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Unfortunately, errors and mistakes are part of life. Errors and mistakes can harm patients and incur unplanned costs. Errors may arise from various sources, which may be classified as systematic, latent, or active. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors also contribute to incorrect decisions. In addition to cognitive biases, our personality, socialization, personal chronobiology, and way of thinking (heuristic versus analytical) are influencing factors. Factors such as overload from private situations, long commuting times, and the complex environment of information technology must also be considered. The objective of this paper is to define and classify errors and mistakes in radiology, to discuss the influencing factors, and to present strategies for prevention. Hierarchical responsibilities and team "well-being" are also discussed., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Children are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than adults. Even though the risk is very low, exposure from radiological examinations can possibly cause them long-term side effects. Recent large epidemiological studies involving children and young adults have added evidence suggesting that even small doses of radiation, such as those from computed tomography scans, might slightly increase the risk of developing cancer later in life. Therefore, even though radiologic studies are essential for an accurate diagnosis and management of various conditions, it is crucial to minimize radiation exposure. This article addresses radiation protection for children in the medical use of ionizing radiation and it is set in the context of the European legislative framework regarding radiation protection. It advocates for a holistic approach to paediatric radiological tests. This approach includes the key principles of radiation protection, such as the justification of imaging procedures supported by referral guidelines, as well as the optimization of techniques (according to the ALARA principle) and effective communication with parents about the benefits and the risks of radiologic procedures. Protecting children from unnecessary radiation is not only a technical challenge, but also a moral obligation and a legal requirement., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Common disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as gastroesophageal reflux/disease (GER/D) and constipation, are frequent causes for seeking medical support in infants. Diagnostic workup must ensure that diagnosed diseases are responsible for such complaints, thus enabling appropriate therapy. In this context assessment consists of clinical examination, functional tests, and imaging, which should be done in a staged manner. Close cooperation between clinicians and clinical radiologists enables optimal diagnostics, thus forming the basis for appropriate therapy., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Paediatric computed tomography (CT) imaging has always been associated with challenges. Although the technical background of CT imaging is complex, it is worth considering the baseline aspects of radiation exposure to prevent unwanted excess radiation in paediatric patients. In this review, we discuss the most relevant factors influencing radiation exposure, and provide a simplified and practical approach to optimise paediatric CT., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

In medicine, particularly in radiology, there are great expectations in artificial intelligence (AI), which can "see" more than human radiologists in regard to, for example, tumor size, shape, morphology, texture and kinetics - thus enabling better care by earlier detection or more precise reports. Another point is that AI can handle large data sets in high-dimensional spaces. But it should not be forgotten that AI is only as good as the training samples available, which should ideally be numerous enough to cover all variants. On the other hand, the main feature of human intelligence is content knowledge and the ability to find near-optimal solutions. The purpose of this paper is to review the current complexity of radiology working places, to describe their advantages and shortcomings. Further, we give an AI overview of the different types and features as used so far. We also touch on the differences between AI and human intelligence in problem-solving. We present a new AI type, labeled "explainable AI," which should enable a balance/cooperation between AI and human intelligence - thus bringing both worlds in compliance with legal requirements. For support of (pediatric) radiologists, we propose the creation of an AI assistant that augments radiologists and keeps their brain free for generic tasks., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Medical imaging is foundational in the care of children, and much of the medical imaging province depends on ionizing radiation: radiography, fluoroscopy, CT and nuclear imaging. Many considerations for this imaging in children are distinct in the domains of appropriate radiation use, other factors that determine examination quality, the opportunities to engage and educate through networking, and the translation of research efforts. Given these needs, it is worth approaching the contributions and their impact by the pediatric radiology community, especially to the enhancement of this value in the care of children.

The recent European Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM requires the establishment of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) to optimise radiation dose in diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures. At the time this directive was enacted, just a few European countries had already set paediatric DRLs and many of these were outdated. For this reason, the European Commission launched a project addressing European Guidelines on Diagnostic Reference Levels for Paediatric Imaging that was awarded to a consortium led by the European Society of Radiology with the collaboration of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology and other European stakeholders involved in the radiation protection of children. The main aims of this project were to establish European DRLs to be used by countries without their own national paediatric DRLs and to provide a consistent method to establish new DRLs in the future. These European guidelines have been very recently endorsed by the European Commission and published in issue N° 185 of the Radiation Protection series. The purpose of this article is to introduce these guidelines to the wide community of paediatric radiologists.

