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1. Associations Between Patterns of Alcohol Use and Viral Load Suppression Amongst Women Living with HIV in South Africa

Author

F Abdullah, Dan J. Stein, Crick Lund, John A. Joska, Bronwyn Myers, Katherine Sorsdahl, P Petersen Williams, Carl Lombard, and Tracey Naledi

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Social Psychology, Alcohol Drinking, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Alcohol, HIV Infections, 030312 virology, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, Viral load suppression, Environmental health, Medicine, Humans, Women, 030212 general & internal medicine, Viral suppression, Mediators, 0303 health sciences, Original Paper, Ethanol, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, HIV, Baseline data, Viral Load, Art adherence, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Female, business, Alcohol consumption, Viral load
Abstract

This study aimed to identify alcohol use patterns associated with viral non-suppression among women living with HIV (WLWH) and the extent to which adherence mediated these relationships. Baseline data on covariates, alcohol consumption, ART adherence, and viral load were collected from 608 WLWH on ART living in the Western Cape, South Africa. We defined three consumption patterns: no/light drinking (drinking ≤ 1/week and ≤ 4 drinks/occasion), occasional heavy episodic drinking (HED) (drinking > 1 and ≤ 2/week and ≥ 5 drinks/occasion) and frequent HED (drinking ≥ 3 times/week and ≥ 5 drinks/occasion). In multivariable analyses, occasional HED (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.78–5.30) and frequent HED (OR 7.11, 95% CI 4.24–11.92) were associated with suboptimal adherence. Frequent HED was associated with viral non-suppression (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.30–3.28). Suboptimal adherence partially mediated the relationship between frequent HED and viral non-suppression. Findings suggest a direct relationship between frequency of HED and viral suppression. Given the mediating effects of adherence on this relationship, alcohol interventions should be tailored to frequency of HED while also addressing adherence.

Published
2021

3. Introduction to the Papers on Operant Conditioning and Alcohol Intake

Author

James H. Woods

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Alcohol dependence, Alcohol abuse, Alcohol, medicine.disease, chemistry.chemical_compound, Alcohol intoxication, Nonhuman animal, chemistry, medicine, Alcohol intake, Alcohol tolerance, Psychiatry, business
Abstract

All alcoholics drink excessive amounts of alcohol. Surely, those interested in the many aspects of alcoholism, regardless of viewpoint, would agree on this simple but general proposition. Researchers who wish to understand the conditions which lead to excessive alcohol intake are often interested in producing such intake in animals so that hypotheses of alcohol abuse can be evaluated with greater freedom than they can be in humans. Efforts taken over the last decade and a half have shown greater promise in producing excessive alcohol Intake in animals than did the early pioneering efforts. Until recently, for example, it was difficult to arrange conditions so that animals would voluntarily consume enough alcohol to produce intoxication as defined behaviorally or biochemically (e.g., Lester, 1966). It is now possible, however, to induce sustained intoxication in animals using a variety of techniques, and to examine analytically the conditions that induce the effects and the sequalae of this sustained intoxication, such as alcohol tolerance and dependence.

Published
1977

4. Alcohol and Sexual Risk Behavior among Migrant Female Sex Workers and Male Workers in Districts with High In-Migration from Four High HIV Prevalence States in India

Author

Ravi Verma, Niranjan Saggurti, Ajay K. Singh, and Suvakanta N. Swain

Subjects
Gerontology, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Social Psychology, Alcohol Drinking, Sexual Behavior, HIV risk, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Developing country, India, Alcohol, HIV Infections, Male migrant workers, Hiv risk, medicine.disease_cause, urologic and male genital diseases, Condoms, Interviews as Topic, chemistry.chemical_compound, Risk-Taking, Prevalence, Medicine, Humans, Sexual risk, Female sex workers, Mobility, Transients and Migrants, Original Paper, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, virus diseases, social sciences, Emigration and Immigration, Health Surveys, Sex Work, Male workers, Health psychology, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, population characteristics, Female, business, Alcohol use, Demography
Abstract

This paper examines the association between alcohol use and sexual risk in two critical migrant populations living within the same geographical areas--migrant men and female sex-workers (FSWs). Data are drawn from two independent surveys of migrant FSWs and male workers in 14 districts of four high HIV prevalent Indian states. In the paper we have examined the independent effects of degree of mobility and alcohol use prior to sex on HIV risk behaviors. Nearly two-thirds of FSWs and a similar proportion of male migrant workers, as well as nine out of ten clients of FSWs consume alcohol. More than half of the FSWs and their clients consumed alcohol prior to sex. The practice of alcohol use prior to sex among both FSWs and their clients has a significant association with inconsistent condom use during paid as well as unpaid sex, and these effects are independent of degree of mobility. The results suggest a need for developing an in-depth understanding of the role of alcohol in accentuating HIV risk particularly among migrant populations who move frequently from one place another.

Published
2010

5. Implications of Cannabis Use and Heavy Alcohol Use on HIV Drug Risk Behaviors in Russian Heroin Users

Author

Evgeny Krupitsky, Debbie M. Cheng, Edwin Zvartau, Jeffrey H. Samet, Valentina Y. Egorova, Erika M. Edwards, George E. Woody, Alexander Y. Walley, Anita Raj, and Carly Bridden

Subjects
Drug, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Social Psychology, Heavy alcohol use, Alcohol Drinking, medicine.medical_treatment, media_common.quotation_subject, Sexual Behavior, 030508 substance abuse, HIV Infections, Risk behaviors, Naltrexone, law.invention, Russia, Disease Outbreaks, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk-Taking, Randomized controlled trial, law, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Psychiatry, media_common, Cannabis, Original Paper, biology, Heroin Dependence, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, virus diseases, HIV, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Stimulant, Health psychology, Infectious Diseases, Treatment Outcome, Female, 0305 other medical science, Psychology, Alcohol, medicine.drug
Abstract

Cannabis and heavy alcohol use potentially increase HIV transmission by increasing risky drug behaviors. We studied 404 subjects entering treatment for heroin dependence, in St. Petersburg, Russia. We used the HIV Risk Assessment Battery (RAB) drug subscale to measure risky drug behavior. Although all heavy alcohol users had risky drug behaviors, their drug RAB scores did not differ from non-heavy alcohol users in unadjusted or adjusted analyses. Cannabis use was significantly associated with drug RAB scores in unadjusted analyses (mean difference 1.7 points) and analyses adjusted for age, sex, and employment (mean difference 1.3 points). When also adjusting for stimulant use, the impact of cannabis use was attenuated and no longer statistically significant (mean difference 1.1 points). Because of the central role of risky drug behaviors in the Russian HIV epidemic, it is important to understand how the use of multiple substances, including cannabis and alcohol, impacts risky drug behaviors.

Published
2007