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In this chapter, we will discuss issues related to the development of a general UML model that covers a large class of similar models, the class of water-balance and irrigation-scheduling models [19, 22, 36, 60, 71]. Many irrigation-scheduling and water-balance models have been developed and published in the past. These models have been used for both research purposes and as management tools.

Currently, UML is widely accepted by the software industry to be the modeling language used to construct models. Several UML diagrams are used to present the dynamic and the static aspects of a software system. Although UML diagrams enormously facilitate the process of designing flexible and complex systems, they are not precise enough to express without ambiguity all aspects of the problem in study. Thus, in order to fill this vacuum in UML models, a precise language is needed to express without ambiguities the dynamic and static aspects of a UML model .

Decades of evolution in the field of information systems, business processes and universal modelling notations has resulted in the creation of modern modelling languages, such as UML or BPMN. Elaborated languages concentrate on processes as activity flows without taking into account important management categories like quality or risk. These aspects permit the research thesis that there is a room for further modelling improvement especially in the field of quality management. Thus the article’s main objective is to propose modelling approach for quality management of processes that supports better quality management in projects. It starts by introducing the current state of modelling notations. The introduction is a starting point for the presentation of elaborated quality-oriented notation for the project management processes discussed in the second section as a separate diagram type. A sample model is also included, based on the notation developed and showing its capabilities. The third part of the article presents verification of elaborated approach for quality-oriented modelling of processes. The article concludes with a summary.

In Chap.5, we discussed UML state diagrams as a means of describing the process of surgical care. This type of diagram is based on the Statecharts visual formalism developed by computer scientist David Harel. In this chapter, we first review the most important concepts of the formalism. We then focus on simulation of patient flow in surgical care and describe in greater detail the specifications of discrete-event models based on the Statecharts formalism. Discrete-event models are especially effective for simulation of patient flow in health care, as they allow the progression of individual patients through a care process to be described as a series of asynchronous updates in patient records generated in reaction to events produced by parallel states representing concurrent activities. In this regard, the Statecharts formalism is useful for representing patient flow mechanisms in terms of activities, events, states, and transitions between states. This chapter includes examples of Statecharts diagrams for concurrent care activities.

Web service mining requires Web services, the subject of mining, to be clearly defined so that mining techniques can be used to unambiguously target them. A Web service ontology provides an effective means for describing variousWeb service related concepts and their relationships. We represent the Web service ontology using a Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram in Figure 2.1. In the following, we define key concepts depicted in the diagram.

This chapter presents an introduction to the general structure of an object-oriented simulation model with OOSimL. The basic form of simple single-server models is discussed. Modeling with UML diagrams, modeling with simulation activity diagrams, and object-oriented programming are explained and are used for developing a single-server model.

Since the spatial pattern of forest pest occurrence is determined by biological characteristics and habitat conditions, this paper introduced construction of a cellular automaton model combined with Markov model to predicate the forest pest occurrence. Rules of the model includes the cell states rules, neighborhood rules and transition rules which are defined according to the factors from stand conditions, stand structures, climate and the influence of the factors on the state conversion. Coding for the model is also part of the implementations of the model. The participants were designed including attributes and operations of participants expressed with a UML diagram. Finally, the scale issues on forest pest occurrence prediction, of which the core are the prediction of element size and time interval, are partly discussed in this paper.

This chapter focuses on the development of the main component of platform independent model (PIM) of Model Driven Architecture, e.g., class diagram defined in Unified Modeling Language (UML), which has necessary details for transformation into platform specific model (PSM). It is important to formulate core principles of development of well-structured class diagram at a conceptual level, using knowledge of the problem domain, which consists of two interrelated models of system aspects – business processes and concept presentation. Definition of relationships of classes is important for PSM generation; therefore, the research on how it could be defined is performed. The hypothesis that it is possible to derive a class structure from initial business information is adduced. Information about the problem domain is presented in the form of two-hemisphere model that describes two interrelated parts of the most important aspects of a system, namely business process and concept models. These models serve as a source model for class diagram receiving. Capacity for the class diagram generation, based on the two-hemisphere model, is represented by a collection of graph transformations and illustrated with examples, where definition of different kinds of relationships (namely aggregation, dependency, generalization) is displayed.

The Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) defines a framework within which support of distribution, interoperability and portability can be integrated. However other ODP standards have to be defined. We treat in this paper the need for formal notation for concepts in the computational language. Indeed, the ODP viewpoint languages are abstract in the sense that they define what concepts should be supported not how these concepts should be represented. Using the denotational semantics in the context of UML we define in this paper syntax and semantics for core ODP structural concepts defined in the RM-ODP foundations part and in the computational language namely object action, computational object, and computational interface. These specification concepts are suitable for describing and constraining ODP computational viewpoint specifications.

