1. Experimental Verification of Principal Losses in a Regulatory Particulate Matter Emissions Sampling System for Aircraft Turbine Engines
- Author
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United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Office of Environment and Energy, Kittelson, D. B., Swanson, J, Aldridge, M, Giannelli, R. A., Kinsey, J. S., Stevens, J. A., Liscinsky, D. S., Hagen, D, Leggett, C, Stephens, K, Hoffman, B, Howard, R., Frazee, R. W., Silvis, W, McArthur, T, Lobo, P, Achterberg, S, Trueblood, M, Thomson, K, Wolff, L, Cerully, K, Onasch, T, Miake-Lye, R, Freedman, A., Bachalo, W, Payne, G, United States. Federal Aviation Administration. Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment, Missouri University of Science and Technology, United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Office of Environment and Energy, Kittelson, D. B., Swanson, J, Aldridge, M, Giannelli, R. A., Kinsey, J. S., Stevens, J. A., Liscinsky, D. S., Hagen, D, Leggett, C, Stephens, K, Hoffman, B, Howard, R., Frazee, R. W., Silvis, W, McArthur, T, Lobo, P, Achterberg, S, Trueblood, M, Thomson, K, Wolff, L, Cerully, K, Onasch, T, Miake-Lye, R, Freedman, A., Bachalo, W, Payne, G, United States. Federal Aviation Administration. Center of Excellence for Alternative Jet Fuels and Environment, and Missouri University of Science and Technology
- Abstract
13-C-AJFF-MST-004, This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made., To cite this article: D. B. Kittelson, J. Swanson, M. Aldridge, R. A. Giannelli, J. S. Kinsey, J. A. Stevens, D. S. Liscinsky, D. Hagen, C. Leggett, K. Stephens, B. Hoffman, R. Howard, R. W. Frazee, W. Silvis, T. McArthur, P. Lobo, S. Achterberg, M. Trueblood, K. Thomson, L. Wolff, K. Cerully, T. Onasch, R. Miake-Lye, A. Freedman, W. Bachalo & G. Payne (2022) Experimental verification of principal losses in a regulatory particulate matter emissions sampling system for aircraft turbine engines, Aerosol Science and Technology, 56:1, 63-74, DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2021.1971152, A sampling system for measuring emissions of nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) from aircraft gas turbine engines has been developed to replace the use of smoke number and is used for international regulatory purposes. This sampling system can be up to 35m in length. The sampling system length in addition to the volatile particle remover (VPR) and other sampling system components lead to substantial particle losses, which are a function of the particle size distribution, ranging from 50 to 90% for particle number concentrations and 10-50% for particle mass concentrations. The particle size distribution is dependent on engine technology, operating point, and fuel composition. Any nvPM emissions measurement bias caused by the sampling system will lead to unrepresentative emissions measurements which limit the method as a universal metric. Hence, a method to estimate size dependent sampling system losses using the system parameters and the measured mass and number concentrations was also developed (SAE 2017; SAE 2019). An assessment of the particle losses in two principal components used in ARP6481 (SAE 2019) was conducted during the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) 2 campaign. Measurements were made on the 25-meter sample line portion of the system using multiple, well characterized particle sizing instruments to obtain the penetration efficiencies. An agreement of +/-15% was obtained between the measured and the ARP6481 method penetrations for the 25-meter sample line portion of the system. Measurements of VPR penetration efficiency were also made to verify its performance for aviation nvPM number. The research also demonstrated the difficulty of making system loss measurements and substantiates the E-31 decision to predict rather than measure system losses.