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Of the many problems facing mankind, those concerning the availability and distribution of energy will ultimately be the most important. As fossil fuels become depleted, we will turn more and more to alternative sources and eventually depend upon energy technologies based on solar energy and perhaps fusion. Moreover, an important standard of living in undeveloped nations will require an abundant, inexpensive, and decentralized energy source, solar energy seems ideally suited for this application. It is the thesis of this paper that electrochemical methods will be useful in the conversion of solar energy to electricity or useful chemical products. Indeed, photoelectrochemical cells utilizing semiconductor materials have demonstrated the highest efficiencies in systems for the sustained conversion of solar energy to useful chemicals.

The projected growth rates of mobile communication products has created some very enticing large volume markets for integrated circuit manufacturers. At the same time advancements in semiconductor techniques have allowed communication system designers to design products more suited to these larger volume markets. Both integrated circuit and communication system manufacturers recognize this and are working together to design more highly integrated, smaller, lower cost, and low power products. This paper will concentrate on these markets, advancements, and integrated circuit solutions and what can be expected in the future.

This paper chronicles the emergence and promotion of a commercial Internet environment for women, fuelled by the entry of large corporate interests. While not surprising that women as a market would be targeted by commercial interests, the tension between e-commerce applications directed towards women as consumers, versus the usage of the Internet as a locus for citizenoriented activities, provides a useful example of a salient issue the Internet faces as digital capitalism continues unheeded.

Since the concept of laser-plasma acceleration was introduced in 1979,1 laser technology has rapidly progressed to an extent2,3 that these accelerators have been demonstrated in many laboratories throughout the world. There is significant interest in these accelerators because of the incredible accelerating gradients of plasma waves, which have been measured to be four orders of magnitudes greater than conventional technologies (E≥ 200 GV/m).4 One of the many applications these accelerators may have is the ability to create extremely short pulses of x-ray radiation on a small scale, table-top synchrotrons, that are synchronized with the laser. We have created a low-emittance beam of relativistic electrons (e < 1 π mm mrad) with over 1 nC of total charge in a picosecond bunch.5.6 Our most recent work has shown that we can accelerate electrons beyond the previous limit of natural diffraction, and therefore more fully exploit the incredible accelerating fields. In this paper, we will review the current state of our experimental self-modulated laser-plasma accelerator.

The advent of cisplatin was a breakthrough in the chemotherapy of certain cancers. Its success, in spite of adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity, nausea and vomiting, ototoxicity and myelosuppression, attests to its efficacy1. Still, the cost of treatment, in terms of patient quality of life, underscores the need for an efficacious drug with milder side effects. Carboplatin is an example of an agent specifically developed to reduce side effects while retaining the antitumor activity of cisplatin2. Its tremendous success, following its introduction in Europe and the US, attests to the importance of addressing patient quality of life. Although, oral chemotherapeutic agents are not presently a significant factor in cancer treatment, a properly designed agent could offer significant advantages in terms of a patients’ comfort and convenience, and anticipates the possibility of outpatient chemotherapy. At Johnson Matthey, in conjunction with the Institute of Cancer Research and Bristol-Myers Squibb, a portion of our platinum antitumor drug discovery program is devoted to the design and development of an orally active platinum antitumor drug. This paper describes the synthesis, reactions, and a few of the biological properties of a new class of antitumor agents that possess many characteristics required of an orally active antitumor agent.

The paper will deal with the two most important challenges facing education today: the increasing globalisation and permeation of ICT of our society. To meet these two challenges eighteen Ministries of Education in Europe joined forces in 1997 to create a common Internet platform, called the European Schoolnet. The objectives were to find synergies between national initiatives, to promote the use of ICT in education and to facilitate co-operation between schools in Europe.

The design and development of the detectors for the Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory (SSCL) will be facilitated by a central system to track and store the design documents and drawings. Collaborators and SSCL personnel need a single system that they can access from a terminal on their desks and use to locate and view the latest version of a document. The SSCL Physics Research Division has developed a prototype system to track documents and drawings and to make them accessible via local and wide-area networks. The prototype is being used to refine the requirements and to develop the procedures for a larger system that will be acquired later. The format for storing documents is a major challenge because there is no interoperable standard. This paper discusses the system requirements and architecture, and presents results of research on standards for storing documents.

In the modern business environment, the capability of an enterprise to generate value from its business knowledge influences in an increasingly important way its competitiveness. Towards this direction, knowledge-based systems can be a very effective tool for enhancing the productivity of knowledge workers by providing them with advanced knowledge processing capabilities. In this paper we describe such a system which utilizes organizational and domain knowledge in order to support consultants in the process of evaluating calls for tender.

People living with HIV (PLWH) are at greater risk for severe COVID-19 and are a priority population for COVID-19 vaccination. As of June 15, 2021, 61.6% of PLWH in Oregon received ≥ 1 COVID-19 vaccine dose. Younger PLWH, Hispanic/Latinx PLWH and PLWH who inject drugs or reside in rural and frontier areas had low vaccine uptake while PLWH who were engaged in care, enrolled in the AIDS Drug Assistance Program, and vaccinated against influenza had high vaccine uptake. Greater advocacy, education, and care navigation are required to increase COVID-19 vaccine access and uptake among PLWH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10461-021-03570-9.

Corona Virus continues to harms its effects on the people lives across the globe. The screening of infected persons has to be identified is a vital step because it is a fast and low-cost way. Certain above mentioned things can be recognized by chest X-ray images that plays a significant role and also used for examining in detection of CORONA VIRUS(COVID-19). Here radiological chest X-rays are easily available with low cost only. In this survey paper, Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) based solution that will benefit in detection of the Covid-19 positive patients using radiography chest X-Ray images. To test the efficiency of the solution, using data sets of publicly available X-Ray images of Corona virus positive cases and negative cases. Images of positive Corona Virus patients and pictures of healthy person images are divided into testing images and trainable images. The solution which are providing the good results with classification accuracy within the test set-up. Then GUI based application supports for medical examination areas. This GUI application can be used on any computer and performed by any medical examiner or technician to determine Corona Virus positive patients using radiography X-ray images. The result will be precisely obtaining the Covid-19 Patient analysis through the chest X-ray images and also results may be retrieve within a few seconds.

