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In introducing the special issue on international advertising, this paper assesses progress made in international research. It begins with an examination of the content of international advertising papers published in the Journal of Advertising during the past ten years. The content of these more recent research articles is then compared to those that appeared earlier in the Journal's history. This paper also surveys four earlier reviews of the international advertising literature and assesses whether issues posed in the reviews have been adequately addressed. A new agenda for international advertising researchers is offered, consisting of eight research questions and some admonitions relating to data collection and collaboration among researchers. The contributions of papers in this issue are then detailed in the context of the proposed research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred fifty-nine male African adults from the Belgian Congo were given a paper-and-pencil perceptual task devised by A. Rey and consisting of drawing lines between randomly arranged black dots so as to isolate simple geometrical figures. A practice task, where the perceptual difficulty was reduced by printing in different colors the dots corresponding to the different figures, was always given first. Both tasks were given without time-limit. Scores were number of correct patterns on the black test, and time taken to complete each of the two tasks. Both time scores were combined by Hotelling's principal components method. Two independent variables were obtained, one of which (J) expresses the general tendency to be slow on both tasks and the other the tendency to be slower on the (difficult) black patterns than on the (easier) color ones. The relationship of these components to accuracy on the black patterns was determined. Africans were compared on both time components with Belgian Ss at the same accuracy level. (It was necessary to use children because European adults are too accurate en this test.) It appears that, for the same degree of accuracy, Africans are always slower on J, but no difference is apparent on B. It is concluded that, as far as these tasks are considered, the slowness of the Africans--defined by comparison with Europeans of the same level of accuracy--is not related to task difficulty. This finding is more easily explained by a general lack of interest in speed performance than by a slower operation of mental functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global comparison of planning systems faces several theoretical and normative challenges. Against the background of ongoing debates on the comparability of emerging and existing ideas and practices of planning in the Global North and South, we propose a comparative approach based on field theory. Comparisons of planning systems often focus on the institutional dimension or are mere juxtapositions of cases studies. A comparison based on field theory is more appropriate for the comparative study of planning cultures as the approach allows to interpret planning as an emerging practice influenced (or not) by globalized or European knowledge communities. The two planning systems under scrutiny in this paper are Germany and Brazil. Germany presents a mature field of planning while Brazil's field of planning is emergent. The paper is based on a literature review that supports the formulation of assumptions and tests the approach through a comparison of Brazil and Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore my experience around teaching a digital game design and making postgraduate course in an intercultural setting in the UK Higher Education. I focus on how locality and disciplinary aspects create and mediate hierarchies of knowledges and practices that shape this kind of course, and how the intercultural setting studied here affords critical interrogations about the supposed universal nature of game design, as a field and as a practice. In particular, I examine an educational approach adopted in this course centred on the critical pedagogy notion of ‘cultural work’ and on philosophy of technology, rejecting mechanistic approaches to game design and making in favour of thinking with and through tools and processes. Through interviews with former students around their expectations about learning game design and making and their (changing) perspectives during this course, I explore how such an approach can create educational experiences for both students and game educators to build different (i.e. more critical and diverse) knowledge and practice foundations for those who will be working in/with games in the future as well as developing new vistas for understanding game design and making not as universal but as practices heavily informed by specific contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article calls for the submission of papers on mediated cross-cultural learning necessary to move closer to sustainability.

