1. Neuroinflammation-Induced Interactions between Protease-Activated Receptor 1 and Proprotein Convertases in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder.
- Author
-
Kim W, Zekas E, Lodge R, Susan-Resiga D, Marcinkiewicz E, Essalmani R, Mihara K, Ramachandran R, Asahchop E, Gelman B, Cohen ÉA, Power C, Hollenberg MD, and Seidah NG
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Brain metabolism, Cell Line, Furin genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, HIV Envelope Protein gp160 metabolism, HIV Infections genetics, HIV Infections metabolism, HIV Infections pathology, HIV-1 physiology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Inflammation genetics, Inflammation metabolism, Inflammation pathology, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Neurocognitive Disorders genetics, Neurocognitive Disorders metabolism, Neurocognitive Disorders pathology, Proprotein Convertase 5 analysis, Proprotein Convertase 5 metabolism, Proprotein Convertases analysis, Proprotein Convertases genetics, RNA, Messenger analysis, RNA, Messenger genetics, Receptor, PAR-1 analysis, Receptor, PAR-1 genetics, Serine Endopeptidases analysis, Serine Endopeptidases genetics, Serine Endopeptidases metabolism, Subtilisins analysis, Subtilisins genetics, Subtilisins metabolism, Thrombin metabolism, Brain pathology, HIV Infections complications, Inflammation complications, Neurocognitive Disorders complications, Proprotein Convertases metabolism, Protein Interaction Maps, Receptor, PAR-1 metabolism
- Abstract
The proprotein convertases (PCs) furin, PC5, PACE4, and PC7 cleave secretory proteins after basic residues, including the HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp160) and Vpr. We evaluated the abundance of PC mRNAs in postmortem brains of individuals exhibiting HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), likely driven by neuroinflammation and neurotoxic HIV proteins (e.g., envelope and Vpr). Concomitant with increased inflammation-related gene expression (interleukin-1β [IL-1β]), the mRNA levels of the above PCs are significantly increased, together with those of the proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), an inflammation-associated receptor that is cleaved by thrombin at ProArg41↓ (where the down arrow indicates the cleavage location), and potentially by PCs at Arg41XXXXArg46↓. The latter motif in PAR1, but not its R46A mutant, drives its interactions with PCs. Indeed, PAR1 upregulation leads to the inhibition of membrane-bound furin, PC5B, and PC7 and inhibits gp160 processing and HIV infectivity. Additionally, a proximity ligation assay revealed that furin and PC7 interact with PAR1. Reciprocally, increased furin expression reduces the plasma membrane abundance of PAR1 by trapping it in the trans-Golgi network. Furthermore, soluble PC5A/PACE4 can target/disarm cell surface PAR1 through cleavage at Arg46↓. PACE4/PC5A decreased calcium mobilization induced by thrombin stimulation. Our data reveal a new PC-PAR1-interaction pathway, which offsets the effects of HIV-induced neuroinflammation, viral infection, and potentially the development of HAND., (Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.) more...
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF