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As a part of the Czech Historical Atlas project, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague prepare a printed atlas devoted to the history of the former Czechoslovakia in the 20th century. The atlas is now in the process of creating and reviewing individual maps. This paper deals with the thematic division of the atlas, the use of individual cartographic methods and important notes on the creation of historiographical maps. From the thematic-focus point of view, the content of the atlas is very diverse. Among the most important maps of the whole content the maps concerning the territory of Czechoslovakia and its development within 1918–1992 may be ranked. War maps represent other important group of maps. In particular, the themes of the Liberation of Czechoslovakia, the advance of the US Army in May 1945 or the Slovak National Uprising were processed. As for cartographic processing in particular, these maps are probably the most complicated. They contain a number of motion lines and their graphical load is enormous. There are also other maps related to World War II – transports of the Jewish population or displacement of the German population after the war. The Atlas further documents movements of the Czech population (minorities, emigration) as well as important 8-number-year topics in the Czechoslovak history (1918, 1948, 1968, 1989). A large group of maps consists of geographic maps showing various natural or socioeconomic themes, which document the development of Czechoslovakia. These topics are often going into even deeper history. As examples, maps of spas and healing springs, maps of nature preservation and monuments, pilgrimage sites and lookout towers, etc. may be stated. As far as cartographic processing is concerned, analytical maps are mainly used. The symbology was created in its own style, including new figural marks. A wide range of thematic cartography tools are used – from point and line methods, through choropleths, diagrams to area method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is still a current trend to preserve the historical heritage of the Slovak Republic for future generations. Preservation of monuments is currently carried out by the Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic, whose central body is the Ministry of Culture. It is often necessary to create documentation that is suitable for presentation and technical purposes. The main aim of the paper is to create a 3D model of the church in the village of Košické Oľšany. From the measurements was obtained the coordinates of the 3 points of the measuring network, the 19 control points located on the church for its imaging, and 289 images taken using the camera and drone. Used was a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetric method of convergent imaging, which was used to create a 3D model of the church in CapturingReality software. The results of the work were 4 ortho-photos, of which 4 vectorized plans containing length and height dimensions were created in MicroStation V8i. Accuracy was also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city as a living organism in order to be attractive to residents, and also for tourists, must respond to the needs and challenges of the present. Even the historic areas, if they do not represent the exceptional monumental value - a subject of strict protection and conservation, undergo evolutionary changes. Today, in many urban areas an intensive process of restoring space to the users is ongoing. The idea of the city as it was known from about a half century ago (global activities of the Danish architect and urban planner professor Jan Gehl) have taken on a new dimension. The number of implementations that fit in modernization and revitalization trends provide great study material for analysis. In the paper the authors, using a comparative analysis of two case studies of European contemporary implementations in the transformation of public space and the city square, will generate factors responsible for their architectural, functional, and social effects (which does not always mean success). The study discusses a kind of catalogue of universal elements that ensure a positive perception of the "built environment" created in this way. The first case is the Nowy Targ Square in Wroclaw. The second case is Praça de Lisboa in Porto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preservation of monuments of cultural inheritance is one of the priorities of cultural policy all over the world. It is especially important to preserve historical monuments in the regions possessing unique specimen of world level cultural phenomena in their original interpretation, unusual for the capital city. Nowadays architectural monuments, which are at the same time objects of cultural heritage and part of the current city environment, need more careful attitude, protection and reconstruction of their historical appearance. Additional efforts are necessary in order to realize their historical and artistic potential for the inhabitants of the city, passing by them every day. It mainly concerns the regions, which are remote from the cultural centres, where the lack of research of historical and artistic potential of architectural monuments prevents forming the conscious positive attitude of the inhabitants towards these monuments as the objects of pride, unique landmarks, tourist attractions etc. The article touches upon the problem of research and realization of culturalhistorical potential of monuments, which are objects of cultural heritage of the region. On the example of typological analysis of the mansion of P.I. Gadalov (currently the building of Krasnoyarsk Art Museum named after V.I. Surikov) in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the rich socio-cultural potential of the architectural monument is revealed. The conclusion is made about the capability of monuments of cultural heritage of the regional level to represent not only the local artistic and cultural phenomena important for the time of their creation, but also to reflect all Russia and world phenomena, including phenomena from other historical epochs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the significance and theoretical aspects of 3Dreconstructions of badly preserved ancient architectural masterpieces for architectural theory and modern architectural practice. The contemporary interpretation of classical architecture is mainly based on the foundation which was created by architects and art historians in the XVIII-XIX centuries. The archaeological discoveries in the first half of the XX century were also important for neoclassic architecture. However modern architectural history is rested on the progress of archaeology which gives new information about badly preserved antique architectural masterpieces. 