We present a specialization of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to help diverse stakeholders in an organization collaborate on the development of Stochastic Optimization Models. Our language describes, at an abstraction level distinct from that possible through algebraic notation, the relationships between decisions and parameters, the dynamics of information acquisition, and the requirements for model input and output. This paper describes the formal language and provides a few illustrative examples.

In the research of commonalities and variations of domain modeling, feature modeling is proved to be an effective and widely used method. But how to visualize the feature models in user interfaces remains to be a problem. In studying the data processing domain, we design rendering rules to combine features to user visible engines in GUI XML and UML based Architecture Description Language (ADL). Furthermore, we visualize the process in our IDE tool based on Eclipse.

An increasing number of software applications and business processes are relying upon the use of web services to achieve their requirements. This is due in part to the use of standardized composition languages like the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL). BPEL allows the process designer to compose a procedural workflow from an arbitrary number of available web services and supplemental “programming-like” activities (e.g., assigning values to variables). Such composition languages naturally bring concerns of reliability, consistency, and durability, let alone safety and security. Thus, there is a need for formal specification and analysis of BPEL compositions for high assurance satisfaction. We propose the use of Unified Modeling Language (UML) sequence diagrams as a means for analysis of BPEL process consistency and demonstrate our technique with two examples.

Building an information system involves two processes: conceptual modeling of the “real world domain” and designing the software system. Object-oriented methods and languages (e.g., UML) are typically used for describing the software system. For the system analysis process that produces the conceptual description, object-oriented techniques or semantics extensions are utilized. Specifically, UML activity diagrams are the “flow charts” of object-oriented conceptualization tools. This chapter proposes an alternative to UML activity diagrams through the development of a conceptual modeling methodology based on the notion of flow.

The current state of the art in security-critical ambient systems is far from satisfactory: New security vulnerabilities are discovered on an almost daily basis. To improve this situation, there has recently been a lot of work on techniques and tools supporting the development of trustworthy security-critical software, in particular for dynamic systems in an ambient environment. This chapter gives an overview over the field of security and dependability engineering, with an emphasis on ambient system security, and on current advances based on model-based development using UML and providing strong assurance results. We give examples for security flaws found in industrial software using such tools and shortly discuss some open research issues.

The Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) defines a framework within which support of distribution, interoperability, and portability can be integrated. However, other ODP standards have to be defined. We treat in this paper the need for formal notation for community related structural concepts in the enterprise language. Indeed, the ODP viewpoint languages are abstract in the sense that they define what concepts should be supported, not how these concepts should be represented. One approach to define the formal semantics of a language is denotational elaborating of the instance denoted by a sentence of the language in a particular context. Using the denotational semantics in the context of UML/OCL, we define in this paper semantics for the community related concepts defined in the RM-ODP foundations part and in the enterprise language. These specification concepts are suitable for describing and constraining ODP enterprise viewpoint specifications.

Regression testing is the process of ensuring software quality by analyzing whether changed parts behave as intended, and unchanged parts are not affected by the modifications. Since it is a costly process, a lot of techniques are proposed in the research literature that suggest testers how to build regression test suite from existing test suite with minimum cost. In this paper, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of using UML diagrams for regression testing and analyze that UML model helps in identifying changes for regression test selection effectively. We survey the existing UML based regression testing techniques and provide an analysis matrix to give a quick insight into prominent features of the literature work. We discuss the open research issues like managing and reducing the size of regression test suite, prioritization of the test cases that would be helpful during strict schedule and resources that remain to be addressed for UML based regression testing.

This chapter presents the stepwise conversion of the FORTRAN-based RothC Soil Organic Carbon model into a plug&play component amenable to use as part of larger modeling frameworks. As a first step, RothC was converted into a stand-alone Java modular application to ensure consistency with the parent model. The plug&play component was then developed based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The plug&play component provides services that other system/components can easily use. The behavior of RothC is presented through interfaces that other system/components can implement. The use of interfaces to express behavior of components facilitates the collaboration of teams located in different geographic regions. Various UML diagrams present static and dynamic aspects of the system. UML facilitates model documentation, and the plug&play architecture facilitates implementation by other researchers, who can integrate the RothC component into their studies or systems without making extensive structural changes or recompilation of their entire modeling frameworks.

The implementation of an adequate service management system for information technologies (IT) requires recognition of business needs, current level of maintenance, better insights into available approaches and tools, as well as their comparison, interoperability, integration and further development. The approach we are proposing and elaborating in this chapter lies on the construction of the Definition Metamodel (DMM) of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL). The metamodel is derived from the ITIL glossary and other specifications and presented in an object-oriented fashion by using structure diagrams conform to UML notation. ITIL DMM is divided into a set of Component Metamodels (CMM). Some are briefly discussed, as well as their application in the field of evaluation of consistency, correctness and completeness of ITIL definitions and evaluation of ITIL-based tools.