Exemplarism – the view that exemplary people, whom we admire, are the bearers of our moral concepts – presents considerable challenges to the (widely-assumed) place of moral theory in how we learn to be moral. Exemplarism has been garnered by Amy Olberding to articulate a Confucian approach to moral learning. This paper extends Exemplarism by considering how it may be put into practice, based on a seminal Confucian text, the Analects of Confucius. To date, the majority of discussions on Confucian ethics that have brought Confucian philosophy to the attention of Anglophone scholars tend to focus on conceptually-based matters. There remain questions regarding how these values may be inculcated and embodied in our moral lives. Central to our proposal is the practice of reflective observation (guan 觀), comprised by three integrated components: observation, evaluation, and emulation. Observing, reflectively, is important not only for an individual's acculturation to existing norms and practices but also for how they may subsequently exercise some latitude over their moral practices. Our reflections offer a practical approach to Confucian moral learning. In doing so, we demystify moral learning in Confucianism and open up avenues for future cross-tradition dialogues on moral education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to growing acknowledgement that the role of gender and religion are under-researched in studies of interculturality. Although religion and gender are often invoked as two of the many axes of difference that comprise identities and influence interactions between individuals, they have not received the level of attention that race and ethnicity have in studies of intercultural relations. Questions of gender remain unanswered in discussions of interculturality (Gregoriou, Z., 2013. Traversing New Theoretical Frames for Intercultural Education: Gender, Intersectionality, Performativity. International Education Studies, 6 (3), 179–91, p. 187) and while religion is often explored in the sociologies of education and/or youth, its impact on interculturality is under-theorised. In this paper, I explore the ways that religion influences girls' take up of particular discourses, how they use these discourses to construct themselves and others, and how this shapes their engagement with interculturality. First, I look at how girls establish their positions on religious diversity. Then, I interrogate how they deploy discourses of gender to constitute themselves and others. Drawing on empirical data from a study of young women and interculturality, the paper suggests that girls from minoritised ethnic/racial and religious backgrounds are more likely to engage with interculturality on matters of religion and gender than girls who hold majoritised positions in Australian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries, including Australia, China, the United States, the United Kingdom and New Zealand, have included art subjects in their core curriculum. Using the theory of governmentality as a critical lens to investigate the intricate power–knowledge system in relation to curriculum, arts and pedagogy, this paper makes a comparative document analysis of two contemporary arts curricula for children aged 5–6 years—the Beijing Kindergarten Happiness and Development Curriculum in the arts learning area (upper class in kindergarten), and the Australian Curriculum: The Arts (Foundation level). Curriculum is best understood as a multi-faceted phenomenon and this paper draws from research which categorized curriculum into three phases: the intended (or planned) curriculum, the enacted (or implemented) curriculum and the experienced (the learner experience) curriculum. By focusing on the first phase: the intended curriculum, this paper compares the documents that comprise the planned curriculum from two very different contexts, and thus makes a contribution to cross-cultural understanding of early childhood arts curriculum in ways that may lead to social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a critical review of the main studies in cross-cultural consumer behaviour and marketing research, and identifies the methodological issues that frequently undermine the quality of research in this area. The paper offers suggestions for addressing these issues, which are becoming even more complex due to growing Internet-based marketing research and increasingly multicultural societies. The authors discuss the relevance of cross-cultural marketing research and the challenges associated with it in the context of a changing global environment, and explain how, by understanding and addressing these concerns, marketers will be able to achieve superior marketing research findings through improved validity of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined preservice teachers' understanding of children's play in diverse cultures. Using digital photo essay methods, a total of 37 early childhood preservice teachers in Myanmar, Korea, and the U.S. engaged in a critical discussion on children's play in diverse cultures. The findings suggested that the participants typically showed three layers of cross-cultural awareness: distance, friction, and flow. Korean and the U.S.participants conducted critical reflections on their preconceived notion of play, as influenced by the idea of Western childhood play. Although Myanmar participants revealed a desire for Western play materials, we did not observe substantial evidence of critical reflection throughout the cross-cultural exchanges. This paper discusses the implications of investigating culturally sensitive strategies for engendering preservice teachers' implicit beliefs by exchanging digital photo essays across diverse cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1950, the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. has produced what is currently known as the eHRAF Collection of Ethnography. This article explores the reasons why it was created and describes the structure of this complex collection of ethnographic works. Over time, this resource has been produced in four different formats: paper slips, microfiche, CD-ROM, and online. The similarities among and differences between these are discussed. An attempt to locate any remaining paper sets is described, and a list of current locations of the file in this, its original form, is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the factors that predict children's willingness to have contact with those from cultures in conflict, using data collected in 2014–2015 from the TEC4Schools program which begins online and eventually includes face-to-face contact. