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Background: Gender-specific differences in the workplace in general and in the field of orthopedics and trauma surgery in particular are still clearly identifiable, and are becoming more and more pronounced in the social consciousness., Objective: Analysis of the gender-specific development in the specialist field of orthopedics and trauma surgery in Germany over the past 15 years and a survey of the status quo., Methods: Assessment of the development of female graduates in the study of human medicine, the proportion of women in accredited and clinical care and the gender-specific acquisition of an additional orthopedic/trauma surgical title. Evaluation of gender-specific numbers of members or participants in the relevant professional associations and the largest German conferences on orthopedics and trauma surgery, as well as the habilitation figures in the field of orthopedics., Results and Discussion: The proportion of female doctors in various fields of orthopedics and trauma surgery in the clinic and in science is increasing. There is still a clear discrepancy in leading positions in clinics, in the acquisition of an additional title, and on the boards of professional associations. In some fields, such as pediatric and hand/foot/ankle surgery, the proportion of women is higher than in other sub-areas of orthopedics and trauma surgery., (© 2020. The Author(s).)

It is well established that subjects without molars have reduced ability to comminute foods. However, epidemiological studies have indicated that the masticatory system is able to functionally adapt to the absence of posterior teeth. This supports the shortened dental arch concept which, as a prosthetic option, recommends no replacement of missing molars. Biomechanical modeling, however, indicates that using more anterior teeth will result in a larger temporomandibular joint load per unit of bite force. In contrast, changing bite from incisor to molar position increases the maximum possible bite force and reduces joint loads. There have been few attempts, however, to determine realistic joint loads and corresponding muscular effort during generation of occlusal forces similar to those used during chewing with intact or shortened dental arches. Therefore, joint and cumulative muscle loads generated by vertical bite forces of submaximum magnitude moving from canine to molar region, were calculated. Calculations were based on intraoral measurement of the feedback-controlled resultant bite force, simultaneous electromyograms, individual geometrical data of the skull, lines of action, and physiological cross-sectional areas of all jaw muscles. Compared to premolar and canine biting, bilateral and unilateral molar bites reduced cumulative muscle and joint loads in a range from 14% to 33% and 25% to 53%, respectively. During unilateral molar bites, the ipsilateral joints and contralateral muscles were about 20% less loaded than the opposing ones. In conclusion, unilateral or bilateral molar biting at chewing-like force ranges caused the least muscle and joint loading.

The procedures of preclinical management of chest injuries are presented. Emphasis is put on the different aspects of "acute thorax": sucking chest wound, pericardial tamponade, oligemic shock and open thorax. The primary acute management includes the chest tube, intubation, ventilation, pericardiocentesis and surgical management of penetrating chest trauma. The different in the literature are discussed.

Blood flow in the mucosa of fundus and antrum behave quite contrary after TV: Whereas mucosal flow of the fundus is reduced, mucosal flow of the antrum increases significantly. But 3 weeks after TV flow values of the fundus are in the range of the initial blood flow and are decreased significantly in the antrum. The early diminution of the blood flow in the mucosa of the fundus can be partly responsible for the favourable effect of TV, which is observed on erosive bleedings in this region.