One of the most important aspects of collaboration between people or organizations is effective communication. To support different kinds of human activities (e. g. negotiations), general interaction procedures need to be defined. Scenarios of such activities can be expressed in choreography languages. In the paper WS-CDL language is used to model buy/sell negotiations. The suitable method for generation of scenarios is given and a concrete scenario is analyzed. Moreover, testbed for empirical experiments is presented and some experiment results are discussed.

The use of Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools for teaching object-oriented systems analysis and design (OOSAD) and the Unified Modelling Language (UML) has many potential benefits, but there are several problems associated with the usability and learnability of these tools. This paper describes a study undertaken to determine if computing students from a linguistically and technologically diverse community experience problems with learning to use a CASE tool, and to determine if there is a relationship between two user characteristics of the students and the learnability of CASE tools.

Most of the existing approaches to trust management focus on the issues of assessing the trustworthiness of other entities and of establishing trust between en- tities. This is particularly relevant for dynamic, open and distributed systems, where the identity and intentions of other entities may be uncertain. These approaches of- fer methods to manage trust, and thereby to manage risk and security. The methods are, however, mostly concerned with trust management from the viewpoint of the trustor, and the issue of mitigating risks to which the trustor is exposed. This paper addresses the important, yet quite neglected, challenge of understanding the risks to which a whole system is exposed, in cases where some of the actors within the system make trust-based decisions. The paper contributes by proposing a method for the modeling and analysis of trust, as well as the identification and evaluation of the associated risks and opportunities. The analysis facilitates the capture of trust policies, the enforcement of which optimizes the trust-based decisions within the system. The method is supported by formal, UML-based languages for the model- ing of trust scenarios and for trust policy specification.

CAI software products based on TRIZ were successfully applied in superior firms in the world. The Standard Solutions CAI system is one of branch of CAI software. Standard Solutions is important tool for product design. Standard Solutions for innovation firstly models a technical or process problem by Substance-Field (Su-F) Analysis, then synthesizes and converts the problem to acquire a solution. This paper researched on Standard Solutions arithmetic which can be applicable in CAI software product based on Standard Solutions, and established the flow of software. During the development of CAI software product, static models built based on UML were used to construct the configuration of system. For the components of system, dynamic models were used to describe the behaviors of system components. The Standard Solutions CAI software was coded with VC++ language. The interfacial view of this software, which is friendly for users, was created by VC++ combines with XML+XSL. Standard Solutions have great help to innovation design, farther more, its CAI software system help designer adequately apply the theory of Standard Solutions.

One of the primary objectives of supply chain (SC) information support system is to develop a conceptual design of organizational and process knowledge models which facilitate optimal SC management (SCM). The SC knowledge modeling consists of two components: (1) modeling SC workflows and (2) capturing and organizing knowledge necessary for managing them. Workflow modeling deals with handling activities to generate and utilize knowledge, whereas ontology engineering formalizes knowledge content. This chapter proposes a framework comprising both aspects of knowledge modeling. To model workflows, a combination of two frameworks is proposed: (1) SC operation reference model for higher-level process and (2) process modeling tools, such as integrated definition (IDEF) and unified modeling language (UML), for the lower, application-level process model representation. For workflow knowledge capturing and representation, two standards are introduced: situation calculus and SC markup language (SCML). The former is utilized for capturing process logic with mathematical expressions, and the latter for coding this logic with a computational language. An example of production scheduling for a steel SC is provided as an illustration.

An application service provider solution, named LINKCAFE for the food industry, offers customers a new means to leverage the internet to support line-of-business applications while reducing total cost of ownership. It is necessary for managers to maintain data accuracy and ensure data coherence in the online system. In this paper, abnormal data detection applications (ADDA) based on object oriented approach was developed by using unified modeling language models such as use-case diagrams and sequence diagrams. The programming has been accomplished for system managers for online service. Through verification and validation of the application in functionality to practical service for some years, the results have already proved that actual application of ADDA has not only enhanced the accuracy of data detection but also reduced data checking time to original 1/20 for system managers.

The method creation heyday of the 1980s was characterized by convivial chaos, leading to the idea of a discipline of method engineering. Before it could grow, the unification and marketing machine of UML crushed method development into “one size fits all” design by committee in the 1990s. A scattering of brave souls went against the current, creating modeling languages specific to their own problem domain, and were rewarded with significantly higher productivity. As they seek to scale their solutions, they need help from the research world to analyze their results, and to bring to bear the learning from the early days of method engineering.