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted on the results of the questionnaire from 577 students. The predictors were entered in four steps: (1) personal details (gender and religion), (2) equity and satisfaction (3) collaboration (the use of collaborative learning in the course), and (4) intercultural attitudes. Both intercultural attitudes and positive experiences are associated with collaboration and predict the dependent variable: the willingness of the children to interact with those from other cultures. Satisfaction and equity do not directly predict willingness to interact with other children but do so via collaboration. In addition, the variable 'intercultural attitudes' is a mediator for collaboration, meaning that collaboration does predict willingness to interact with other cultures via intercultural attitudes. Although the findings show that gender and religion do not predict willingness to interact, there are significant differences in gender and/or religion in satisfaction, equity, intercultural attitudes, and collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In distance cross-cultural supervision scenarios PhD students are supported by supervisors located in different cultural contexts, which may, or may not be, the same as that of the student. Very little research has been conducted into experiences of cross-cultural supervision. This paper aims to explores opportunities and challenges for students and supervisors, drawing on qualitative research into their experiences of supervision. Participants were Saudi Arabian students, and UK and Saudi based supervisors. Investigation of three main areas – roles and expectations, communications and technology, and personal and professional development – revealed common issues, and some specific to either students or supervisors. These include language, feedback, technology and professional learning and align with 'intensifiers' identified as making supervision complex or difficult for international PhD students. However, other issues were also identified which need to be discussed openly to ensure that the potential benefits of cross-cultural supervision are realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some advertisements include celebrity endorsers hoping that will increase the popularity of the ad and, thereby, the celebrity status will be positively associated with the brand. This paper reports the findings of a cross-cultural study undertaken across the cities Hong Kong, Shanghai, Jakarta, Bangkok and Mumbai, using the Foote, Cone & Belding (FCB) grid to determine whether the appearance of a celebrity increases the chance for the advertisement to be liked. The results found that the use of celebrity endorsements in liked advertisements differed considerably, which provide an insight for advertisers developing campaigns using celebrities in different Asian markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-household private transfers are one of the main informal insurance mechanisms that prevalently implemented in developing countries. Unfortunately, most of the literatures investigates the private transfer motives at static perspectives. Therefore, this paper took advantage to investigate the private transfers motives in Thailand over the past three decades in order to examine any changing patterns of transfer motives. The empirical results from econometric methods indicated that as the economy in Thailand continues to develop, altruism remains dominant for private interhousehold motives in Thailand and persists over time, not only in rural but also urban areas of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In the context of a broader research study on the intercultural understanding of teachers in Australia, Japan and Thailand, this paper focuses on approaches to learning and the role of assessment in shaping such approaches. Popular contrasts portray Asian learners as compliant and favouring rote memorisation and Western learners as independent and favouring deep, conceptual learning. Yet Asian students frequently outperform theft Western counterparts in competitive tests purported to measure higher cognitive skills. Biggs and his associates have challenged the stereotypical view of Asian students as rote learners as a Western misperception. But data from the present cross-cultural study suggest it is more than a Western misperception, being shared by teachers in Japan and Thailand. With this background, this paper then explores the role of assessment through an analysis of examination papers in the three countries at the high stakes, year 12 level. This analysis of the ways in which knowledge and comprehension are assessed identifies different practices across cultures but not ones corresponding to the rhetoric on contrasting approaches to learning. Rather it concludes that assessment tasks classified superficially as comprehension can be approached through memorisation and conversely, those often classified as memorisation can require careful reading, thought and interpretation, while drawing from an extensive knowledge base. A shared understanding of the nature of assessment tasks in different cultures thus has the potential to dissolve the demarcation of culturally embedded learning styles and to enhance deep learning grounded in specialist knowledge for scholars, be they students or teachers, in all cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only very few studies specifically tackled leadership, and in that, these papers mainly focused on how women lead (Topi'c et al., [18]), which has been a focus of scholarly inquiry on women and leadership since pioneering studies into this issue (Aldoory, [3]; Aldoory & Toth, [2]). Leadership and women in public relations is not on the mainstream research agenda. For example, the Plank Center in the United States conducts globally renowned research into leadership in public relations and also collects information on public relations and leadership scholarship. In addition to this, and since the EUPRERA project/network work is not funded by EUPRERA, I would like to thank Leeds Business School for funding my time to work on this special issue and on the EUPRERA project. [Extracted from the article]

