to 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascidians (Phylum: Chordata) are sessile and filter-feeding marine animal, species identification of ascidians is possible by observing various morphological and anatomical features in various stages of life span. However, this method is labor intensive, time-consuming and very difficult for non-specialists particularly when dealing with field collections. Suborder Aplousobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata is the largest group of tunicates within, morphological and molecular data suggest that Didemnidae and Ascidiidae are monophyletic, but the monophyly of each genus and their phylogenetic relationships are still poorly understood. Therefore, this study was aimed to develop DNA barcodes of ascidians belonging to the orders of Aplousobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata species namely Diplosoma listerianum, Lissoclinum fragile, Didemnum psammatode, Phallusia fumigata and Phallusia ingeria collected from Andaman and Nicobar Islands were sequenced and submitted in Gen Bank. Colony structure, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for spicules of colonial ascidians, larval type and zooids formation were found to be the most useful morphological characters for discriminating the species. Our BLAST results proved D. Listerianum KP842724 (98%) L. fragile KP842726 (100%) D. psammatode KP779902 (99%), P. fumigata KP779904 (99%) and P. ingeria KP842727 (100%) similarity and this is the first report of mitochondrial COI gene of these ascidians from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. We explored the usefulness of CO1 gene sequences for molecular level identification and mtDNA data in assessing a phylogenetic relationship of ascidian species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usage of composites with natural fiber reinforcement is drastically increasing in recent times because of their low density, biodegradable nature, and low cost. However, natural fibers have certain core problems such as poor adhesion between the fiber and matrix and a relatively high degree of moisture absorption. Alkaline treatment of natural fibers is aimed at improving the adhesive strength so that effective stress transferability takes place in the composite. In the present work, Cordia-Dichotoma fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and composites were prepared with different weight ratios of these fibers reinforced with epoxy. The prepared composites were tested for their tensile and flexural strengths (mechanical properties). Besides, for a comprehensive material characterization, IR spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out. This work investigates the influence of aforementioned NaOH treatment on thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the composite material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium (Al6061) with Graphite (Gr) and Titanium Carbide (TiC) particles of different configurations have been prepared using stir casting method. The development of aluminium with Gr and TiC composites has been confirmed with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) tests. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study has been performed to identify the configuration of the composite material. In the current work, an attempt is made to study the mechanical and tribological behaviour of Al6061 reinforced with 5wt% Gr for different fraction of TiC hybrid composites. The addition of Gr was maintained constant and equal to 5 wt.% throughout the experiment. TiC was varied from 0% to 8 wt. % in a step of 2%. The effect of addition of Gr and TiC on microstructure, micro hardness, tensile strength, wear resistance were investigated. The results showed that aluminium reinforced with Gr and TiC exhibited better mechanical and tribological properties of composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apricot pomace extract (APE) is tested as corrosion inhibitor of steel in neutral solution and in conditions of periodic condensation of moisture imitating atmosphere corrosion of metals via weight loss and electrochemical methods. The highest inhibition efficiency of 96.0% was obtained after about 40 h of exposure to inhibitor-containing electrolyte. The composition of the APE was investigated by using both gas and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS, LC-MS) analysis. The formation of protecting layer on the mild steel surface was proved by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope results (AFM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of a novel agent for control of schistosomiasis is a mandate. In-vitro anti-schistosomal activity of the aerial parts of Huernia saudi-arabica were examined. Chromatographic investigations of the ethanol extract (EE) were afforded three compounds. Pregnane glycoside (CI) 12-β-p-hydroxy-benzoyl-20-O-acetyl-boucerin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-cymaropyranoside, in addition to two flavonoids (CII) luteolin-4'-O-β-D-neohesperidoside and (CIII)quercetin-3-rutinoside were recognized via spectral analysis. The schistosomicidal effects were evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). In-vitro bioassays on the viability (mobility, morphological changes and mortality) of Schistosoma mansoni adults, cercariae, miracidia and eggs at different concentrations 2.5, 5, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/ml of EE and 2.6, 5.2, 13, 26 and 52 μM of CI in incubation times 1,2,4,6,12hrs were carried out. EE and CI evidenced in-vitro anti-schistosomal activity with a dose and incubation time-dependent fashion. The effect of EE and CI was evident by the topography damage showed by SEM. EE proved moderate in-vitro cytotoxicity with IC50 of 8.48 µg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ploughbreast is the crucial soil-engaging component of horizontally reversible plough (HRP). Its biggest merit, compared to conventional ploughs, is to enable the ploughbody to perform alternative and shifting tillage operations with high speeds. A major technical challenge in the aforementioned operation is violent flowing interaction between soil and ploughbreast. This flowing interaction may result in severe wear rate on the ploughbreast, particularly along its cutting edge, i.e. ploughshank, thereby reducing the tool life. The objective of the present paper is to evaluate influences of the flowing interaction on the ploughshank by studying interaction force, wear rate and their correlation. The interaction forces were predicted using a numerical calculation with finite volume approach in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The wear rates were measured using scanning electron microscope (SEM). There were very good qualitative agreements between numerical and experimental results that either the maximum force or the most severe wear rate appears at the same section and has a direct relationship with the Tillage speed and tilling depth. Closer examination of the calculated and measured confirms that the more violent sliding & rubbing, the greater stress gradient and the larger abrupt stress cause the more severe wear rate along the ploughshank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples collected during the BIOICE project off Iceland yielded three species of marine annelids belonging to the family Fauveliopsidae: Fauveliopsis olgae Hartmann-Schröder, 1983, Laubieriopsis brevis (Hartman, 1967) and Laubieriopsis cabiochi (Amoureux, 1982). Taxonomic remarks and data on geographical and bathymetric distribution are presented and several body characters of taxonomic value were reviewed with Scanning Electron Microscope. Fauveliopsis olgae and L. brevis are reported for the first time in the area. Specimens of L. cabiochi showed some morphological variability compared to previous descriptions of the species. The three species had a similar geographic distribution along the south side of the GIF ridge, from NW to SE Iceland; F. olgae and L. brevis were, however, found in a wider range of depths and values of bottom temperature than L. cabiochi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is basically biocompatible polyester with high resistance to chemical hydrolysis, and high drug permeability and the most important characteristics of PMMA is that it does not produce any toxicity. There is not much information about PMMA action on the colon cancer cells. In the present study, we have synthesized PMMA nanoparticles. The distribution pattern of PMMA particles was analysed by Zeta sizer and the size of the particles was calculated by using quasi elastic light scattering (QELS). The surface structure and the morphology of PMMA were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. We have also analysed their effects on cancerous cells (human colorectal carcinoma cells, HCT-116) and normal, healthy cells (human embryonic kidney cells, HEK-293) by using morphometric, MTT, DAPI and wound healing methods. We report that PMMA particles inhibited the cancer cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The lower dose (1.0 μg/ml) showed a moderate decrease in cancer cell viability, whereas higher dosages (2.5 μg/ml, 5.0 μg/mL and 7.5 μg/mL) showed steadily decrease in the cancer cell viability. We also report that PMMA is highly selective to cancerous cells (HCT-116), as we did not find any action on the normal healthy cells (HEK-293). In conclusion, our results suggest PMMA particles are potential biomaterials to be used in the treatment of colon cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been successfully deposited onto glass substrates by integrating inexpensive successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The concentration of precursor solution was varied in order to study its effect on structural, morphological and optical properties. The X- ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the films deposited are polycrystalline with preferential orientation along (101) plane. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show the growth of well defined vertically oriented ZnO nanorods with diameter and length of ~ 120 nm and ~ 400 nm respectively. The optical study showed that films are highly transparent in the visible region with an average transmission of about ~ 95%. The optical band gap degreased from 3.28eV to 3.101eV on increase in molar concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Olive leaf as a corrosion inhibitor for C-steel in 10% Sulfamic acid (NH2SO3H) solution was tested utilizing different techniques. The effect of temperature (298–328 K) was determined and activation and adsorption thermodynamic parameters were counted and discussed. The surface morphology was analyzed utilizing a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Potentiodynamic polarization procedures evidenced that Olive leaf acts as mixed-type inhibitor for corrosion of C-steel in 10% NH2SO3H solution. The addition of Olive leaf produces an increase in the charge transfer resistance (Rct) and reduction in capacitance of the double layer (Cdl). The inhibition mechanism involves physisorption. The adsorption of this extract on C-steel surface follows Langmuir isotherm. All the studied techniques gave similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, characterization studies are carried out on liquid crystalline (LC) p-n-propoxy benzoic acid (3oba), p-n-propyl benzoic acid (3ba) and the mixture of these two benzoic of acids dispersed with low weight concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles (nps). The existence of ZnO nps in above LC compounds are studied by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction techniques. The LC phase transition temperatures of the compounds with the dispersion of ZnO nps are measured using polarizing microscope (POM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The nematic phase transition temperatures of 3ba, 3oba and mixture of 3ba and 3oba obtained from POM and DSC found to decrease with increase in the dispersion of various weight concentrations of ZnO nps. The birefringence studies are carried out for these compounds at different wavelengths (400, 500, 570, and 635 nm) with the dispersion of ZnO nps with increasing in weight concentrations (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 wt%) using modified spectrometer and the orientational order parameter 'S' of corresponding LC nanocomposites is measured from different optical methods viz., Kuczynski internal field model, Vuks isotropic model and effective geometry model. Among the three models the order parameter found to increase due to the strong alignment of LC molecules with the ZnO nps. The refractive indices measured at different wavelengths are fitted with two and three coefficient Cauchy's model. For high birefringence LCs three coefficient Cauchy's model is favorable than two coefficient model and vice versa. The results obtained are compared and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempted to show the application of particle swarm optimization in the prediction of the compressive strength of cement sandy soil from the curing period, porosity of sample and percentage of cement. The results of the study show that the unconfined compressive strength of the cement stabilized sandy soil increases with an increasing cement content curing time period. Moreover the compressive strength decreases with an increasing porosity. The compressive strength improvement due to cement treatment has a larger increase in samples with less porosity. In addition, particle swarm optimization algorithm is and accurate technique in estimation of compressive strength of cement stabilized sandy soil. In order to compare of existing correlations, a total number of 100 unconfined compressive tests and 15 scanning electron microscope tests have been conducted on cemented Babolsar sand. It can be concluded that compared to existing correlations models, particle swarm optimization algorithm models give more reliable prediction about compressive strength of cement satblized sandy soil. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis of the polynomial model shows that cement content and porosity have significant impact on predicting unconfined compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve adequate restoration project, the moment of choice of the type of intervention is a very delicate phase that necessarily involves a thorough understanding of the asset in all its aspects, as the location, the history, the architecture, the state of preservation, the pathologies causing the degradation, the degradation in itself, the analysis of constituent materials. The set of all that can be investigated on a product (cultural), to obtaining important information for subsequent maintenance, conservation and/or restoration actions, is what is called a diagnostic plan. In this case it was applied directly on a monument of national importance: the Royal Villa in Naples (today the Municipal Villa). The analysis were performed in situ and in the laboratory (SEM-EDS) on samples taken directly at the Villa, which allowed the creation of a series of analytical cards, containing digital data, required for the selection of expense future of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The updated Nanostructure materials and nano-technological tools are predicted to enable the synthesis polymer-inorganic composites to manufacture higher qualified membranes possess attractive physical and chemical properties with high performed sensitivity and selectivity. In this study carboxylated poly (vinyl chloride) (CPVC), CPVC/silver and CPVC/palladium nanocomposites membranes were prepared. Samples from the CPVC/Ag and