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The phylogenetic relationship of Ephemeridae (Insect: Ephemeroptera) remains hotly debated using mitochondrial (mt) genomes. All previously reported mt genomes of Ephemeridae belong to the genus Ephemera . This study provides the first complete mt genome sequence from the genus Hexagenia with an analysis of the mitogenome of Hexagenia rigida Mc Dunnough, 1924 (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) and providing new information to discuss the phylogenetic relationships within Ephemeroptera. The complete mt genome of H. rigida was a circular molecule of 16,159 bp in length, containing 37 genes (2 rRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes), which showed the typical mt gene arrangement of insects. The AT content of the whole genome was 70.0% and the length of the control region was 1091 bp. All protein-coding genes used ATN as the start codon, and most PCGs used TAA/TAG as the stop codons excluding COI, COII, ND5 and Cyt b that used T as the stop codon. BI and ML phylogenetic trees constructed from 27 species of 13 families showed that Ephemeridae is a sister clade to the clade Polymitarcyidae., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Leptomantella tonkinae (Hebard, 1920) was 15,527 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and one control region. The gene arrangement of mt genome of L. tonkinae was identical to the primitive mantis. The overall AT content of the mt genome was 74%. In ML and BI phylogenetic analyses, the monophyly of Leptomantellidae was robustly supported and the clade of Leptomantellidae is a sister clade to the group of (Gonypetidae+(Leptomantellidae+(Amorphoscelidae+Nanomantidae)))., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the article., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Rana johnsi (Smith 2009) firstly considered as the member of genus Pseudorana , has been moved into the genus Rana . In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of R. johnsi using the Sanger method. The circular mt genome was 17,873 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA ( tRNA ) genes, two ribosome RNA genes, and one control region. The overall nucleotide composition in majority-strand was 28% A, 29% T, 29% C, and 14% G. We discussed the phylogenetic relationship of R. johnsi in genus Rana using ML and BI analyses based on 13 PCGs. Excluding the clade of subgenus Lithobates , Rana draytonii was the basal clade to all other Rana species, which included R. johnsi as the basal clade. The monophyly of genus Rana was supported, whereas Pseudorana was failed to support., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The Lonchodinae (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) is rich in insect species with more than 330 species of 40 genera. The phylogenetic relationships within Lonchodinae have been under debate. We successfully sequenced the complete mitogenome of Eurycantha calcarata Lucas, 1869 (Phasmatodea: Lonchodinae) with a length of 16,280 bp, which had the same genes and gene arrangements as those of various published papers on stick insects. The whole mitogenome and control region of E. calcarata had a high AT content of 78.2 and 85.9%, respectively. All PCGs used ATN as the start codon, and most PCGs used TAA/TAG as the stop codons excluding COX2 (T), COX3 (TA), and ND5 (TA). To discuss the phylogeny of Lonchodinae, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of 27 species of Phasmatodea including E. calcarata and two species of Embioptera used as outgroups. In BI and ML trees, the monophyly of Lonchodinae and Necrosciinae was well supported, whereas the monophyly of Clitumninae was not recovered. These results indicated that Lonchodinae was a sister clade to Phylliinae and E. calcarata was a sister clade to Phraortes genus., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The first complete mitochondrial genome of Euroleon coreanus (Okamoto, 1926) was 15,797 bp in length, and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and the control region. Compared to the classic insect mitochondrial genome, E. coreanus showed a gene rearrangement of ND2-C-W-Y-COX1 . The overall AT content of the mitochondrial genome was 75.5%. The monophyly of Ascalaphidae, Myrmeleontidae, Nemopteridae, Nymphidae, and Psychopsidae was supported in both BI and ML trees. And E. coreanus was a sister clade to the clade of genus Myrmeleon ., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Zoodes fulguratus is a common species of Cerambycidae, reported from Vietnam, Nepal, Laos, Burma, and China. To date, no mitochondrial genomes of the genus Zoodes have been reported. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the first mitochondrial genome of Z. fulguratus to discuss its phylogenetic relationship within the subfamily Cerambycinae. This mitochondrial genome showed the typical insect gene arrangement: a circular molecule of 15,885 bp long with 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs). The AT content of the whole mitogenome was 74.2% with a high asymmetric nucleotide presentation revealed by a positive AT-skew (0.067) and a negative GC-skew (-0.178), whereas the AT content of the A + T rich region was 80%. The Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic analyses showed that Z. fulguratus is a sister clade of Gnatholea eburifera., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Pedetontus zhejiangensis (Microcoryphia: Machilidae) was successfully sequenced. The mitochondrial genome of P. zhejiangensis was a circular molecule of 15,602 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and the control region, which showed the typical insect mitochondrial genome arrangement. The AT content of the whole genome was 73.8% and the length of the control region was 671 bp with 82.5% AT content. In BI and ML phylogenetic trees, P. zhejiangensis was a sister group to Pedetontus silvestrii , and the monophyly of Pedetontus was strongly supported. The genus Pedetontinus was a sister group to Pedetontus ., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The mitochondrial genome sequence of Xanthomantis bimaculata (Mantodea: Iridopterygidae) from Yunnan, China is a circular molecule with the typical insect mitochondrial gene arrangement, which is 15,941 bp in length and contains 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, and one control region. The overall AT content of the mitogenome is 73.12% (A = 37.58%, T = 35.54%, C = 16.54%, G = 10.34%). In BI and ML phylogenetic analyses, X. bimaculata was a sister clade to Sceptuchus simpl ex. The monophyly of the families Iridopterygidae, Thespidae and Liturgusidae were supported., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Annamanum lunulatum is 15,610 bp in length, which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and the A + T-rich region. The arrangement of genes is identical to all know longhorn beetles mitochondrial genomes. The overall AT content of the mitochondrial genome is 75.3%, whereas the AT content of A + T-rich region is 84.3%. In ML and BI phylogenetic analyses, A. lunulatum is a sister clade to Blepephaeus succinctor , and the monophyly of Lamiinae is supported., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The phylogenetic relationship of Caenidae remains hotly debated within the Ephemeroptera. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) to discuss the phylogenetic relationships among the Caenidae. The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. collected from Jian'ou, Fujian province, China is a circular molecule of 15,392 bp in length containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs), which showed the typical insect mitochondrial gene arrangement. In BI and ML phylogenetic trees using 23 species from 13 families, the monophyly of the families Caenidae, Heptageniidae, Isonychiidae, and Vietnamellidae was strongly supported. The clade of Caenidae is a sister clade to the clade of Teloganodidae and Baetidae., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Mantis religiosa (Mantodea: Mantidae) from Canada was successfully sequenced. The mitochondrial genome was a circular molecule of 15,521 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 23 tRNA genes (including an extra tRNA Arg gene), and the control region. The AT content of the whole genome was 76.9% and the length of the control region was 636 bp with 81.9% AT content. The structure of the M. religiosa mitochondrial genome from Canada was almost identical to M. religiosa from China and their genetic distance was just 0.017. In Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses, we found that M. religiosa was a sister clade to Statilia sp. and the monophyly of the genera Hierodula and Rhombodera was not supported., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The phylogenetic relationship between Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) remains hotly debated in the insect evolution community. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) to discuss the phylogenetic relationship of Palaeoptera. The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. is a circular molecule of 15,254 bp in length containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs), which showed the typical insect mitochondrial gene arrangement. In BI and ML phylogenetic trees using 71 species of 12 orders, our results support the Ephemeroptera as the basal group of winged insects., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The mitochondrial genome of Fejervarya kawamurai is a circular molecule of 17,650 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 23 tRNA genes (including an extra tRNA-Met), and the control region. The AT content of the whole genome is 56.9%. In Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses, we found that F. kawamurai is a sister clade to F. multistriata and F. limnocharis . The monophyly of Fejervarya , Quasipaa , Nanorana was well supported (1.00 in BI and 100% in ML)., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Isonychia kiangsinensis is a circular molecule of 15,456 bp in length, containing 2 rRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. The AT content of the overall base composition is 62.9%. The length of the control region for I. kiangsinensis is 745 bp with 68.6% AT content. In BI and ML phylogenetic trees, Isonychia kiangsinensis was a sister clade to I. ignota and Isonychiidae was shown to be the basal clade of Ephemeroptera excluding Siphluriscidae. The monophyly of the families Isonychiidae, Heptageniidae, Viemamellidae, and Baetidae and the genus Isonychia were well supported., Competing Interests: The author reports no conflicts of interest. The author alone is responsible for the content and writing of the article., (© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hybrid of Hoplobatrachus chinensis (♀) ×  H. rugulosus (♂) was obtained in this study. The circular mitochondrial genome was 20,282 bp in length (including extra ND5 genes). Compared with the complete mitogenome of the parents, the results indicated that the mitochondria of the hybrid tiger frog was consistent with a maternal inheritance. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 11 protein-coding genes with two different methods (maximum likelihood and MrBayes analysis) both highly supported a close relationship of the hybrid frogs with the Chinese tiger frog (= H. chinensis )., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The mitochondrial genome of Epeorus herklotsi (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) is a circular molecule of 15,801 bp in length with a base composition of 32.7% A, 32.9% T, 21.5% C, 13.0% G, including extra tRNA Met gene. The IMQM tRNA cluster is found in E. herklotsi as well as Parafornuru youi and two species of Epeorus (KM244708, KJ493406), while the typical IQM tRNA cluster is found in Paegniodes cupulatus . In BI and ML phylogenetic trees, the monophyly of the families Heptageniidae, Baetidae, and Ephemerellidae are highly supported. E. herklotsi is a sister clade to Epeorus sp2. (KJ493406)., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Psychomantis borneensis (Mantodea: Hymenopodidae) was successfully sequenced. The mitochondrial genome is found to be 15,493 bp long and is a circular molecule containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs), typically found in other mantis mitochondrial genomes. The AT content of the whole genome was 72.4% and the length of the control region was 697 bp with 79.9% AT content. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the BI and ML analysis of 16 species of Mantodea. The results showed that P. borneensis was a sister clade to ( Anaxarcha zhengi  +  Creobroter gemmata ) (Hymenopodidae). The monophyly of the family Mantidae and the genus Theopompa , Hierodula , and Rhombodera were not supported. The outcome of this study will provide a useful data for population genetics studies as well as serve as a tool for better characterizing phylogenetic analysis of Mantodea., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

The complete mitochondrial genomes of Callospermophilus lateralis and Urocitellus richardsonii (Rodentia: Sciuridae) were sequenced to analyze the gene arrangement and discuss the phylogenetic relationship of species within the Xerinae. The genomes are circular molecules of 16,457 bp and 16,460 bp in length, respectively, including the 37 genes typically found in other squirrels. The AT content of the overall base composition is 63.2% for both species. The length of control region for C. lateralis is 1009 bp with 62.8% AT content; the corresponding values for U. richardsonii are 1012 bp and 62.0% AT content. In BI and ML phylogenetic trees, the monophyly of the family Sciuridae and subfamilies Callosciurinae and Sciurinae are well supported, but the monophyly of Xerinae is not supported. Within the Xerinae, the relationship of ( Tamias sibiricus  + ( Callospermophilus lateralis +  ( Marmota himalayana  + ( Urocitellus richardsonii  + ( Ictidomys tridecemlineatus  + ( Cynomys leucurus  +  Cynomys ludovicianus )))))) is well supported. However, Tamiops swinhoei (Xerinae) within the subfamily Callosciurinae is a clade sister to Dremomys rufigenis (Callosciurinae). Spermophilus dauricus (Xerinae) within subfamily Sciurinae is a sister clade to Sciurus vulgaris (Sciurinae). The monophyly of Xerinae is failed to support in this study., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper., (© 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)