The period from about 1965 to 1975 saw the very rapid commercial introduction of several innovative cryogenic thermometers. The driving force was the need for convenient, accurate temperature sensing for the burgeoning laboratory, electronics, space and commercial markets that were gaining momentum in that time period. This paper considers only commercially available temperature sensors. A more comprehensive review of the dozens of existing cryogenic temperature sensors and measurement techniques has been written by Rubin, Brandt and Sample covering work through 1981 [1].

A wireless wearable sensor on a paper substrate was used to continuously monitor respiratory behavior that can extract and deliver clinically relevant respiratory parameters to a smartphone. Intended to be placed horizontally at the midpoint of the costal margin and the xiphoid process as determined through anatomical analysis and experimental test, the wearable sensor is compact at only 40 × 35 × 6 mm3 in size and 6.5 g weight including a 2.7 g lithium battery. The wearable sensor, consisting of an ultrasound emitter, an ultrasound receiver, wireless transmission system, and associated data acquisition, measures the linear change in circumference at the attachment location by recording and analyzing the changes in ultrasound pressure as the distance between the emitter and the receiver changes. Changes in ultrasound pressure corresponding to linear strain are converted to temporal lung volume data and are wirelessly transmitted to an associated custom-designed smartphone app. Processing the received data, the mobile app is able to display the temporal volume trace and the flow rate vs. volume loop graphs, which are standard plots used to analyze respiration. From the plots, the app is able to extract and display clinically relevant respiration parameters, including forced expiratory volume delivered in the first second of expiration (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). The sensor was evaluated with eight volunteers, showing a mean difference of the FEV1/FVC ratio as bounded by 0.00-4.25% when compared to the industry-standard spirometer results. By enabling continuous tracking of respiratory behavioral parameters, the wireless wearable sensor helps monitor the progression of chronic respiratory illnesses, including providing warnings to asthma patients and caregivers to pursue necessary medical assistance.

Work completed since the pandemic began has repeatedly demonstrated elevated mortality rates in people with schizophrenia hospitalized with COVID. They are a vulnerable group due to multiple issues-for example high co-morbidity rates of medical illness, often impaired insight and judgment, barriers to obtaining health care, and trouble understanding and implementing preventive measures. The objective of this study was to evaluate if a diagnosis of schizophrenia in the context of COVID-19 requiring hospitalization increased the risk for people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia to be intubated, admitted to the ICU or die when compared to people hospitalized with COVID-19 who did not have schizophrenia. This was accomplished by doing a retrospective chart review of 123 people with schizophrenia and matched controls. Although we found elevated rates of these outcomes in the patients with schizophrenia, our analysis attributed these differences to congregate living, rather than the illness itself.

Purpose of the Review Iron deficiency in heart failure has been associated with impaired functional capacity and quality of life. The purpose of this paper is to review mechanisms of iron homeostasis and current clinical data exploring mechanisms of iron repletion in heart failure. Recent Finding Multiple international societies now advise iron repletion for symptomatic heart failure patients with iron deficiency. Due to the chronic inflammation in heart failure, iron deficiency in heart failure is classically defined as ferritin

The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread throughout the world. Several studies have shown that detecting SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater can be a useful tool to identify new outbreaks, establish outbreak trends, and assess the prevalence of infections. On 06 May 2021, over a year into the pandemic, we conducted a scoping review aiming to summarize research data on SARS-CoV-2 in sewage. Papers dealing with raw sewage collected at wastewater treatment plants, sewer networks, septic tanks, and sludge treatment facilities were included in this review. We also reviewed studies on sewage collected in community settings such as private or municipal hospitals, healthcare facilities, nursing homes, dormitories, campuses, airports, aircraft, and cruise ships. The literature search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web Science Core Collection. This comprehensive research yielded 1090 results, 66 of which met the inclusion criteria and are discussed in this review. Studies from 26 countries worldwide have investigated the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage of different origin. The percentage of positive samples in sewage ranged from 11.6 to 100%, with viral concentrations ranging from ˂LOD to 4.6 × 108 genome copies/L. This review outlines the evidence currently available on wastewater surveillance: (i) as an early warning system capable of predicting COVID-19 outbreaks days or weeks before clinical cases; (ii) as a tool capable of establishing trends in current outbreaks; (iii) estimating the prevalence of infections; and (iv) studying SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity. In conclusion, as a cost-effective, rapid, and reliable source of information on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the population, wastewater surveillance can enhance genomic and epidemiological surveillance with independent and complementary data to inform public health decision-making during the ongoing pandemic. Graphic Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12560-021-09498-6.

The current pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global, unanticipated public health crisis. Another emerging challenge is the prevalence of "black fungus", or mucormycosis, among patients who recovered from COVID-19 infection. A retrospective study was conducted on 12 patients in a post-COVID recovery phase who developed mucormycosis. The study parameters evaluated lymphocyte count, CD4+ T cell status, and associated systemic co-morbidities for the patient, namely diabetes. The interventions during the treatment for COVID were also recorded to include administration of oxygen, ventilator assistance (invasive and non-invasive)/oxygen support, and steroid use. The possible relationship between low lymphocyte and CD4+ counts with diabetes and fungal growth was evaluated. It was observed that the majority of the patients who had a positive history for diabetes with low lymphocyte and CD4+ counts were more susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections. Most of the patients, but not all, had a history of receiving oxygen or assisted ventilation, as well as steroids, during the treatment for COVID infection. These interventions may be considered as accessory contributing factors for fungal infection. Post-exposure to SARS-CoV-2, therapies should be targeted at prevention of functional exhaustion of lymphocytes and maintaining optimal lymphocyte and subset counts in susceptible hosts for the prevention of opportunistic fungal infections. The relationship between functional exhaustion of the lymphocyte, diabetes, and COVID mandates further research.