3Dreconstructions of such monuments based on the modern computer technologies have to increase our conception of ancient architecture and discover the new stratum of Greek and Roman architectural monuments both for architects and for the general public. In the Moscow Institute of Architecture the creation of such reconstructions is a part of educational process and scientific research. The article is accompanied by the author's reconstructions and also with several examples of 3D-reconstructions made by foreign scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to highlight the most important historical monuments, civil or religious, now present especially in the Romanian towns Constanţa and Mangalia, who originated from the Ancient Greek colonies. Today, both cities host various types of monuments - Royal Palaces, Christian churches, Muslim mosques, Jewish synagogues, the famous Romanian Casino from Constanţa, Greek/Roman/Byzantine remains of walls, roads, buildings, civil and religious ones from late XIX century. Due to lack of the will of the law and authorities, both in provisions and application, this monuments are at the different level of preservations, suffering material injuries without being included in rehabilitation programs. But their cultural and touristic impact is very important, both for the local community and foreign peoples. Besides that, another fact that facilitate and rise the touristic potential is the geographical situation of this monuments, located sufficiently close in order to be easier for visiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photogrammetric method for historical objects documentation is known for a long time. Single photo or stereo photogrammetry was often used for historical buildings or their parts as a popular technology. In eighties of last century, intersection terrestrial photogrammetry based on computer processing was revived. Ten years ago, new photogrammetric technology based on image correlation and SIFT algorithm rapidly expanded to practice due to a low-cost software and powerful hardware. Many nonphotogrammetric specialists began to use advantages of simple automatic processing of image set into color dense point cloud, which can be used for 3D object documentation. There have appeared many interesting applications from various disciplines; cultural heritage documentation is only one of them. Image data that are processed almost automatically into a digital model can be captured relatively easily. When mapping or in a monument care, true orthophoto are often taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues concerning preservation of monuments in the Polish spatial planning system refer to material and non-material values. At present, planners, urban managers and other experts dealing with real properties in Poland often express the demands for creation of regulations, standards and good practices related to development of planning documentation in the context of the cultural heritage and monuments protection. The paper will present the rules of preservation of monuments and the historical heritage areas in Poland and in the world, resulting from legal regulations. Particular attention will be paid to provisions included in planning documents at the municipal level. The value of monuments will be characterised in the context of material (economic) and non-material goods. Besides, the methodology of validation of monuments and factors, which influence the value of monuments in Poland will be also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to analyze the changes to the methodological approach of the monument restoration of the Bratislava castle in the 20th century. After the Velvet Revolution, the borders were opened and in the year 2004 Slovakia became a part of the European Union. Since the year 2008, the last restoration of the Bratislava Castle has been going on, while the methodological approach of this monument restoration is entirely different from the previous, that ended in the 1980s. The image of the Maria Theresa's Baroque castle, that in the 1811 burnt down by a tragic coincidence and till the middle of the 20th century remained as a ruin, when the large restoration began, has been recovered. Governing representative interiors changed from Modernistic to Rococo, while method of preservation were analogies with Austrian examples. Could we consider, that one of the reasons for changing the methodology is a fact, that Slovaks need no longer to define their cultural identity within specific style, but they are able to sense themselves as a part of wider European history? The situation around the current restoration is causing a lot of contradictory opinions. Therefore the aim is to create compact image of all the aspects by analysing the history of the restoration itself and opinions of the professional public in current Slovakia. When analyzing the opinions of the professional public, based on scholarly affiliation and continuity over time, I was able to divide them into three groups. Each of them sense the situation differently. Architects/conservationists - advocates of historizing recent restoration of the Bratislava Castle to the style of the period of its last development stage (Teresian redevelopment). Architects/theorists of architecture - advocates of Modernism and its footprints left on the Bratislava Castle. Art historians - who are calling for wider public discussion, regarding the current historizing reconstruction, that was recently undertaken on the castle. Lastly, above all stands political will, that occasionally interferes in the castle restoration processes. Paper not only takes the reader briefly through the dramatic history of the restoration of the Bratislava castle, but also gives complex view on the discussion, that currently more or less runs through slovak professional public. It also searches for the answers on the questions towards to the raised trend of the recent restoration and it's reflection in the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of the Russian Style in the history of art in Russia, realized in the concept of recreating the image of Holy Rus. The research is focused on the history of creation of Fedorovsky Gorodok (St. Fyodor's Town) in the suburban imperial residence of Tsarskoe Selo (St. Petersburg). The ensemble of Fedorovsky Gorodok is arguably the most prominent example of the architectural and artistic entity of the early 20th century, designed in the Russian traditional style. In this ensemble the civil architecture was represented in the ancient forms of Russian architecture by using new construction technologies, which made Fedorovsky Gorodok a visualized chronicle of Russian architecture of 12-17th centuries. Unfortunately, the original image of the unique monument, the Refectory of Fedorovsky Gorodok, is lost. Consequently, the only way to visualize the lost monument is the virtual reconstruction, that we regard as an impressive and innovative tool in academia. The key mission of this project