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Purpose: The aim of this systematic review is to verify the development of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Child and Youth (ICF-CY), investigating methodology and how many core sets have been created., Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to carry out the systematic review. Six bibliographic databases were searched: MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Sciences, CINHAL, PEDro, and OT Seeker. Papers included in the study have the following characteristics: (a) pediatric population with different health conditions, (b) assessment of ICF domains, (c) development of ICF-CY core set in different health conditions, and (d) recommendation for clinical uses., Results: Search strategies allowed to identify 270 research papers. After the elimination of duplicates, 154 articles were analyzed. Finally, 28 records were included for qualitative synthesis. Twelve different ICF-CY Core Sets were identified. Autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and cerebral palsy were the main health conditions studied at international level. Most of the studies involved international experts using Cieza' methodology to inform ICF-CY Core Set., Conclusions: After 15 years since the adoption of ICF-CY, it still finds some barriers to use. Concrete actions should be taken to develop further core sets following a rigorous methodology and to contribute implementing the ICF framework.Implication for rehabilitationIn 15 years since the implementation of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Child and Youth (ICF-CY), only 12 core sets have been developed.To develop ICF-CY Core Set, health professionals should follow methodology described by Cieza et al.Strong collaboration between low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries are recommended.

Objective: To use the Italian version of the General Sleep Disturbance Scale (GSDS-IT) to assess the psychometric properties in a sample of orthopedic patients., Methods: Participants were divided into sleepless and non-sleepless according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-V). Reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha. To evaluate responsiveness, the scale was administered a second time after the rehabilitation program., Results: The scale was administered to the 158 patients recruited. The GSDS-IT had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α of 0.752) and good responsiveness (ICC of 0.78). The optimal cut-off point for the GSDS-IT was 48.5., Conclusion: The GSDS-IT was demonstrated to be a valid and rapid tool to detect the presence of sleep disorders in a clinical setting in patients admitted to an intensive care unit and allowed the detection of the onset one week after admission and persisting until the time of discharge.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire that allows researchers to investigate and measure the impact of physical disability on pregnancy and the management of motherhood. Such a questionnaire requires good internal consistency., Methods: The tool was developed following a study conducted in 2013 in the United States consisting of a semi-structured interview with open-ended questions. A team of three experts drafted and refined the questions, generating 31 retrospective, self-rated, and predefined questions (answered using a 5-point Likert scale). A statistical analysis of the instrument was also included, to assess its reliability and internal consistency., Results: The Pregnancy and Motherhood Evaluation Questionnaire (PMEQ) was prepared. It is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of an initial section and three subscales. In this phase of the study, 35 women with different pathologies leading to physical disability were recruited and completed the questionnaire. The PMEQ was found to have a good internal consistency. Cronbach's α was 0.812 ( p  > 0.05)., Conclusion: The PMEQ has proven to be a valid, reliable, and rapid administrative tool useful for investigating and measuring the impact of physical disability on the management of pregnancy and motherhood.IMPLICATION FOR REHABILITATIONThis study provides researchers and clinicians a new tool for the evaluation of motherhood and pregnancy in women with physical disabilities.The PMEQ has proven to be a valid, reliable, and rapid administrative tool (10 min) useful for investigating and measuring the impact of physical disability on the management of pregnancy and motherhood.It is a new tool useful in both clinical and research practice to underline the importance of carrying out preventive and woman-centered assistance interventions.This tool is useful for promoting the autonomous management of pregnancy and motherhood in women with physical disabilities, and improving these women's quality of life and sense of satisfaction and competence in managing maternal tasks.

Introduction: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience difficulties in Executive Functions (EFs) performance. However, the efficacy of EF intervention needs to be further investigated., Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of different EF interventions in children and adolescents with ASD., Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out according to PRISMA guidelines. Relevant databases including PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to November 2019. Papers included in the study have the following characteristics: randomized controlled trial or quasi-experimental design and published in English or Spanish., Results: After the elimination of duplicates, 949 were screened. Among these, six were included in the systematic review. The main approaches for EF in ASD were computer-based interventions, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and assisted-animal therapy. Statistically significant results (p = 0.003) were found in using exergames., Conclusion: Different approaches can be used for improving EF intervention, with positive effects on working memory, behavior, and flexibility.