The increasing relevance of societal challenges has recently brought social entrepreneurship to the fore due to its capacity to leverage entrepreneurial processes to achieve social value while ensuring profits. In this study, we apply an experimental research method to analyse the concept of social entrepreneurship comprehensively. More specifically, we develop bibliometric analysis and web crawling techniques to gather information related to social entrepreneurship from Scopus and Wikipedia. We conduct a comparative network analysis of social entrepreneurship’s conceptual structure at academic and non-academic levels. This analysis has been performed considering scientific articles’ keywords and Wikipedia webpages’ co-occurrences, enabling us to identify four different thematic clusters in both cases. Moreover, plotting the centrality and density of each cluster on a bi-dimensional matrix, we have sketched a strategic diagram and provided the thematic evolution of this research topic, based on the level of interaction among clusters, and the degree of cohesion of keywords in each cluster. This paper represents one of the first attempts in the entrepreneurship literature to shed light on the conceptual boundaries of a research topic based on the analysis of both a scientific and an open-source knowledge database. Our results reveal similarities and discrepancies between those two different sources of knowledge, and outline avenues for future studies at the intersection between social entrepreneurship and the research domains of digital transformation, performance measurement, entrepreneurial ecosystems, and ethics. We also call for a further conceptualisation of social entrepreneurship in the face of the increasing complexity that characterises grand challenges. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11365-021-00783-1.

Smoking during pregnancy remains one of the most significant risk factors for poor birth outcomes. During 2012-2019, the Loma Linda University Health Comprehensive Tobacco Treatment Program (CTTP) used a multicomponent behavioral intervention for tobacco cessation for 1402 pregnant smokers with components of known efficacy (i.e., incentives, biomarker testing, feedback, and motivational interviewing). The CTTP cohort includes a multi-ethnic sample of pregnant women with a mean age of 27 years referred by collaborating community-based healthcare providers in San Bernardino county. Evaluation of program outcomes from 7 years of follow-up (2012-2019) creates a rich cohort dataset for implementation science research to examine the real-world effectiveness of the program. In this report, we provide a cohort profile, and 8-week prolonged abstinence (8-week PA) and relapse findings from the first year of follow-up (n = 233). We found: (1) 28.4% achieved 8-week PA, (2) At a median of 6.2 months of follow-up after achieving 8-week PA, 23.2% of enrolled subjects reported tobacco cessation, and (3) a high rate of loss to follow-up (44%). In addition, our modeling indicated that the odds of relapse/smoking after enrollment was significantly higher in young mothers, non-Hispanic mothers (White, Black/African-American), mothers in the first and third trimester, and rural mothers. Formative quantitative and qualitative research on the CTTP cohort will consider the effects of a range of implementation science (number of intervention sessions, addition of a mHealth component, distance to care) and individual (partner/household smoking, birth outcomes, NICU) outcome measures for the purpose of scaling up the CTTP model.

Associations between social determinants of health (SDOH), demographic factors including preferred language, and SARS-CoV-2 detection are not clear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among those seeking testing for SARS-CoV-2 at a multi-site, urban community health center. Logistic regression and exact matching methods were used to identify independent predictors of SARS-CoV-2 detection among demographic, SDOH, and neighborhood-level variables. Of 1,361 included individuals, SARS-CoV-2 was detected among 266 (19.5%). Logistic regression demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 detection was less likely in White participants relative to Hispanic participants (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05-0.46). and more likely in patients who prefer Spanish relative to those that prefer English (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.43-2.96). No observed SDOH predicted SARS-CoV-2 detection in adjusted models. A robustness analysis using a matched subset of the study sample produced findings similar to those in the main analysis. Preferring to receive care in Spanish is an independent predictor of SARS-CoV-2 detection in a community health center cohort.

We present an integrative review of existing marketing research on mobile apps, clarifying and expanding what is known around how apps shape customer experiences and value across iterative customer journeys, leading to the attainment of competitive advantage, via apps (in instances of apps attached to an existing brand) and for apps (when the app is the brand). To synthetize relevant knowledge, we integrate different conceptual bases into a unified framework, which simplifies the results of an in-depth bibliographic analysis of 471 studies. The synthesis advances marketing research by combining customer experience, customer journey, value creation and co-creation, digital customer orientation, market orientation, and competitive advantage. This integration of knowledge also furthers scientific marketing research on apps, facilitating future developments on the topic and promoting expertise exchange between academia and industry. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Background One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is now a mainstream bariatric procedure. Refractory gastroesophageal reflux is a significant complication following OAGB, and conversion to Roux-en-Y has long been the treatment of choice for this issue. Strengthening the lower esophageal sphincter by Nissen fundoplication (NF) has been reported as an effective anti-reflux surgery. Here we report the short-term outcomes of a modified NF procedure using the excluded stomach (excluded stomach fundoplication—ESF) to treat refractory bile reflux in post-OAGB patients. Methods Thirteen post-OAGB patients underwent ESF for refractory bile reflux during the study, as detailed in the surgical technique. This paper reports the 12 patients whose follow-up data are available. Results Following ESF, the GERD-HRQL heartburn score improved from 22.7 ± 3.9 to 1.8 ± 3.5 (p p p < 0.05). One patient was returned to the operating theatre to have the wrap loosened due to dysphagia. Eleven patients did not require PPIs after surgery. Conclusions ESF significantly improved the VISICK score and GERD-HRQL of post-OAGB patients with refractory bile reflux in the short term. The current study is being continued to increase the sample size and the follow-up period.

In equity crowdfunding, firms raise capital online from a large pool of heterogeneous investors, thereby providing primary market opportunities similar to traditional public markets, such as initial public offerings. The development of secondary markets is instead still limited, making the post-offering perspectives of both crowdfunding investors and firms closer to private equity deals. We believe that equity crowdfunding markets provide an interesting setting where to test existing corporate finance and financial economics theories, as well as to develop new theoretical insights. Relatedly, our understanding of crowdfunding mechanisms can largely benefit from increased attention from finance scholars. This paper and special issue are an attempt in this direction.

