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To determine the association between adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines during adolescence with obesity at adulthood 14 years later in a nationally representative cohort. We analyzed data from 6984 individuals who participated in Waves I (1994-1995) and IV (2008-2009) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) in the USA. Obesity was defined by the International Obesity Task Force cut-off points at Wave I and adult cut-points at Wave IV (body mass index [BMI]≥30 kg/m2 and waist circumference [WC]≥102 cm in male and 88 cm in female). Physical activity, screen time and sleep duration were self-reported. Adolescents who met screen time recommendation alone (β = -1.62 cm, 95%CI -2.68 cm to -0.56), jointly with physical activity (β = -2.25 cm, 95%CI -3.75 cm to -0.75 cm), and those who met all three recommendations (β = -1.92 cm, 95%CI -3.81 cm to -0.02 cm) obtained lower WC at Wave IV than those who did not meet any of these recommendations. Our results also show that meeting with screen time recommendations (IRR [incidence rate ratio] = 0.84, 95%CI 0.76 to 0.92) separately and jointly with physical activity recommendations (IRR = 0.86, 95%CI 0.67 to 0.97) during adolescence is associated with lower risk of abdominal obesity at adulthood. In addition, adolescents who met all 24-h movement recommendations had lower risk of abdominal obesity later in life (IRR = 0.76, 95%CI 0.60 to 0.97)., Conclusion: Promoting the adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines from adolescence, especially physical activity and screen time, seems to be related with lower risk of abdominal obesity later in life, but not for BMI., What Is Known: • Some studies have shown a relationship between adherence to 24-h movement guidelines and adiposity or obesity markers in youth. However, most of these studies have a cross-sectional design or a short follow-up., What Is New: • This is the first study which determined the association between adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines during adolescence with obesity at adulthood 14 years later in a nationally representative US cohort. • Meeting the 24-h movement guidelines from adolescence seems to be related with lower risk of abdominal obesity later in life, but not for body mass index., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this work was to quantify racial/ethnic differences in risk for future diabetic complications and all-cause mortality by performing a meta-analysis of prospective studies., Methods: A systematic search in PubMed and EMBASE was performed from inception to May 2021. Prospective cohort studies that reported HRs and associated 95% CIs of diabetes complications and all-cause mortality among racial/ethnic groups, with White people as the reference group, were included. Study characteristics and HR estimates were extracted from each study. Estimates were pooled using random-effects inverse-variance model with the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman variance estimator., Results: A total of 23 studies were included, comprising 2,416,516 individuals diagnosed with diabetes (White 59.3%, Black 11.2%, Asian 1.3%, Hispanic-American 2.4%, Native American 0.2%, East Asian 1.9%, South Asian 0.8%, Pacific Islander 2.3%, Māori 2.4% and others 18.2%). Compared with White individuals with diabetes, individuals of Māori ethnicity were at higher risk for all-cause mortality (HR 1.88 [95% CI 1.61, 2.21]; I 2  = 7.1%), Hispanic-American individuals had a significantly lower risk for CVD (HR 0.66 [95% CI 0.53, 0.81]; I 2  = 0%) and Black individuals had higher risk for end-stage renal disease (HR 1.54 [95% CI 1.05, 2.24]; I 2  = 95.4%). No significant higher risk for diabetes complications was found in other racial/ethnic groups relative to White people., Conclusions/interpretation: Racial/ethnic differences exist in the risk for future diabetic complications and all-cause mortality. Our results support the use of such categories for international diabetes clinical guideline recommendations until better predictors become available. Efforts to identify high-risk groups and to better control cardiovascular risk factors across ethnically diverse populations are therefore needed., Registration: PROSPERO registration ID CRD42021239274., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Long periods of free-movement restrictions may negatively affect cardiorespiratory fitness and health. The present study investigated changes after the COVID-19 confinement in maximal oxygen intake (VO 2 max) levels in a sample of 89 Spanish school children aged 12 and 14 years at baseline (49.8% girls). The 20-m shuttle run test served to estimate VO 2 max before and after the COVID-19 confinement. Paired t-tests estimated an overall difference of - 0.5 ml.kg -1 .min -1 (SD 0.3) (p = 0.12), whereas the highest significant reductions were observed for girls aged 14 years (- 1.5 ml.kg -1 .min -1 (SD 0.6) (p < 0.05)). Boys aged 14 years showed a slight increase (0.4 ml.kg -1 .min -1 (SD 0.5) (p = 0.44)), whereas boys aged 12 years presented an important decrease (- 1.2 ml.kg -1 .min -1 (SD 0.7) (p = 0.14)). Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) levels also experienced a decrease of - 3.4% as regards baseline levels over the examined period. All the examined subgroups showed lower levels in relation to a normal VO 2 max rate development, although girls aged 14 and boys aged 12 years accounted for the highest part.Conclusion: The results indicate that COVID-19 confinement might delay the normal development of VO 2 max in adolescents. Strategies to tackle this concerning decline are warranted. What is Known: • First study analyzing cardiorespiratory fitness levels in teenagers after COVID-19 confinement. What is New: • Important delay in maximal oxygen intake identified in a sample of Spanish teenagers. • These results should be considered to develop strategies of a more active lifestyle in teenagers during and after confinements.