Children were active participants in past village life and reconstructing their activities and social roles can provide important insights into domestic and economic dynamics at archaeological sites. In this paper, we use data from two excavated pithouse sites in the Mimbres region of southwestern New Mexico and data from cross-cultural studies of children's activities to explore children's roles and contributions to Mimbres pithouse society. This work seeks to build on work being done on children and childhood in other regions. Our data show that children were active and productive participants at these sites and their roles extended beyond just economic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arguably the most sacred Islamic city, Mecca has long been a migration destination for Muslims. It has become the home to various diasporas over time. Born and raised in Mecca, members of these diasporic communities become transcultural as they retain aspects of their ancestral cultures while adopting the practices of Mecca's native Western Arabians and other diasporas amidst them. These diasporas put their transculturality to good use as mediators of cross-cultural encounters when millions of pilgrims congregate in Mecca to perform the Hajj each year. This paper is an ethnography of the longitudinal effects of migration. I discuss the Fatanis who perform various roles to ensure the pilgrims' successful and comfortable completion of the Hajj, especially their co-ethnic Malays from Southeast Asia. This study of the Fatani diaspora shows that culture is multifarious and dynamic, not homogenous, static, and exclusive. It is also an account of how migration transforms people and cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the prevailing outcomes-based education and the instrumentalization of education, a movement has arisen towards holistic education. This aims to go beyond objective measurement of the outcomes of education in order to treat the student as a whole person. In this paper, we shall examine some strands of education in Japan which in some way or another feature the idea of the whole person. This includes the tradition of clinical pedagogy, which originated in Kyoto University, Yukichi Shitahodo's educational anthropology (Kyoiku-Ningengaku), Kuniyoshi Obara's Zenjin Education (the education of the whole person) and holistic education. Notwithstanding the fact that such education is benevolent in intention, it can be miseducative in some respects. In the light of this, and with some reference to criticism of the idea of the whole person, we shall point to an alternative vision of education of the whole person following Cavell's Emersonian moral perfectionism – a perfectionism that is thoroughly anti-foundationalist and that transcends self-entrapment in circulatory discourse on the whole. In critical dialogue between the rich traditions of Japanese thought and the critical voice of liberalism raised from within the West, we hope to find a more nuanced answer to the question of how being a whole might make sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinational organizations frequently administer employee surveys online. This process is accompanied, however, by concerns about the psychometric equivalence of measures administered by different modalities. Using data from a large multinational organization (N = 57,861 in Study 1; N = 105,734 in Study 2), the present research examined cross-national generalizability of the measurement equivalence of an organizational attitude survey administered by computer and paper-and-pencil. Results of multiple group confirmatory factor analysis indicated psychometric equivalence of the test modalities in disparate national samples. Implications for the cross-national use of computerized organizational attitude surveys are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for transculturality in critical examinations of diversity in player communities. Transculturality enriches discussions on intersectionality in games and fandom by challenging its default male whiteness and Eurocentricity, and acknowledging the presence of non-normative players who have always existed in game communities. Intersectional game studies is transcultural game studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, collaborative autoethnography is used to explore the authors' involvement as participants in and facilitator of an academic development programme that took place in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Recognising the significant differences in cultural origin between the Iraqi participants and its British facilitator, the authors share their reflections on the programme. Consideration is given to the implications of cultural differences in respect of the authors' expectations and experiences of this educational encounter, with particular emphasis on different approaches to learning and teaching prevailing in collectivist cultures, compared to those that are more individualist. The authors highlight the importance of early relationship-building in cross-cultural educational encounters, emphasising the two-way nature of this particular learning experience and the subsequent impact on their practice as educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Take, for example, the paper Duschinsky et. al. cite as evidence for Bowlby's acceptance of distributive care (Bowlby, [6]). Furthermore, Bowlby argued that maternal caregiving behavior is instinctual (Bowlby [4]; Bowlby, [5]). Third, Duschinsky et. al. accuse me of "partiality" because I describe Margaret Mead's criticism that Bowlby saw maternal care as necessary for a child's healthy emotional development, but did not provide "Bowlby's direct reply to it". I claimed that Bowlby did not answer her criticisms, noting that he 'mentioned Mead only once in a footnote, just to state briefly she had misunderstood him (Bowlby, [5], p. 303). [Extracted from the article]

The article announces a call for papers for a special issue of the "International Journal of Human Resource Management" that will focus on the topic of leadership in global knowledge-intensive organisations (KIOs). Contributors are invited to submit papers to the Ashridge International Research Conference (AIRC4) to be held at Ashridge Business School in Great Britain from June 12-14 2015.