Given its ubiquitous nature, sport events are one of the most popular venues for episodic volunteering around the world. This article explores the rare dataset of volunteering in sport events in seven countries-Finland, Ghana, India, Japan, Switzerland, Tanzania, United States-to overview the differences and similarities identified in demography, volunteers' reactions to hosts' management strategies, satisfaction, and intention to volunteer again. Key findings include differences in the level of satisfaction, where responses among American volunteers were the highest. We also find that although well-organized management strategies such as quality training, communication, and proper appreciation led to higher satisfaction, these factors did not contribute to volunteers' intent to volunteer again. Such management style might be too impersonal with less autonomy on the part of volunteers that they may not feel needed in future events. Somewhat messy management might motivate volunteers to participate again.

During crises such as the present coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, nonprofits play a key role in ensuring support to improve the most vulnerable individuals’ health, social, and economic conditions. One year into the COVID-19 pandemic, an extensive automated literature analysis was conducted of 154 academic articles on nonprofit management during the pandemic—all of which were published in 2020. This study sought to identify and systematize academics’ contributions to knowledge about the crisis’s impact on the nonprofit sector and to ascertain the most urgent directions for future research. The results provide policymakers, nonprofit practitioners, and scholars an overview of the themes addressed and highlight the important assistance academic researchers provide to nonprofits dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11266-021-00432-9.

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL, NOS) is the most frequent non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtype. This aggressive neoplasm may variably express the CD30 protein, which may be used as a therapeutic target for this tumor. However, CD30 expression in DLBCL NOS arising from the oral cavity and the oropharynx has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to determine the frequency of CD30 expression and its prognostic significance for patients affected by oral/oropharyngeal DLBCL NOS. Fifty cases were retrieved from pathology files and submitted to immunohistochemistry against CD30. Reactivity was accessed by two oral pathologists using two cut-off values (> 0% and > 20% of tumor cells) to determine positivity in each case. Clinical data were obtained from the patients' medical files to investigate the prognostic potential of the protein. Seven high-grade B cell lymphomas and two EBV-positive DLBCL NOS were identified. We found one CD30-positive case in each of these two groups of lymphomas. Among the remaining 41 DLBCL NOS, other four cases (three in the oral cavity and one in the oropharynx) were positive for CD30, but only two expressed the protein in > 20% of tumor cells, both in the oral cavity. Survival analysis demonstrated that CD30-positive cases had a higher five-year overall survival rate (75%) than CD30-negative cases (32.3%), although a statistically significant result was not achieved (p = 0.19). Only a minor subset of oral and oropharyngeal DLBCL NOS express CD30 and these patients seems to have a higher survival rate.

Clear cell Odontogenic Carcinoma (CCOC) is an uncommon malignant odontogenic tumor (MOT). It is the fifth most common MOT. A systematic review is presented of reported cases, case series and retrospective studies of CCOC, to determine trends in presentation, diagnostic features, treatment, and patient outcome. Searches of detailed databases were carried out to identify papers reporting CCOC. The variables were demographics, patient symptoms, tumor location, histopathological findings, immunohistochemical studies, treatment, follow-up, and recurrence. 117 cases were identified; CCOC was most frequently seen in mature females 65% (n = 76). The total average age was 55.4 with a range from 17 to 89 years, for females 56.4 and males 53.6 years. The mean size was 3.41 cm. The most common location was in the mandibular body 36.2% (n = 42), followed by the anterior mandible 23.3% (n = 27). The most common clinical presentation was a swelling 80.4% (n = 74), and the main symptom was pain 41.3% (n = 31), followed by painless lesion 24% (n = 18). The most common Immunohistochemistry positive expression was CK19, EMA, and CEA, and for special staining periodic acid Shiff (PAS); 97% of cases were treated surgically. The average follow-up was 30.3 months, and recurrence was reported in 52.4% of the cases. Conclusion: CCOC shows a strong predilection for the body and anterior mandible, and females are more frequently affected. CCOCs can be painful and the principle clinical sign is swelling, CCOCs can metastasize, and the prognosis is fair.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV-related services have been unavoidably disrupted and impacted. However, the nature and scope of HIV service disruptions due to COVID-19 has rarely been characterized in China. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 1029 HIV healthcare providers in Guangxi, China, from April to May 2020. Latent class analysis (LCA) was first used to identify HIV service disruption levels, then hierarchical multilevel logistic regression was conducted to analyze the relationships of COVID-19 challenges, institutional responses, and HIV service disruption levels adjusting for the clustering effect of institutional ownership levels. Four classes of HIV service disruption were identified, with 22.0% complete disruption, 15.4% moderate disruption, 21.9% minor disruption, and 40.7% almost no disruption. COVID-19 challenges were positively associated with the probabilities of service disruption levels. Institutional responses were negatively associated with the probabilities of being classified as "minor disruption" and moderated the association of COVID-19 challenges with complete and moderate disruptions compared with no disruption group. To maintain continuity of core HIV services in face of a pandemic, building a resilient health care system with adequate preparedness is necessary.

Pathogenic bacteria contaminating food or animal feed cause serious economic losses in the health sector as well as is in the agriculture and food industry. The development of bacterial resistance due to the misuse of antibiotics and chemicals, especially in the farm industry, can bring dangerous effects for the global population therefore new safe biological antimicrobial solutions are urgently needed. In this paper, we investigate biological alternatives to antibiotics against foodborne pathogens. The most promising alternatives include antimicrobial proteins, bacteriophages, probiotics, and plant-based substances. Each described group of substances is efficient against specific foodborne bacteria and has a preferred use in an explicit application. The advantages and drawbacks of each method are outlined in the final section. Biological antibacterial solutions are usually easily degradable. In contrast to antibiotics or chemical/physical methods, they are also far more specific. When introducing new antibacterial methods it is crucial to check their safety and ability to induce resistance mechanisms. Moreover, it is important to assess its activity to inhibit or kill in viable but nonculturable cells (VBNC) state and biofilm forms. VBNC bacteria are considered a threat to public health and food safety due to their possibility of remaining viable and virulent. Biological alternatives to antibiotics complete the majority of the advantages needed for a safe and efficient antimicrobial product. However, further research is necessary to fully implement those solutions to the market.

With epidemics and pandemics like COVID-19, many offline healthcare services have been suspended and shifted to online, where patients and doctors typically communicate by typing texts. The limited communication poses a threat to the service quality of E-health, and also raises higher demand on the language skills of doctors, in which medical terms are a common concern. Traditional studies of offline healthcare mostly hold a negative attitude towards the use of medical terms by doctors. However, should we still advise doctors to avoid using medical terms in E-health? To answer this question, this paper conducts a study combining technical and empirical analyses based on real data. In this paper, a novel unsupervised text-mining method is proposed to automatically identify medical terms with crowd wisdom from large-scale doctor-patient communication texts. Then, a TREC-type experiment is carried out to validate the proposed method in terms of Precision, Recall, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$F_1$$\end{document}F1-measure, demonstrating that it can identify accurate and comprehensive medical terms. Based on the identified medical terms, an empirical analysis is conducted to verify the influence of medical terms used by doctors on the service quality of E-health. The analysis results show that for patients with low health literacy, the use of medical terms by doctors would decrease their service quality. However, for patients with high health literacy, the use of medical terms by doctors can significantly increase their service quality, revealing that doctors could improve their service quality in E-health by adjusting their medical term usage according to the health literacy of patients.

This paper discusses organizational social capital with the view that its amenability to collaboration creates trust, mutuality and reciprocal relational values upon which organizations may synchronize their efforts to create graduate employment opportunities. We adopted a cross-sectional survey design with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. We conveniently collected data from staff and leaders of four organizations which were purposely selected to represent a cross-section of government, private and civil society organizations whose mandate touches on the employability of university graduates in the country in very direct ways. From a sample of 175 respondents, we received 105 filled questionnaires, representing a response rate of 62%. We observed that the extent to which the social capital components of trust, mutuality and reciprocal relations were amenable to interagency collaboration were low to sufficiently permit collaborative relationships upon which synergy between agencies would enhance the creation of graduate employment opportunities. The implication of this study is that we have been trained to foster self-sufficiency, individual competence, individual brilliance and independence through the pursuance of individual goals and actions. This greatly affects the trust, mutuality and reciprocal relationships that people/organizations develop with one another, consequently denying societies or organizations the opportunity to tap into the synergistic capital that would help people or organizations tackle the challenges that are beyond their individual capabilities.

In this full review paper, the recent emerging trends in Educational Data Science have been reviewed and explored to address the recent topics and contributions in the era of Smart Education. This includes a set of rigorously reviewed world-class manuscripts addressing and detailing state-of-the-art, frameworks and techniques research projects in the area of Data Science applied to Education, using different approaches such as Information Fusion, Soft Computing, Machine Learning, and Internet of Things, among others. Based on this systematic review, we have put some recommendations and suggestions for researchers, practitioners and scholars to improve their research quality in this area.

Decision-making is the central element of self-determination, requiring targeted, systematic instruction to learn. In this study, researchers developed a multicomponent intervention, "What ELSE about this job?", to teach job decision-making skills to college students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The intervention coupled remote audio coaching (RAC) with a mnemonic device, 'ELSE', to guide students to make decisions about whether certain jobs would be a good fit for them. The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the intervention and determine whether the skills would maintain once the intervention was removed. All students who received the intervention substantially increased their ability to make job decisions. Additionally, all participants maintained the skills upon removal of the intervention, and showed signs of generalizing their skills to novel job coaches and web-based job search apps. Implications and future research are discussed.

Asian Americans have experienced compounding stressors during the pandemic as a result of racial discrimination. We aim of to investigate the prevalence of depression symptoms among Asian Americans before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine differences based on socio-demographic factors. Data are from a cross-sectional study (N = 636) among Chinese and South Asian adults in Chicago collected between February and May 2020. One cohort of participants were surveyed from each ethnic group before the pandemic and a second cohort of participants were surveyed during the pandemic. Depression symptoms increased more than two-fold, from 9% pre-pandemic to 21% during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found an increase in depression symptoms during the pandemic for South Asians, men and adults older than 30 years. These findings call for public health education that effectively addresses anti-Asian harassment and violence and ensure that culturally competent mental health services are provided to Asian Americans from diverse ethnic backgrounds.

Migration is increasing at unprecedented rates worldwide, but inadequate mechanisms for granting citizenship or permanent residence have rendered many immigrants without legal status. We study the health of people without immigration status in Canada, building on a 2010 review on being without status and health. We employ an expanded definition of health, guided by the WHO Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) framework. Using a scoping review methodology, we reviewed literature from 2008 to 2018 on the SDoH of people without legal immigration status in Canada, selecting 33 articles for analysis. We found that structural determinants of health, such as stigmatization and criminalization, and intermediary determinants, such as fear of deportation and healthcare avoidance, produce ill health. We show how different social positions are produced by SDoH, finding immigration status to be the foundational determinant of health for people without status in Canada. We argue that lack of immigration status as a SDoH is missing from the WHO framework.

Agricultural workers, designated as "essential" at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, work in harsh labor conditions, and now have the added challenge of continuing to work during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess agricultural workers' COVID-19 related history, employer-based safety measures, individual preventive practices, and COVID-19 vaccination uptake. A questionnaire study was conducted among agricultural workers in Central Florida about COVID-19 during the month of June 2020 and again in July 2021. Among 92 agricultural workers in June 2020, 47% were obese; 11% had had a COVID-19 nasal test; 87% were able to social distance at work and 34% reported employer provided face masks; 15% reported not willing to get the COVID-19 vaccine and 25% were unsure. 40% could self-isolate if they contracted COVID-19. In a follow-up visit in July 2021, 53% of participants reported receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 due to existing health risk factors and lack of essential protective resources. Occupational health protections social safety net programs are urgently needed to prevent infections in vulnerable workers, and reduce community spread, and increase COVID-19 vaccination rates.