Given the huge industrial take-up of UML, it has become less feasible to invent entirely new methods and modeling languages to address systems development challenges not covered by that language. Instead, the most fruitful way to go often seems to be to adapt UML to address such special challenges. In the security and safety domain, various such adaptations have been proposed. In this paper we look at misuse cases, originally proposed for security, with the purpose of investigating whether they are also useful for safety, and to what extent they can complement existing diagrammatic modeling techniques in the safety domain. Misuse cases is thus compared to several traditional techniques for safety analysis, such as fault trees, cause-consequence diagrams, HazOp, and FME(C)A, identifying strengths and weaknesses of either.

To forecast performance of architecture design of information system, we used a performance analysis model to directly get performance indexes, as well as performance annotation model to get performance parameters and facilitate construction of performance analysis model that is indispensable. At present, when constructing performance annotation model, UML Profile for Schedulability, Performance, and Time specification has been de facto standard used to attach performance parameters to UML diagrams. However, UML use case diagram and UML deployment diagram annotated are not powerful enough to model complicated interactions among actors and information system in the organization layer and among hardware resources in the hardware layer respectively. Moreover, based on the performance annotation model using UML diagrams, Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) has not yet been used to construct performance analysis model. Therefore, no steps for facilitating construction of CPN based performance analysis model are included in currently processes for constructing performance annotation model. For solving both deficiencies, in this paper, UML activity diagram is proposed to be annotated in both layers. Moreover, performance annotation model construction process including steps for facilitating construction of CPN based performance analysis model is also devised. Furthermore, the application of the proposed method in the initial architecture design of an online bookshop system is briefly specified.

The Event-driven Process Chain (EPCs) is a very well established business process modelling diagram. It can be used as the starting point for software development and therefore, software engineers have to read these diagrams but prefer a well-known notation. For that reason, we have developed a UML 2 profile for EPCs based on a 1 – 1 mapping with UML 2 Activity Diagrams. The profile is tested with an example business process.

The current market conditions manufacturing companies are exposed to, leads to high demands in terms of flexibility in production and thus to a high number of engineering changes in production. In this paper, an approach will be presented to support engineering change processes, to identify the change impact within production and to process multiple engineering changes simultaneously. Therefore, the elements of production systems as well as their attributes and relations will be represented by using UML. These are used in VR to identify potential impact on other elements when changing an element. After this, a change impact matrix is deduced and a similarity analysis between changes is conducted. The measure of similarity will be used to combine multiple engineering changes to engineering change projects.

This tutorial discusses design space exploration and software automation based on an UML front-end. First, we review software automation tools targeted at the embedded systems domain. Following, we present an approach for the estimation of memory, performance, and energy of a given application modeled from an initial UML specification. We proceed with an analysis of the possibilities of linking different modeling environments for software generation (Simulink and UML, for example). Finally, we show the possibilities of using other specification languages to obtain more abstraction and allow design space exploration together with software automation.

Computational Grids can be effectively used as an infrastructure for distributed data mining and knowledge discovery in large data sets. To utilize Grids for high-performance knowledge discovery, software tools and mechanisms are needed. To this purpose we designed a system called Knowledge Grid and we are implementing its services as WSRF-compliant Grid Services. This chapter describes the composition of distributed knowledge discovery services, according to the service oriented architecture model, by using the Knowledge Grid environment. We discuss Grid Services for searching Grid resources, composing software and data elements, and executing the resulting data mining application on the Knowledge Grid. The chapter focuses in particular on the application modeling. Applications are designed using a UML model, which is translated into a BPEL representation, in turn processed by the Knowledge Grid services for its execution.

An infrastructure is proposed for automatically modeling the impact of middleware to component-based system at architectural level performance evaluation. The basic ideas behind infrastructure are separation of performance modeling concerns between application and middleware, and declarative performance modeling manner. Taking container style middleware for example, the details of proposed infrastructure are illustrated in this paper, which are well-founded on other existing and proven approaches, such as UML Profile for Schedulability, Performance and Time (UML SPT profile) and Layered Queueing Network performance model generation techniques. To validate proposed infrastructure, a case study is conducted.

A challenge in distributed system design is to cope with the dynamic nature of the execution environment. In this paper, we present a model-driven development approach for adaptive component-based applications running on mobile devices. Context dependencies and adaptation capabilities of applications are modeled in UML. We present our new modeling approach and UML profile. A short description of the required middleware infrastructure is given and the transformation technique of the UML models to platform specific code is briefly introduced. An application example illustrates the modeling and development approach. The presented research results have been obtained as part of the European IST project MADAM.