This paper aims at investigating how the cross-cultural chasm can be meaningfully connected with the discussion on creativity and imagination. In order to examine cross-cultural creativity and imagination, several basic assumptions in the Western tradition must be reexamined and put into question. To begin with, the translatability and equivalence of the notions of "creation" and "imagination" are examined in the cross-cultural context in terms of the "gaps" in terminology itself. Following on from this, the paper proposes several working hypotheses with regard to these themes. The paper takes up two topics that provide essential metaphors: first, climatology or meteorology, and, second, tectonics or geological imagination. The paper then examines the dichotomy between digital and analogical devices and questions the status quo of information technology and its theoretical foundation. The rehabilitation of the virtual capacity in manual operation comes into focus in order to reveal the limits of verbal information. The importance of the chiasm or void in networking is also put forward. One purpose of the present paper is to address the question of how the gap between Eastern terminology and Western thinking in the realm of creative imagination can be bridged, despite the semantic chiasm and lack of equivalence that divides them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper notes that action learning has spread globally and is used in a variety of local cultures. It considers Revans' involvement in this international aspect and explores the author's own experience of action learning in cross-cultural contexts. It addresses the issue of 'acculturation' and draws evidence from a number of examples of action learning in varying cultural settings before offering some conclusions regarding action learning in cross-cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a cross-national study into the ecologically conscious consumer behaviour of senior consumers (aged 50+, mean age 64 years) in the UK, Germany, Japan, and Hungary. Using a survey, the study (n = 1275) utilises a modified version of the Ecologically Conscious Consumer Behaviour Scale, in addition to a battery of variables to measure wider ethical purchasing behaviour and sociodemographic characteristics. Findings suggest that there are segments of older consumers in all countries under study who demonstrate ecologically conscious consumer behaviour, and at the same time there are segments that do not. These segments cannot be identified by sociodemographic variables, but do differ in their wider ethical purchasing behaviour. The study is the first of its kind to measure actual ecologically conscious consumer behaviour in the senior market across different nations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As the global marketplace continues to change owing to the proliferation of global brands, changing international trade policies, and the rise of consolidated buyer power, the need for cross-cultural sales research continues to increase. International sales research differs from its domestic counterparts because its application to a multitude of cultural environments where comparable, relevant data are oftentimes nonexistent. In a similar vein, the roles, activities, and approaches to sales may vary across markets, which injects bias and confounds the results. Because of this complexity, conducting international sales research requires flexibility and creativity on the part of the researcher. The complexity of the international marketplace, the extreme differences that exist in different countries, and the unfamiliarity of foreign markets demand better information prior to launching costly international marketing and sales strategies. The focus of this paper is to develop a framework and discuss the role of qualitative methods in international sales research. More specifically, the paper focuses on the following key topics: the value of qualitative research, measurement equivalence in cross-cultural sales research, theory testing and building, and cross-cultural issues in conducting international sales research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals around the world engage in one common yet fundamental activity that is of personal, emotional, social, and environmental significance -disposal of the dead. As the global landscape becomes increasingly populated, so disposal choice becomes a critical environmental issue. Disposal of the dead is an essential aspect of our existence; it is an inevitable activity, which cannot be avoided. This paper contributes to an emerging body of work written from a consumer culture theory and marketing perspective on disposal of the dead. The paper examines the convergence of the consumer decision with environmental factors from a multicultural viewpoint. We add to existing literature in this area through a perspective that highlights key environmental issues that cross cultural and spatial boundaries, namely land use, land space, and pollution implications. These in turn are seen within the context of cultural norms, individual memorialisation practice, and specific regulations pertaining to body disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a cross-cultural analysis was undertaken to compare the knowledge of organic producers and agricultural experts in Iran concerning the concepts of good farming, good farmer, and organic farming in the field of sustainable agriculture. We put concepts of good farming, good farmer, and organic farming in conversation with Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital, identity, and the dynamics of the 'rules of the game' to determine the knowledge gaps between experts and farmers in the sustainable agricultural field. Data are derived from interviews with 45 organic producers and 52 agricultural experts. The findings showed that farmers had knowledge of the key concepts discussed by experts but differed in the emphasis placed on these ideas. Results reveal tensions between how farmers and experts think about and understand how farmers ought to practice organic farming. The paper concludes with some arguments on the knowledge asymmetries and offers a few participatory approaches for negotiation to overcome the