This article develops a more fine-grained understanding of the relevant interfaces between firm digitalization and internationalization. Based on the close observation of the peculiarities of the digital age and its effects on the application of the extant international business theories and approaches, as well as the content of the papers contained in this issue, we take the view of “digital internationalization”. We provide an original definition for digital internationalization and introduce a digital internationalization interpretive framework encompassing its three key constituents (i.e., strategic capabilities, cultural distance and customer value) and the unifying mechanism (i.e., generativity rule) to achieve firms’ digital internationalization. This framework bears, in our understanding, a bouquet of implications helpful not only to scholars and researchers, but also to managers, entrepreneurs, consultants and investors operating in profit and non-profit organizations.

The recent COVID-19 outbreak highlighted the requirement for a more sophisticated healthcare system and real-time data analytics in the pandemic mitigation process. Moreover, real-time data plays a crucial role in the detection and alerting process. Combining smart healthcare systems with accurate real-time information about medical service availability, vaccination, and how the pandemic is spreading can directly affect the quality of life and economy. The existing architecture models are become inadequate in handling the pandemic mitigation process using real-time data. The present models are server-centric and controlled by a single party, where the management of confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) of data is doubtful. Therefore, a decentralised user-centric model is necessary, where the CIA of user data is assured. In this paper, we have suggested a decentralized blockchain-based pandemic detection and assistance system (iBlock). The iBlock uses robust technologies like hybrid computing and IPFS to support system functionality. A pseudo-anonymous personal identity is introduced using H-PCS and cryptography for anonymous data sharing. The distributed data management module guarantees data CIA, security, and privacy using cryptography mechanisms. Furthermore, it delivers useful intelligent information in the form of suggestions and alerts to assist the users. Finally, the iBlock reduces stress on healthcare infrastructure and workers by providing accurate predictions and early warnings using AI/ML.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the life-threatening neurosurgical diseases in central nervous system. Autophagy has been previously demonstrated to exert vital roles in SAH development. Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been revealed as a regulator of autophagy in neurosurgical diseases. However, effect of ACE2 on autophagy in SAH progression has not been clarified. First, we explored the relationship between autophagy and SAH progression by establishing a mouse model of SAH under the administration of 3-MA (the autophagy inhibitor). Next, we examined ACE2 expression in the cerebral cortex of SAH mice ex vivo with RT-qPCR. Subsequently, we assessed the biological function of ACE2 on brain injury, the autophagic flux pathway and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling ex vivo via neurological scoring, TUNEL assay, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining assay. Finally, we carried out rescue assays under chloroquine (CQ, the autophagic flux inhibitor) and LY294002 (the PI3K/AKT signaling inhibitor) administration. 3-MA mitigated brain injury after SAH, and ACE2 was downregulated in cerebral cortex of SAH mice. Moreover, ACE2 elevation alleviated cell apoptosis, cerebral edema, and neurological deficits, ameliorated the autophagic flux pathway and activated the PI3K/AKT signaling in SAH mice. Furthermore, CQ and LY294002 neutralized the effects of overexpressed ACE2 on neuronal apoptosis, cerebral edema, and neurological deficits in SAH mice. Overall, ACE2 lessened neuronal injury via the autophagic flux and PI3K/AKT pathways. This research might provide a potential novel direction for clinical treatment of SAH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11064-021-03469-w.

To handle the massive high-speed internet traffic, free space optics (FSO) or single-mode fiber (SMF) based fiber optic communication is being used everywhere across the world. These technologies are capable of providing huge bandwidth and transmitting the data at very high speed with low energy consumption. FSO is a very convenient technology to quickly expand the legacy network in the adverse geographical areas. However, its link performance is highly dependent of inconsistent weather conditions. SMF based fiber optic link has a very low loss and its performance is almost independent on the weather conditions. Though, the installation and maintenance of fibers are quite complex and costly. Individually, FSO or SMF links have their limitations and have to be integrated to leverage their benefits. In this paper, we integrated FSO/SMF links and compared the performance of the proposed architecture which is capable of providing high-speed dual-rate data transmission. The proposed architecture transmits data over either FSO or SMF or both links simultaneously and has 100% more reliability against any one of the link failures. In case of operational link failure (FSO/SMF), data may be switched to the alternative working link (SMF/FSO), simply by tuning the transmitted signal by 50 GHz. The proposed architecture is also reliable against the optical line terminal transceiver (TRx) failure as each user located in the network can be served by two transceivers (1 Gbps and 10 Gbps). The proposed architecture also supports the wavelength division multiplexing overlay transmission for broadcasting the common signal to all the available users in the networks. The architecture reduces ~ 27% of the energy consumption by utilizing the appropriate link of hybrid architecture and TRx according to weather conditions and traffic load. The integrated architecture looks attractive for providing energy-efficient, high speed, and reliable internet coverage to the areas where there is a difficulty of laying fibers and has frequent fiber faults. The architecture is useful for strengthening and boosting rural and urban development.

Background Thailand is a country with large diversity in rice varieties due to its rich and diverse ecology. In this paper, 300 rice accessions from all across Thailand were sequenced to identify SNP variants allowing for the population structure to be explored. Results The result of inferred population structure from admixture and clustering analysis illustrated strong evidence of substructure in each geographical region. The results of phylogenetic tree, PCA analysis, and machine learning on population identifying SNPs also supported the inferred population structure. Conclusion The population structure inferred in this study contains five subpopulations that tend to group individuals based on location. So, each subpopulation has unique genetic patterns, agronomic traits, as well as different environmental conditions. This study can serve as a reference point of the nation-wide population structure for supporting breeders and researchers who are interested in Thai rice.

Although vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways of preventing disease, vaccine hesitancy has been included among the ten threats of global health. Addressing low adult vaccination rates requires an adequate understanding of people's views. We explored perceived barriers to immunization among under-vaccinated adults to identify potential differences among vaccine supporters, refuters, and those who are undecided. We conducted a multi-center, mixed-methods study at 23 primary care practices in Greece. Each day, we asked three new randomly-selected adult healthcare users who attended the practice over the course of 30 consecutive working days. We used thematic content analysis to analyze their written answers to open-ended questions that addressed reasons for not getting vaccinated. Out of 1571 participants, two-thirds reported they were under-vaccinated as adults, thus accounting for three out of five of the supporters and the vast majority of the undecided and refuters. "Concerns/fears," a "perception of low susceptibility to disease due to good health status," the "absence of healthcare professional's recommendation," and "previous negative experiences" were four themes common to all three groups. Additional barriers reported by supporters and the undecided included "knowledge gaps about the necessity of adult vaccination," "negligence," and lack of "accessibility." Among refuters, additional themes identified were "mistrust in pharmaceutical companies" and "disbelief in vaccine effectiveness." In conclusion, under-vaccination is common, not only among refuters or the undecided, but also among supporters of adult vaccination. We found similarities and differences in under-vaccinated adults' perceived barriers, depending on their individual perspectives. Physicians and public health services should take into consideration the impact of the wide range of attitudes and beliefs in their effort to address the underlying barriers to vaccination compliance as they attempt to increase vaccination coverage in adults.

This study investigated the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases, as well as the association between HPV presence and p16(INK4a) expression, in Thai patients with OSCC. Eighty-one formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of OSCC were obtained. DNA extraction was performed; this was followed by nested polymerase chain reaction analysis to determine HPV DNA status, using consensus primers for the L1 region of HPV. HPV subtypes were determined by DNA sequencing. HPV-positive specimens and HPV-negative specimens from age- and sex-matched patients were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to determine p16(INK4a) expression status. Of the 81 OSCC specimens, eight (9.9%) exhibited HPV DNA; DNA sequencing confirmed that the viral subtype was HPV-18 in all eight specimens. These eight HPV-positive specimens, as well as eight HPV-negative specimens from age- and sex-matched patients, were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to determine p16(INK4a) expression status. Three of eight (37.8%) HPV-positive specimens and three of eight (37.8%) HPV-negative specimens showed positive p16(INK4a) expression findings. However, we did not find a significant association between HPV status and p16(INK4a) expression status in our OSCC samples. In conclusion, the prevalence of high-risk HPV was low in this group of OSCC patients; no association between HPV status and p16(INK4a) expression status was identified.

We investigated the association of 90-day opioid and stimulant co-use and HIV risk behaviors in a cross-sectional analysis of hospitalized HIV-negative people who inject drugs (PWID). We compared those injecting opioids alone to two sub-groups who co-used opioids with (1) cocaine, (2) amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), on sex and injection drug risk behaviors assessed via the Risk Assessment Battery (RAB), where a higher score indicates a higher risk. Of 197 participants who injected opioids, 53% co-used cocaine only, 5% co-used ATS only, 18% co-used both cocaine and ATS, 24% co-used neither stimulant. PWID who injected opioids alone had a mean RAB drug risk score of 5.98 points and sex risk score of 2.16 points. Compared to PWID who injected opioids alone, PWID who co-used stimulants had higher mean drug risk RAB scores: cocaine, b = 2.84 points [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01; 4.67]; ATS, b = 3.43 points (95% CI 1.29; 5.57). Compared to PWID who injected opioids alone, cocaine co-use was associated with higher sex RAB scores b = 1.06 points (95% CI 0.32; 1.79). Overall, we found a significant association between stimulant co-use and higher HIV sex and drug risk scores.Investigamos la asociación entre el uso conjunto de opioides y estimulantes durante 90 días y las conductas de riesgo frente al VIH en un análisis transversal de personas hospitalizadas que se inyectan drogas y que son VIH negativas (“PWID” en lo sucesivo). Se comparó a los que consumían únicamente opioides con dos subgrupos que consumían opioides junto con (1) cocaína, (2) estimulantes de tipo anfetamínico (“ATS” en lo sucesivo), en relación con las conductas de riesgo evaluadas mediante la Serie de Pruebas de Evaluación de Riesgos (“RAB” en lo sucesivo). De los 197 participantes, el 53% sólo consumía cocaína, el 5% sólo ATS y el 18% cocaína y ATS; el 24% restante únicamente se inyectaba opiáceos. En comparación con las PWID que únicamente se inyectaban opioides, las PWID que consumían paralelamente estimulantes tenían puntuaciones medias más altas en el RAB de riesgo de drogas: cocaína, b = 2.84 puntos (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95% 1.01; 4.67); ATS, b = 3.43 puntos (IC del 95% 1.29; 5.57). En comparación con las PWID que únicamente se inyectaban opioides, el co-consumo de cocaína se relacionó con puntuaciones más altas en la RAB en el sexo (1.06 puntos, IC del 95% 0.32; 1.79). En general, se encontró una asociación significativa entre el co-consumo de estimulantes y las puntuaciones más altas de riesgo sexual y de drogas frente al VIH.