CPVC/Pd nanocomposites films were irradiated with gamma doses in the range 25-150 kGy. The structural modifications in the gamma-irradiated nanocomposite samples have been studied as a function of dose using different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction XRD, UV spectroscopy, color difference studies, Thermogravimetric analysis TGA and scanning electron microscope SEM. The results indicate that the gamma irradiation in the dose range 50-150 kGy led to a more compact structure of both CPVC/Ag and CPVC/Pd nanocomposite films, which resulted in an improvement in its thermal stability with an increase in the activation energy of thermal decomposition and amorphous phase. It is worth mentioned that the nano-palladium is more effective than nano-silver composite membranes in stabilizing the CPVC. In addition, the results of color difference measurements indicated that both the CPVC/Ag and CPVC/Pd nanocomposite films acquire color under gamma irradiation up to 150 kGy, but the response of CPVC/Ag to color changes is higher. For this reason, the CPVC/Ag nanocomposite film was chosen to be a subject for the further study to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on its optical and microscopic properties. it is found that the gamma irradiation reduces the optical energy gap that could be attributed to the increase in structural disorder of the irradiated CPVC/Ag nanocomposite due to crosslinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature oxidation of Fe-Ni-base alloy HR120 and Ni-base alloy HAYNES 282 in steam at 800-1000 °C was investigated and compared. Results show that the oxidation kinetics of HAYNES 282 and HR120 followed a parabolic law. Temperature affected the stability of formed chromia, leading to the observation of (Fe, Cr)2O3, Fe2NiO4 on the surface of Fe-Ni-base alloy, which is not the case for Ni-base alloy. The strengthening element titanium accelerated the growth of chromia formed on the Ni-base alloy. It is concluded that the resistance of high temperature oxidation of HR120 is superior to HAYNES 282. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum-based metal matrix composites (AMCs) play a vital role for potential applications in aerospace and automotive industries. This paper explores the experimental analysis of a composite with aluminum LM4 alloy as the matrix and tungsten carbide (WC) as the reinforcement material. The composite specimens were fabricated by the stir casting process. The reinforced ratios of 5, 10 and 15 wt.% of WC particulates were stirred in molten aluminum LM4 alloy (AALM4). Once the composite is solidified, the specimens are prepared to the required ASTM dimensions and tested for various mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and hardness. Moreover, the tribological behavior of the composite was studied using the pin-on-disc wear test apparatus. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to analyze the various elements present in the composites. Finally, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis reveals the uniform distribution of WC particles in Aluminum LM4 alloy matrix. The improvement in mechanical properties - hardness, impact strength and tensile strength - was achieved for the increase in the addition of wt.% of WC particles in the LM4 matrix. The decrease in mass loss was observed for the composite containing 15 wt.% of WC during the wear test among the various composites tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental investigation to ascertain the parametric impact of abrasive water jet machining on the surface quality of Inconel 718 material. Experiments were designed according to response surface methodology-box Behnken design by maintaining three levels of four process parameters—abrasive flow rate, water pressure, stand-off distance and traverse speed. The surface irregularity is measured during machining. The design expert software was used to establish an optimized mathematical model of process parameters for achieving the required surface roughness. Desirability function has also been used to optimize the process parameters. The confirmation experiments validate the reliability and capability of the developed model. Further, the surface characteristics were analyzed through scanning electron microscope images and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the present study was to produce natural chitosan with different deacetylation degree from shrimp shells. Three deacetylation degrees of chitosan were obtained through boiling the chitin in NaOH (50% (w/v)) at 110 °C for 4 h. The samples were labelled as NCS1, NCS2 and NCS3 according to the number of times they were treated with alkaline solution. The functional groups of the obtained products and the degree of deacetylation were determined through Fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscope was employed to characterise the morphology of the produced materials. Cell viability assay was carried out using mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the samples for 7 days. The results showed that the deacetylation degree of chitin, NCS1, NCS2 and NCS3 became 50.1, 73.5, 82.3 and 82.5%, respectively. The natural chitin had carnation-like morphology. NCS1, NCS2 and NCS3 