asymmetry in supporting more sustainable management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the impact of an exercise used to promote culturally sensitive supervision on supervisors. It begins with an overview of the role of power dynamics and cultural awareness within supervision. Two supervisors' experiences of engaging in a transcultural supervision activity with their respective supervisees, trainee educational psychologists (TEPs), are then analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The two supervisors found engaging in the transcultural supervision exercise initially led to feelings of apprehension but overall was a positive experience. It had a constructive impact on the supervisory relationship; increasing the supervisors' feelings of connection, developing a trusting relationship, and presenting an opportunity to share and understand each other's values. It also promoted an ethnorelative way of working, increased supervisors' cultural awareness, attended to power disparities within supervision, widened perspective taking, and had potential impact on wider practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses language attitudes towards non-English, mostly non-Western, languages in the phrasebooks published by Lonely Planet for English-speaking travellers to multilingual regions of the Global South. Specifically, this paper examines attitudes towards the languages exemplified in Lonely Planet’s second edition ofAfrica: Phrasebook and Dictionary(2013), second edition ofIndia: Phrasebook and Dictionary(2014), fourth edition ofPidgin: Phrasebook(2015), third edition ofHill Tribes(2008), second edition ofSouth Pacific Phrasebook(2008), and third edition ofSoutheast Asia: Phrasebook and Dictionary(2013). In so doing, this research argues that the phrasebooks describe these languages and their speakers as exotic, monolithic, simplistic, and deterministic; and construct the traveller’s efforts to use these languages as acts of benevolence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates cross-cultural differences in the usage, themes, and factors of visual-related references in describing print advertisements. American, Russian, Japanese, and Polish respondents participated in an open-ended survey about three translated ads adapted into the existing visual. Respondents used less visual than non-visual descriptions, and their frequency differed by the ad. Similarities and differences were influenced by the specific advertisement, not by respondents' country. Advertisements require individual assessment for visual adaptation strategy. This pilot study introduces the concept of visual and non-visual descriptions of advertising, visual references themes and variable of advertising case to assess differences between countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine years of experience teaching economics in the Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan provides knowledge on the nuances and challenges of teaching economics across cultures. Particular categories and difficulties are presented with some examples of how to address them. Conclusions and findings are used to form general guiding principles for teaching economics in the increasingly diverse US classroom. The principles offered in the paper are valuable to English speakers providing economic teaching and training in post-Soviet nations and, more broadly, to anyone teaching economics across cultures. Finally, suggestions based these principles are offered to encourage all professors of economics to carefully consider language, illustrations, diversity of views regarding economics and the multi-cultural nature of university classrooms to better relate to students and be more effective teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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If a revolution is taken to be a decisive break with the past, how can there be a heritage of revolution? Conversely, how does any revolution affect tangible and intangible heritage, as well as shifting conceptions of heritage? In this introduction to four papers dedicated to the theme of 'Heritage and Revolution', we provide an overview of changing conceptualizations of both ideas and how they have shaped each other since the French Revolution first radically changed both. This special section's papers developed from the 2017 Annual Seminar of the Cambridge Heritage Research Group. 2017, as the centenary of the February and October Russian Revolutions, provided a global opportunity for reflection on these themes and for analysis of how contemporary heritagization of revolution (or lack thereof) molds and is molded by a society's conception of itself and its past. At at time of shifting political and heritage paradigms worldwide, this topic remains timely and fascinating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how action research theories and practices are remodelled in local contexts and used to support educational reform. From an analysis of 46 publications from the period 2000-2008, five 'variations' in the globalized theory and practice of action research are identified: action research in times of political upheaval and transition; action research as a state-sponsored means of reforming schooling; co-option of action research by Western governments and school systems to control teachers; action research as a university-led reform movement; and action research as locally-sponsored systemic reform sustained over time. A common feature in these 'variations' of action research is the importance each demonstrates of working towards a resolution of the impetus for action with the reflective process of inquiry and knowledge generation, to generate new practices. The paper also offers a framework to enable the analysis of how action research differs in local settings within and across national boundaries. The paper ends by suggesting that the emerging variations of action research in many countries during the period 2000-2008 can be construed as an example of Appadurai's 'globalization from below', in which teacher-action-researchers contribute knowledge and learning from multiple local sites about the process of effective educational reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-country