Data on long-term survival among people with HIV (PWH) can inform the development of services for this population. An estimated 90,000 PWH live in New York City (NYC). Using HIV surveillance data, we conducted survival analysis of PWH diagnosed in NYC before and after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (pre-HAART cohort: 1981–1994; post-HAART cohort: 1995–2016). We created Kaplan–Meier curves by cohort and demographic factors, and Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate adjusted mortality risk by cohort. 205,584 adults and adolescents were diagnosed with HIV in NYC from 1981 to 2016, half each in the pre-HAART and post-HAART eras. The pre-HAART cohort had significantly poorer survival compared with the post-HAART cohort. Adjusted mortality risk in the pre-HAART cohort was almost threefold that in the post-HAART cohort (HR 2.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.80–2.88). In sex- and risk-stratified models, men who have sex with men (MSM) had the largest difference in mortality risk pre-HAART versus post-HAART (HR 5.41, 95% CI 5.23–5.59). Race/ethnic disparities were pronounced among MSM, with Latino/Hispanic and White MSM having lower mortality than Black MSM. Females with heterosexual risk born outside the US had lower mortality than US-born women. The improvement in survival post-HAART was most pronounced for White people. Survival among persons diagnosed with HIV in NYC increased significantly since the introduction of HAART. However, among MSM and among PWH overall, improvements even post-HAART lagged for Black and Latino/Hispanic people, underscoring the need to address structural barriers, including racism, to achieve optimal health outcomes among people with HIV.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) could lead to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), which has now been identified as a major cause of death after trauma if it is not adequately diagnosed and properly treated within the first 24 hours. CT examination is widely preferred for urgent ICH diagnosis, which enables the fast identification and detection of ICH regions. However, the use of it requires the clinical interpretation by experts to identify the subtypes of ICH. Besides, it is unable to provide the details needed to conduct quantitative assessment, such as the volume and thickness of hemorrhagic lesions, which may have prognostic importance to the decision-making on emergency treatment. In this paper, an optimal deep learning framework is proposed to assist the quantitative assessment for ICH diagnosis and the accurate detection of different subtypes of ICH through head CT scan. Firstly, the format of raw input data is converted from 3D DICOM to NIfTI. Secondly, a pre-trained multi-class semantic segmentation model is applied to each slice of CT images, so as to obtain a precise 3D mask of the whole ICH region. Thirdly, a fine-tuned classification neural network is employed to extract the key features from the raw input data and identify the subtypes of ICH. Finally, a quantitative assessment algorithm is adopted to automatically measure both thickness and volume via the 3D shape mask combined with the output probabilities of the classification network. The results of our extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework where the average accuracy of 96.21 percent is achieved for three types of hemorrhage. The capability of our optimal classification model to distinguish between different types of lesion plays a significant role in reducing the false-positive rate in the existing work. Furthermore, the results suggest that our automatic quantitative assessment algorithm is effective in providing clinically relevant quantification in terms of volume and thickness. It is more important than the qualitative assessment conducted through visual inspection to the decision-making on emergency surgical treatment.

This paper presents a novel discriminative Few-shot learning architecture based on batch compact loss. Currently, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has achieved reasonably good performance in image recognition. Most existing CNN methods facilitate classifiers to learn discriminating patterns to identify existing categories trained with large samples. However, learning to recognize novel categories from a few examples is a challenging task. To address this, we propose the Residual Compact Network to train a deep neural network to learn hierarchical nonlinear transformations to project image pairs into the same latent feature space, under which the distance of each positive pair is reduced. To better use the commonality of class-level features for category recognition, we develop a batch compact loss to form robust feature representations relevant to a category. The proposed methods are evaluated on several datasets. Experimental evaluations show that our proposed method achieves acceptable results in Few-shot learning.

The amplitude of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the motor cortex is influenced by multiple factors. TMS delivery is accompanied by an abrupt clicking noise which can induce a startle response. This study investigated how masking/attenuating the sound produced by the TMS system discharging influences MEP amplitudes. In addition, the effects of increasing the time between consecutive stimuli and of making participants aware of the time at which they would be stimulated were studied. MEPs were recorded from the Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) muscle at rest by stimulation at motor threshold (MT), 120% MT and 140% MT intensity. Participants (N = 23) received stimulation under normal (NORMAL) conditions and while: wearing sound-attenuating earmuffs (EAR); listening to white noise (NOISE); the interval between stimuli were prolonged (LONG); stimulation timing was presented on a screen (READY). The results showed that masking (p = 0.020) and attenuating (p = 0.004) the incoming sound significantly reduced the amplitude of MEPs recorded across the intensities of stimulation. Increasing the interval between pulses had no effect on the recorded traces if a jitter was introduced (p = 1), but making participants aware of stimulation timing decreased MEP amplitudes (p = 0.049). These findings suggest that the sound produced by TMS at discharging increases MEP amplitudes and that MEP amplitudes are influenced by stimulus expectation. These confounding factors need to be considered when using TMS to assess corticospinal excitability.

Bladder cancer (Bca) is the second most common malignant tumor of the genitourinary system in Chinese male population with high potential of recurrence and progression. The overall prognosis has not been improved significantly for the past 30 years due to the lack of early theranostic technique. Currently the early theranostic technique for bladder cancer is mainly through the intravesical approach, but the clinical outcomes are poor due to the limited tumor-targeting efficiency. Therefore, the targeting peptides for bladder cancer provide possibility to advance intravesical theranostic technique. However, no systematic review has covered the wide use of the targeting peptides for intravesical theranostic techniques in bladder cancer. Herein, a summary of original researches introduces all aspects of the targeting peptides for bladder cancer, including the peptide screening, the targeting mechanism and its preclinical application.

Black communities face multiple stressors including racism, discrimination, and navigating systems of oppression, all of which affect their mental health and wellbeing. In recent years, the practice of self-care has gained popularity as a strategy to cope with stress and to improve overall health. However, the current discourse often focuses on individual self-care behaviors and excludes systemic and community level factors that encourage, sustain, or inhibit self-care practices. This paper contextualizes a conceptual model of self-care with intersectionality theory and the psychology of liberation framework, in relation to the lived experiences of Black communities. The paper aims to underscore the necessity of self and community care as a tool for social justice, preservation, and resistance against oppressive systems that threaten the mental health and wellness of this community.

Interteaching is a behavioral teaching method that departs from the traditional lecture format (Boyce & Hineline in BA 25:215–226, 2002). We updated and expanded previous interteaching reviews and conducted a meta-analysis on its effectiveness. Systematic searches identified 38 relevant studies spanning the years 2005–2018. The majority of these studies were conducted in undergraduate face-to-face courses. The most common independent variables were manipulations of the configuration of interteaching or comparisons to traditional-lecture format. The most common dependent variables were quiz or examination scores. Only 24% of all studies implemented at least five of the seven components of interteaching. Prep guides, discussions, record sheets, and frequent assessments were the most commonly implemented. Meta-analyses indicated that interteaching is more effective than traditional lecture or other control conditions, with an overall large effect size. Furthermore, variations in the configuration of the interteaching components do not seem to substantially limit its effectiveness, as long as the discussion component is included. Future research informed by the present review includes: (a) investigating the efficacy of interteaching in additional academic areas, online environments, workplace training, and continuing education, (b) testing alternative outcome measures, generalization, and procedural integrity, (c) conducting systematic component analyses, and (d) measuring social validity from the instructor’s perspective. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10864-021-09452-3.