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MRP theory is a theoretical body treating production-inventory systems, in which produced items are made up of sets of produced or purchased sub-items, required to be available a lead-time before each product is completed. The hierarchical dependence between items is captured using input matrices from input-output-analysis, the necessary advanced timing by employing Laplace transform methodology, and the economic consequences by applying the net present value. Little attention has hitherto been given to aspects of a non-empty initial state, e.g. an initial inventory position. Since such states are common in industry, there is a strong need for this theory to include such aspects, in order to gain further practical acceptance. In this paper, theoretical consequences from having a non-empty initial state are investigated. A method for finding the Lot-for-Lot solution is developed using the concept of a truncated monotonically non-decreasing time function, generalising the approach of the generalised Leontief inverse and instrumental for designing plans meeting the necessary inner-corner requirement for optimality. Also the definition of inventory-related costs needs a modification for this concept to be consistent with NPV. These findings are applied in an extensive numerical example. Immediate future research concerns investigating principles for the optimal removal of initial backlogs.

In light of a circular economy, to encourage core returns, the remanufacturer charges a deposit and refund it to the customer based on quality inspection of cores. Generally, two types of classification errors exist and interact with each other during the inspection process: either low-quality cores are sorted as remanufacturable, or high-quality cores are sorted as non-remanufacturable. The remanufacturer needs to choose refund policies and determine a reasonable deposit value, considering customers potential responses. This paper firstly develops analytical solutions for these issues within a game theory framework. The effect of inspection information transparency is evaluated by comparing two settings: the information of inspection errors is available to customers or not. The study results show the advantage of inspection information transparency from the remanufacturers perspective. The analysis indicates the importance of avoiding overestimating customers payoff of products and the significance of inspection accuracy. The study also highlights that the salvage value of different cores significantly influences the remanufacturers profits, and the improvement of inspection accuracy does not necessarily reduce the customers return of low-quality cores.

In light of a circular economy, to encourage core returns, the remanufacturer charges a deposit and refund it to the customer based on quality inspection of cores. Generally, two types of classification errors exist and interact with each other during the inspection process: either low-quality cores are sorted as remanufacturable, or high-quality cores are sorted as non-remanufacturable. The remanufacturer needs to choose refund policies and determine a reasonable deposit value, considering customers potential responses. This paper firstly develops analytical solutions for these issues within a game theory framework. The effect of inspection information transparency is evaluated by comparing two settings: the information of inspection errors is available to customers or not. The study results show the advantage of inspection information transparency from the remanufacturers perspective. The analysis indicates the importance of avoiding overestimating customers payoff of products and the significance of inspection accuracy. The study also highlights that the salvage value of different cores significantly influences the remanufacturers profits, and the improvement of inspection accuracy does not necessarily reduce the customers return of low-quality cores.

In light of a circular economy, to encourage core returns, the remanufacturer charges a deposit and refund it to the customer based on quality inspection of cores. Generally, two types of classification errors exist and interact with each other during the inspection process: either low-quality cores are sorted as remanufacturable, or high-quality cores are sorted as non-remanufacturable. The remanufacturer needs to choose refund policies and determine a reasonable deposit value, considering customers potential responses. This paper firstly develops analytical solutions for these issues within a game theory framework. The effect of inspection information transparency is evaluated by comparing two settings: the information of inspection errors is available to customers or not. The study results show the advantage of inspection information transparency from the remanufacturers perspective. The analysis indicates the importance of avoiding overestimating customers payoff of products and the significance of inspection accuracy. The study also highlights that the salvage value of different cores significantly influences the remanufacturers profits, and the improvement of inspection accuracy does not necessarily reduce the customers return of low-quality cores.

In light of a circular economy, to encourage core returns, the remanufacturer charges a deposit and refund it to the customer based on quality inspection of cores. Generally, two types of classification errors exist and interact with each other during the inspection process: either low-quality cores are sorted as remanufacturable, or high-quality cores are sorted as non-remanufacturable. The remanufacturer needs to choose refund policies and determine a reasonable deposit value, considering customers potential responses. This paper firstly develops analytical solutions for these issues within a game theory framework. The effect of inspection information transparency is evaluated by comparing two settings: the information of inspection errors is available to customers or not. The study results show the advantage of inspection information transparency from the remanufacturers perspective. The analysis indicates the importance of avoiding overestimating customers payoff of products and the significance of inspection accuracy. The study also highlights that the salvage value of different cores significantly influences the remanufacturers profits, and the improvement of inspection accuracy does not necessarily reduce the customers return of low-quality cores.