Diagnostic imaging plays a significant role in both the diagnosis and treatment of complications of pneumonia in children and chest radiography is the imaging modality of choice. Computed tomography (CT) on the other hand, is not currently a first-line imaging tool for children with suspected uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia and is largely reserved for when complications of pneumonia are suspected or there is difficulty in differentiating pneumonia from other pathology. This review outlines the situations where CT needs to be considered in children with pneumonia, describes the imaging features of the parenchymal and pleural complications of pneumonia, discusses how CT may have a wider role in developing countries where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis are prevalent, makes note of the role of CT scanning for identifying missed foreign body aspiration and, lastly, addresses radiation concerns.

In many countries pediatric radiology is responsible for imaging of patients ranging from premature babies to 19-year-olds, thus meaning a weight range from less than 500 g to sometimes much more than 100 kg. Children are not small adults and many differences exist when comparing them to adults. Therefore pediatric radiologists face a 4-D problem: the three dimensions in space as well as time, which can be summarized as maturation. Due to this multidimensionality experience exchange, knowledge transfer and teamwork is mandatory. Research consortia represent a useful approach. According the author's experience in setting up and running international, inter-institutional academic networks, this article describes pathways and barriers of such cooperations, which can be divided into external (institutional), internal (departmental) and organizational and by the research fellows themselves.

The basic scheme of modern medical imaging consists of the following steps: (1) data acquisition, (2) data (image) processing, (3) further data processing by the computer graphic system, (4) image display, and finally (5) visual perception and interpretation. Medical monitors represent a forgotten part of the whole chain. The purpose of this review is to present the key facts about the display technologies used today, as well as their characterization and quality assurance.

Background: 3D post-processing of spiral-CT (S-CT) data using perspective projection allows the generation of virtual views similar to endoscopy., Objective: To evaluate whether simultaneous reading of axial S-CT, multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and virtual tracheobronchoscopy (VTB) is more precise and accurate than reading of axial S-CT and MPR alone in paediatric patients., Materials and Methods: S-CT studies of 15 symptomatic and 4 normal patients were investigated. Two radiologists independently read two sets of images for airway abnormalities: first axial CT and MPR, followed by axial CT, MPR and VTB. A final decision was later made by consensus. All results were compared to fibre-optic bronchoscopy (FTB). Interobserver agreement was used as an indicator of precision for the display technique used., Results: At reading of axial S-CT and MPR an interobserver agreement of 89.5% (kappa=0.776, P<0.00103) was found. Based on the consensus decision, a diagnostic accuracy of 89.5% at a sensitivity 86.6% and specificity of 100% (kappa=0.776, 95% CI 0.491-1.062, P<0.00103) was achieved. At reporting on axial S-CT, MPR and VTB, all cases were classified correctly by both readers, indicating 100% accuracy, interobserver agreement, sensitivity and specificity (kappa=1.00, 95% CI 1.0-1.0, P<0.000258)., Conclusions: The simultaneous display of axial S-CT, MPR and VTB raises the precision, accuracy and sensitivity of radiological reports.

Mechanical ventilation of mature or premature newborns is supposed to provide pulmonary gas exchange while causing minimal side effects to the respiratory system and circulation of the infants. A certain degree of alveolar ventilation, for example, can be achieved by different ventilator settings with different airway pressures (Fig. 1), and thus the corresponding effects on lung mechanics, barotrauma, and circulation differ. Parameters indicating optimal ventilator settings cannot be measured often enough in routine daily care and sometimes are difficult to interpret because of complex interactivity factors. The aim of the computer program "RespCalc" is to shorten the empirical steps of adapting respirator settings to the status of the ventilated patient by calculating the necessary data and drawing patient-specific nomograms. The computer program "RespCalc" makes use of the mathematical relationships characterizing the determinants of lung mechanics. The following data are necessary for use of the program: patient identification, weight, alveolar ventilation, recent paCO2, compliance, and resistance. By using the time-constant tau, the minimal inspiratory time as well as a maximal possible respirator rate are displayed without inducing inadvertent PEEP at a ratio of 1:1. Afterward, the planned figures of the different respirator rates and corresponding inspiration times must be typed in. The program simultaneously checks whether the previously calculated minimal figures for in- and exhalation time are maintained. If the above-mentioned figures and the typed-in ones differ, an optical and acoustical error message appears, and thus the user is forced to correct the problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)