had the raised hills with the smaller and denser Gulbergs, however, there was no significant difference between NCS2 and NCS3 regarding the structure and deacetylation degree. Moreover, the result of the cell culture experiment indicated that the number of cells on the NCS1 was less than that of the NCS2 after 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to study the suitable effect of plasma parameters, such as exposure time and applied voltage on the wicking properties of silk fabrics. Wicking property of silk fabric has been improved by using air dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment. The plasma treatment has been utilized to modify the surface properties of silk fabrics. Untreated and plasma-treated fabrics have been characterized by contact angle Goniometer, wicking test, Wet-out time, scanning electron microscope, Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transforms Infrared spectrometer (ATR-FTIR) and dye uptake test. The ATR-FTIR characterization shows that the hydroxyl functional group has been increased after plasma treatment of silk fabric. The experimental results of wicking rate and Wet-out time of the plasma-treated silk fabrics have shown significant improvement in hydrophilic properties that could be confirmed by contact angle measurement which is close to 0°. The tensile strength of untreated and plasma-treated fabrics has been measured to confirm the enhanced surface property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context:Marrubium vulgareLinn (Lamiaceae) was generally extracted by conventional methods with low yield of marrubiin; these processes were not considered environment friendly. Objective:This study extracts the whole plant ofM. vulgareby microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and optimizes the effect of various extraction parameters on the marrubiin yield by using Central Composite Design (CCD). Materials and methods:The selected medicinal plant was extracted using ethanol: water (1:1) as solvent by MAE. The plant material was also extracted using a Soxhlet and the various extracts were analyzed by HPTLC to quantify the marrubiin concentration. Results:The optimized conditions for the microwave-assisted extraction of selected medicinal plant was microwave power of 539 W, irradiation time of 373 s and solvent to drug ratio, 32 mL per g of the drug. The marrubiin concentration in MAE almost doubled relative to the traditional method (0.69 ± 0.08 to 1.35 ± 0.04%). The IC50for DPPH was reduced to 66.28 ± 0.6 μg/mL as compared to conventional extract (84.14 ± 0.7 μg/mL). The scanning electron micrographs of the treated and untreated drug samples further support the results. Discussion and conclusion:The CCD can be successfully applied to optimize the extraction parameters (MAE) forM. vulgare. Moreover, in terms of environmental impact, the MAE technique could be assumed as a ‘Green approach’ because the MAE approach for extraction of plant released only 92.3 g of CO2as compared to 3207.6 g CO2using the Soxhlet method of extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, ozonation as an environmentally friendly bleaching method was studied for decolorization of leather products. The effect of ozonation time (3, 5, 10, 15 and 30 min) and water pick-up value (WPV) (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) were investigated on decolorization effect. For this aim, the color measurement and tensile strength tests were performed, and also structural changes were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after ozonation process. The results of color measurements showed that 30 min for ozonation and 60% WPV were optimum parameters to obtain maximum decolorization effect. SEM images of the ozonated leathers showed some deformations on the collagen fibers and resulted with the slightly decreases in tensile strength of the products. On the other hand, decreases in the tensile strength values were not statistically important levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cd-doped ZnO thin films were deposited on a glass substrate via spin coating techniques. The structural properties of the thin film were studied by X-ray diffractometry. X-ray diffraction data showed that the grown films were oriented in (100) direction with hexagonal wurtzite phase. The average calculated grain size ranged from 10 to 12 nm. The lattice constants of the as-prepared ZnO films were calculated using standard formulae, and the values are arrived as a = 3.25 Å and c = 5.20 Å, which confirm the hexagonal of the materials. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images reveal the polycrystalline structure of pure ZnO film. The minimum thickness is found to be 0.7 µm and the maximum is 1.4 µm. The FT-IR spectroscopy shows some absorption bands at 1427.32 cm−1corresponding to the stretching vibration of C–O band. Various absorption band peaks in the range of 3350–3450 cm−1correspond to O–H species. From the UV spectral analysis, the band gap of ZnO film coated over a glass substrate is found to be 3.4 eV, the band gap of pure ZnO film is calculated as 3.44 eV, and that of Cd-doped ZnO film for 2, 4, and 6 wt% was 3.43, 3.429, and 3.423 eV respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]