In order to eliminate the negative effects of customer strategic behaviour, retailers often adopt quick response or value-added services. While in a luxury market with conspicuous customers, retailers pricing decisions of these two strategies become more complicated. This paper studies a supply chain with a retailer serving a mixture of conspicuous and ordinary strategic customers. We develop three models so that the retailer provides (i) neither quick response nor value-added services; (ii) only quick response; (iii) only value-added services. Subsequently, we analyse the impacts of conspicuous customers on quick response and value-added services by pricing and strategy comparisons. The model further extends to the situation including both strategies. The results show that, firstly, when the proportion is less than a threshold, the retailer should adopt a low price strategy, and vice versa. Besides, the quick response could induce the retailer to adopt high price while value-added services inhibit it. Secondly, the customer conspicuous behaviour can motivate retailers to provide quick response and inhibit their value-added services. Finally, by observing the retailers decisions when they can adopt two strategies simultaneously, we find that the existence of quick response can amplify the benefits of value-added services., Funding Agencies|National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China [71672121]; Independent Innovation Foundation of Tianjin University [2019XSC-0001]

In light of a circular economy, to encourage core returns, the remanufacturer charges a deposit and refund it to the customer based on quality inspection of cores. Generally, two types of classification errors exist and interact with each other during the inspection process: either low-quality cores are sorted as remanufacturable, or high-quality cores are sorted as non-remanufacturable. The remanufacturer needs to choose refund policies and determine a reasonable deposit value, considering customers potential responses. This paper firstly develops analytical solutions for these issues within a game theory framework. The effect of inspection information transparency is evaluated by comparing two settings: the information of inspection errors is available to customers or not. The study results show the advantage of inspection information transparency from the remanufacturers perspective. The analysis indicates the importance of avoiding overestimating customers payoff of products and the significance of inspection accuracy. The study also highlights that the salvage value of different cores significantly influences the remanufacturers profits, and the improvement of inspection accuracy does not necessarily reduce the customers return of low-quality cores.

In light of a circular economy, to encourage core returns, the remanufacturer charges a deposit and refund it to the customer based on quality inspection of cores. Generally, two types of classification errors exist and interact with each other during the inspection process: either low-quality cores are sorted as remanufacturable, or high-quality cores are sorted as non-remanufacturable. The remanufacturer needs to choose refund policies and determine a reasonable deposit value, considering customers potential responses. This paper firstly develops analytical solutions for these issues within a game theory framework. The effect of inspection information transparency is evaluated by comparing two settings: the information of inspection errors is available to customers or not. The study results show the advantage of inspection information transparency from the remanufacturers perspective. The analysis indicates the importance of avoiding overestimating customers payoff of products and the significance of inspection accuracy. The study also highlights that the salvage value of different cores significantly influences the remanufacturers profits, and the improvement of inspection accuracy does not necessarily reduce the customers return of low-quality cores.

In this paper, we apply the Laplace transform to risk preference theory (decision theory, decision analysis). We show that with a constant measure of absolute risk aversion, the certainty monetary equivalent (CME) can be developed into an expression involving the logarithm of the bilateral Laplace transform of the probability density of the outcome of risky projects. We also introduce a measure named internal risk aversion (IRA). This is in analogy with the earlier application of the transform to net present value problems. Properties of the CME function are examined. Basic examples of application are introduced followed by applications to portfolio theory and option pricing.

This paper studies the influence of the demand-supply environment on the capacity scheduling performance of the logistics service supply chain. According to the key characteristics of the demand-supply environment, the cases of five Chinese companies were introduced and cross-analysed, then research hypotheses were developed. After receiving 154 valid questionnaires and testing our hypotheses, some key conclusions were obtained. From the aspect of demand, there is a positive correlation between the customised levels of demand and the scheduling cost of logistics service integrators but a negative correlation between the customised levels of demand and the scheduling flexibility; From the aspect of supply, a higher self-support ratio of logistics source and a higher sourcing integrity of logistics service integrators will lead to a higher scheduling cost and a lower scheduling flexibility; a whole-process performance evaluation is a moderator, which will positively improve the impact of the whole process scheduling performance., Funding Agencies|National Natural Science Foundation of China [71372156, 71672121]; Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China [13YJC630098]; Independent Innovation Foundation of Tianjin University