is to explore specific features of the virtual reconstruction of the interior and to underscore the most challenging issues, for example the ways to recreate the complex geometry of the vaults [1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of industrial heritage conservation respectively its new use is worldwide hot topic for a longer period. Industrial heritage provides one of the most important records of urban development and progress of human civilization in the last two centuries. Monumental industrial buildings reflect the extraordinary technical and economical development and the progress in science and technology. Even after the termination of their original function, industrial heritage buildings with their architecture are still significantly participating in the atmosphere of each city. Industrial factories in Slovakia were usually situated apart from city centres. As a result of rapid urbanization, old industrial heritage structures found themselves in the middle of residential areas and they have become the comprehensive multidisciplinary and multi-criteria problem for them. Such problem can have a major impact on society, on the macro, meso and micro levels, as well as on quality of future human and nature life. Within the dynamic process of architectural and urban practice development in this area it is essential to integrate the widest range of existing research disciplines that actively interfere with the industrial heritage conservation. The article "Principles of interdisciplinary cooperation in the conversion of industrial heritage" is aimed to explore opportunities for collaboration between theoretical research, monument preservation and architectural practice. It deals with the identified key factors that conditionally affect the quality and efficiency of architectural design process within the multidisciplinary cooperation in the conservation process. As well as it deals with the opportunities of transfer the research results from disciplines those operates separately up to now. For this purpose, the paper examines case study "the reconstruction of old Power plant in city Piestany" and describes one of the possible solutions on the basis of the operational research model so-called "Educational polygon." This model is used as a tool for identification of industrial heritage potential and it also serves as an effective communication and educational instrument throughout the active development process. Effectiveness of used procedures of the system Educational Polygon (EP) has been verified within the research KEGA and in the reconstruction of old Power plant in city Piestany. The results confirms that through the interdisciplinary collaboration in the process it is possible not only efficiently learn about the industrial heritage but also explore new scientific values and options of architectural designing at the same time. Parallel benefit of polygon application is continuous interactive education of the general public, the successful reuse of industrial heritage and active development of the city in the spirit of local cultural diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many larger cities have historic centers, which are protected by the preservation of monuments for their architectural value. The historical part of Ostrava - Poruba, which was established in 1951, is characteristic by architectural style Sorella (socialist realism). Unoccupied lofts are situated in these buildings. This article discusses the loft conversion in the historically protected building in Ostrava - Poruba taking into account the principles of sustainable construction. The roof convesions are important elements in the regeneration and reconstruction of residential units not only in heritage zones. Their implementation requires a conceptual and responsible approach from the first preliminary design phase of the construction. Construction works respecting the principles of sustainable construction in this case is a complex solution that meets the needs of today without weakening the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The need to take into account the principles of sustainable development refers to our existing legislation, construction law, when we talk about the urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stone material used in the construction of many ancient monuments of cultural heritage decayed during centuries losing its properties. Traditionally such stone material was gradually replaced with the stone material of similar quality. However, the preliminary studies of the replacing material are carried out rarely. Therefore, the information on the reasons provoking the decay of the material is lacking; yet, it would be necessary to obtain such data in order to evaluate the necessary reconstruction work and in the case of larger monuments - to choose the most appropriate conservation strategy. Our study was carried out in several medieval monuments located on the islands of the Mediterranean region and in most details - the basilica of San Gavino at Sardinia. The studies allowed us to identify at least six different stone material weathering types with five different weathering intensities. Additionally, certain genetic order of these weathering types was noted - the sequence how the stone material has weathered and lost its properties. This allowed us to elaborate the stone material decay monitoring system, providing an opportunity to develop well timed measures for monument's preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world in which we live in is constantly being transformed as a consequence of our actions, sometimes in accordance with them and sometimes against them. Behavior models in the fields of economy, culture, social life and aesthetics are subjected to shifts. These shifts are accompanied by changes in the way that architectural form and function are being shaped. The problems associated with the placement of new buildings and the reconstruction of existing ones in relation to existing historical structures are not new, but they have recently become exacerbated. Thanks to the involvement of modern architects, these problems can be solved in very interesting ways, which make it easier to gain the support of investors. The solutions used to answer the problems stated above should incorporate actions meant to preserve the character of the traditional spatial layout of a city. Current building codes and regulations should allow the introduction of modern architectural solutions into a historical environment. The quality of the solutions used is not only at the discretion of the designer and the surrounding context. It should also be included in urban and zoning plans, formally introducing measures and frameworks for the future development of historical city centers. These measures should ensure that the quality and feel of these spaces is preserved for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]