comparisons are popular in cultural policy. This paper looks at how cultural statistics are used in the making of such comparisons. Analysts have identified a general ‘sloppiness’ in current cultural statistics comparisons. Some of the major problems in both data production and data presentation are documented, and a ‘checklist’ of good practice is provided. The paper aims to provide guidance and ideas for anyone making cross-country comparisons of cultural statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the use of Milton Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) to analyze logs that were submitted by mental health service providers who participated in an intensive training program on intercultural competency. Program participants wrote eight monthly reflective logs about cultural experiences that occurred between training sessions. The categories of intercultural sensitivity described in the DMIS were used as the basis for coding log entries. The findings over the 10-month training period show that the development of intercultural sensitivity is, for the most part, a non-linear process in which one makes intermittent reversions to earlier levels and moves forward in spurts. After offering examples of non-linear and linear patterns in the logs, the paper discusses possible explanations for the findings and the challenges of coding according to the Bennett Model. Implications for intercultural competency education and training programs and their evaluation are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societies and communities are destined and determined to change when they are open to crossing cultures. The phenomenon acknowledges diverse cultural adaptations, leading to new global goals for global interaction. Similarly, several studies demonstrate the existence of contact and engagement among diverse communities across Europe, fostering intercultural dialogue. As a result, the study seeks to investigate those spaces, specifically religious centres in Europe, that may serve as potential places of contact for diverse communities using the theories of 'contact zones', 'hybrid identity', particularly 'organic hybridity', 'interfaith and interreligious encounters' and 'interculturalism'. The empirical study examines the intercultural interactions and exchanges occurring in the Jewish and Buddhist religious centres in Groningen to recognise how public spaces, particularly religious centres demonstrate the emergence of interculturality in Europe. Through interviews with officials, the study investigates cultural contacts and exchanges among disparate communities in the Buddhist and Jewish religious spaces of Groningen, The Netherlands. These interviews are further analysed using Arthur W Frank's 'Dialogical Narrative Analysis' approach. Therefore, the paper examines the emergence of interculturality through experiences of contact among diverse European cultural or religious communities, using the framework of contact zones, hybrid identity, interfaith and interreligious studies, and interculturalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can the capability approach to well-being and development capture the way nature is valued within "Mātauranga Māori" (the philosophies of the indigenous peoples of Aotearoa/New Zealand)? This paper argues that current articulations of the capability approach, despite encouraging and requiring cross-cultural dialogue, are unable to include Māori values as they apply to nature. Māori values express a relationship with nature grounded in the physical and spiritual dimensions of "whakapapa" (genealogy). Such an approach differs markedly from that which values nature in light of human agency (as Amartya Sen's theory does) or dignity (as Martha Nussbaum's theory does). For the purposes of this paper, this difference highlights the need to create space for cross-cultural conversations which open up real opportunities for new ways forward. The capability approach helps to create the space needed for these conversations, but is unable to cover the ground required for their full expression. There is not enough breadth to guarantee a Māori voice within current articulations of the capability approach. There is a need for proponents of the capability approach to think beyond its limits in order to fully engage with those values yet to be fully considered within the capability framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to extend the work of Goode, Chien and Moutinho (1996) by applying their model to a different country, namely Hungary, and then comparing the results obtained from the structural model estimated by LISREL. This structural model links two exogenous variables (expectations and perceived risk) through four latent variables, which in turn impact upon four endogenous variables (overall satisfaction, recommendations to others, full use of services and frequency of use). This paper is divided into four parts, the first of which reviews the literature on customer satisfaction from cross-cultural studies. The second section describes the methodology and data collection. The third section analyses the empirical results derived from applying the model and the final section discusses the results and managerial implications of the results obtained from this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a cross-cultural and collaborative project, in preschools in England and South Korea. The aim of the project is to investigate the pedagogy of outdoor play and learning in two different cultural contexts, from the perspectives of the practitioners. Although there has been a growing academic interest in the use of outdoor spaces for play by children, there is limited scientific evidence of how children may benefit from their outdoor experiences. In particular, pedagogy in relation to outdoor play has not been fully articulated or critiqued in research literature. The project reported in this paper represents a systematic and detailed programme designed to begin to address the current gap in research on outdoor pedagogy. The project adapts the polyvocal methods used by Tobin, Wu, and Davidson [(1989).Preschool in three cultures: Japan, China and United States. London: Yale University Press] and Tobin, Hsueh, and Karasawa [(2009).Preschool in three cultures revisited: China, Japan and the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press] in order to elicit practitioners’ perspectives on pedagogy in outdoor environments by sharing and reflecting on a range of visual data, including video and photographic images recorded by practitioners and researchers. The paper will discuss and critique cross-cultural perceptions of outdoor pedagogy in early childhood in relation to interaction, management and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