The notion of decoupling thinking has been well established in the manufacturing operations and supply chain management literature. This paper explores how this decoupling thinking can be applied in service operations and in particular in health care. It first reviews the relevant literature on decoupling fundamentals, the front- and back-office distinction, and new emerging decoupling thinking in service operations. Subsequently, a flow-based framework including content and process is developed for decoupling thinking in service operations. The framework provides an integrated perspective on customer contact, flow driver and flow differentiation (level of customisation). The framework hence, through flow differentiation, introduces the concept of standardisation versus customisation in a service context. This is followed by a health care case example to illustrate how the framework can be applied. The managerial implications are primarily in terms of a modularised approach to system design and management. The framework offers potential for benchmarking with other service systems as well as with manufacturing systems based on the shared foundation in decoupling thinking. Finally, suggestions are provided for further research opportunities derived from this research.

Management of production activities covers a wide range of decisions. In this paper, a modularised approach is suggested that, through configuration, generates a case-specific flow design. The approach is based on identification of decision categories that are generic and fundamental in the flow design, covering both discrete manufacturing industries and process industries. Each decision category identifies a unique property of the flow which changes at a particular point: this is termed a decoupling point. A three-dimensional modularised typology is developed by combining three different decision categories. Cases from the steel industry and the tooling industry are used to illustrate how the typology can be applied. The modularised approach provides a typology for the application of both qualitative and quantitative methods for flow management, including planning, control and performance management., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [PIC-LI]; Process Industrial IT and Automation (PiiA) - VINNOVA; Swedish Energy Agency, Formas; Swedish industry [2014-05110]

Management of production activities covers a wide range of decisions. In this paper, a modularised approach is suggested that, through configuration, generates a case-specific flow design. The approach is based on identification of decision categories that are generic and fundamental in the flow design, covering both discrete manufacturing industries and process industries. Each decision category identifies a unique property of the flow which changes at a particular point: this is termed a decoupling point. A three-dimensional modularised typology is developed by combining three different decision categories. Cases from the steel industry and the tooling industry are used to illustrate how the typology can be applied. The modularised approach provides a typology for the application of both qualitative and quantitative methods for flow management, including planning, control and performance management., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [PIC-LI]; Process Industrial IT and Automation (PiiA) - VINNOVA; Swedish Energy Agency, Formas; Swedish industry [2014-05110]

Management of production activities covers a wide range of decisions. In this paper, a modularised approach is suggested that, through configuration, generates a case-specific flow design. The approach is based on identification of decision categories that are generic and fundamental in the flow design, covering both discrete manufacturing industries and process industries. Each decision category identifies a unique property of the flow which changes at a particular point: this is termed a decoupling point. A three-dimensional modularised typology is developed by combining three different decision categories. Cases from the steel industry and the tooling industry are used to illustrate how the typology can be applied. The modularised approach provides a typology for the application of both qualitative and quantitative methods for flow management, including planning, control and performance management., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [PIC-LI]; Process Industrial IT and Automation (PiiA) - VINNOVA; Swedish Energy Agency, Formas; Swedish industry [2014-05110]

Management of production activities covers a wide range of decisions. In this paper, a modularised approach is suggested that, through configuration, generates a case-specific flow design. The approach is based on identification of decision categories that are generic and fundamental in the flow design, covering both discrete manufacturing industries and process industries. Each decision category identifies a unique property of the flow which changes at a particular point: this is termed a decoupling point. A three-dimensional modularised typology is developed by combining three different decision categories. Cases from the steel industry and the tooling industry are used to illustrate how the typology can be applied. The modularised approach provides a typology for the application of both qualitative and quantitative methods for flow management, including planning, control and performance management., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [PIC-LI]; Process Industrial IT and Automation (PiiA) - VINNOVA; Swedish Energy Agency, Formas; Swedish industry [2014-05110]

Management of production activities covers a wide range of decisions. In this paper, a modularised approach is suggested that, through configuration, generates a case-specific flow design. The approach is based on identification of decision categories that are generic and fundamental in the flow design, covering both discrete manufacturing industries and process industries. Each decision category identifies a unique property of the flow which changes at a particular point: this is termed a decoupling point. A three-dimensional modularised typology is developed by combining three different decision categories. Cases from the steel industry and the tooling industry are used to illustrate how the typology can be applied. The modularised approach provides a typology for the application of both qualitative and quantitative methods for flow management, including planning, control and performance management., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [PIC-LI]; Process Industrial IT and Automation (PiiA) - VINNOVA; Swedish Energy Agency, Formas; Swedish industry [2014-05110]