Introduction: The present study aimed to perform a systematic review of instruments for evaluating the executive functions (EFs) in a pediatric population to assess their measurement properties, focusing on the professional who administers it., Area Covered: A systematic search of the literature was performed on Cinahl, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science and Medline to identify studies in which an instrument for evaluating the EFs was described. Included only were the papers reporting the evaluation of EFs, with any instrument, on a population aged 0 to 18 consisting of healthy individuals or people with neurodevelopmental disorder. The evaluation of the Risk of Bias has been carried out with the administration of a part of the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Checklist., Expert Opinion: The search ended on the 2nd of August. Only 19 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study; the papers refer to 16 different evaluation tools of the EF. Analysis of the methodological quality shows that most of the papers assessed received an 'inadequate' or 'insufficient' score. Indeed, only two articles received six or five 'sufficient' out of 8 items; instead, ten papers received one or zero 'sufficient.'

Objective : The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and test the psychometric characteristics of the General Sleep Disturbance Scale (GSDS) and to detect and explore the presence of sleep disorders in the healthy Italian population. Methods : Reliability was assessed through Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient; concurrent validity was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results : The scale was administered to 426 subjects recruited all over Italy. The Italian GSDS was found to have good internal consistency (Cronbach's α was 0.77) and a good test-retest reliability (ICC of 0.78). The optimal cut-off point for the GSDS-IT was 38.5. Conclusion : The GSDS-IT is a valid and reliable tool, which can be completed in less than five minutes and is a noninvasive method for measuring sleep disturbances consistent with the DSM-V insomnia criteria, during a past week.

Introduction: The clinical, social, and economic implications of Parkinson's disease (PD) are significant; disability occurs leading to a low quality of life (QoL). Information on the QoL of patients with PD and studies on the relationship between QoL and motor and cognitive function are necessary for both research and clinical use to make informed decisions in healthcare and rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to determine which scales are most used to assess QoL in patients with PD., Area Covered: A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Two authors independently identified eligible studies based on predefined inclusion criteria and extracted the data. Study quality and the risk of bias were assessed using the COSMIN checklist., Expert Opinion: 116 suitable studies were included, and 42 different instruments were identified. The most frequently used scales were the 39-items and 8-items Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) (PDQ-8). These findings suggest further investigation of existing PD outcome measures would benefit patients, researchers, and clinicians. Validated, universal outcome measures are required to allow comparisons across practice; therefore, we recommend that future researchers use a common set of outcome assessments based on the results of this review.

Objectives: Compare three commercially available postural systems to determine the best for treatment of patients suffering from spinal cord injury lesion below the cervical spine., Design: Outcome Research., Setting: Ambulatory., Participants: Thirteen patients were recruited for this study between March 2016 and July 2016 from the Occupational Therapy clinic of "Policlinico Umberto I" hospital in Rome and Occupational Therapy of "CPO" hospital in Ostia. The patient samples consisted of eleven men (84.6%) and two women (15.4%). All the patient are suffering by SCI with a lesion below the cervical spine., Intervention: We evaluate postural systems customized by three different companies. Patients tried each pelvis device for a duration of one week, after which they have been asked to fill in questionnaire concerning static stability, temperature, movement adaptability, transfers and dynamical stability during the activities of every-day life. The impact on the health status has been evaluated by means of a further questionnaire (Health Status Scale SF-12) submitted to the patients., Outcome Measures: Quality of life and daily life activities., Results: The analysis of the data from the questionnaire, along with those of objective nature associated with the mapping of the pressure due to weight distribution, has allowed the selection of the most appropriate clinical solution., Conclusion: This study has allowed two significant conclusions: the central role of the interplay between the patient and occupational therapist in the decision role and the clear evidence that patients with spinal cord injury felt definite differences between cushion stability and were able to indicate a specific typology providing the best satisfaction.

The importance of adaptive seating system on body structure and function is widely accepted, but its impact on psychosocial aspects needs more consideration by health professionals. This article describes the Italian validation of the Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Device Scale (IT-PIADS) for non-ambulant people with neuromotor disorders.Once agreement has been given by the original authors, the scale was translated and adapted to the Italian culture. The IT-PIADS was administered to different wheelchairs users with heterogeneous diagnosis. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were examined. Its concurrent validity was evaluated with the Italian version of the WheelCon-M-SF.The IT-PIADS was administered to 87 subjects. Cronbach's α was 0.92 ( p  < 0.05), and the test-retest reliability (ICC) for competence, adaptability and self-esteem subscales were 0.96, 0.90, 0.93, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the IT-PIADS with the WheelCon-M-I-SF scores showed significant data for competence and adaptability subscales.Psychosocial perception on assistive devices can be reliably measure. The IT-PIADS showed good psychometric properties and it is possible to confirm its validity for clinical and research purposes. Nevertheless, before using this measure with greater confidence, further psychometric properties tests of the IT-PIADS are recommended.