They argue that the SSF is based upon several tax compliance factors that are believed to have associations with trust in tax authorities and power of tax authorities. "Declaring Income versus Declaring Taxes in Tax Compliance Experiments: Does the Design of Laboratory Experiments Affect the Results?" In recent years, research in economics generally and public economics specifically has been enriched by incorporating insights from "behavioural economics" in standard economic models. [Extracted from the article]

The gradual appearance and relative stabilisation of the names of different kinds of martial activities in different cultures and contexts has led to confusion and to an unhelpful and unjustifiable elision of meanings, which merges different modes of combat and other martial activities. To gain a clearer perspective on this area, we must enquire into the criteria according to which the various kinds of martial activities are (or should be) classified. Our assessment of the literature suggests that there is no satisfactory and well-justified overall cross-cultural account of the classification of martial activities. This paper provides a revisionary classification and offers an explanation and a justification of the five main categories identified: close combat, warrior arts, martial paths, martial arts and martial sports; as well as some minor ones, such as martial training, martial therapy, martial display, martial games and martial dance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercultural communication study is gaining relevance in the globalised and connected world. This paper continues the research trend of communication practice between East versus West, using Indonesian and American communication practices as a case study. The paper aims (1) to assess Indonesian intercultural communication practice based on the five components of intercultural communication competence and (2) to explain the cause of the clashing norms which lead to intercultural communication problems in an Indonesian context. Data were drawn from questionnaires administered to Indonesian research participants and semi-structured interviews with Americans. The assessment components of intercultural communication competence show that despite having high levels of motivation, Indonesians still have difficulty communicating with Americans. The problem is mainly caused by fixed conventional norms possessed by Indonesians. This leads Indonesians to develop negative attitudes towards Americans, whom they label as 'uncultured'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a multi-faceted workplace simulation project as a curriculum design strategy to address the expanding core competencies that constrained accounting programmes must incorporate. The problem-based learning simulation incorporates technical content with communication and cross-cultural skills competencies. Using Q methodology, this study reveals how students perceived their engagement in the simulation project. The results indicate strong agreement amongst students regarding the effectiveness of the simulation project procedures and the usefulness of its outcomes. However, a clear disparity was evident in terms of students' perspectives on the level of acquiring the cross-cultural and team competencies that the simulation project sought to instil. Suggestions for future implementations are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the differences and similarities among three major YouTube markets (U.S.A., Saudi Arabia, and Taiwan) that are culturally very different to test the media globalization and global youth culture thesis and how national cultural values affect YouTube use. Hofstede's cultural dimension framework was employed to explain the cultural differences in affecting the use of video genres and activities on YouTube. We found more differences than similarities among the U.S., Saudi Arabia, and Taiwan in program genre viewership and activities on YouTubes. Gender difference in program genre viewership was largest in Saudi Arabia with highest power distance and second highest in masculinity. Saudi Arabia also scored highest in engagement activities on YouTube. The results of this study enable media managers and global marketers to develop strategies to provide online video services and utilize YouTube for promotion and underscore the importance of developing recommendation algorithms and other popularity indexes such as the trending page. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercultural interaction plays an important role in contributing to international students’ learning and wellbeing in the host country. While research on international students’ intercultural interactions reveals multifaceted aspects of personal and social factors, there is a tendency to consider language barrier and cultural differences as individual factors that constrain their interactions with the institutional community. Drawing on 105 interviews with international students in Australian vocational education and training and dual sector institutions, this paper examines international students’ intercultural interactions in host institutions and the factors that act as enablers or inhibitors for intercultural interactions. It highlights the social and structural conditions in creating symbolic capital of elitist Anglo-Australian culture and English language, and social differentiation. This paper offers insights into understanding the legitimacy of such elitism, in hope that future conceptualisation, research and practices of intercultural interactions may locate international students within their cultural diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]