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Weather parameters required adequate data collection as air pressure, humidity and temperature at a specific time as well as location. It is important to gather the information as quickly as possible with the applicability to other areas. Nevertheless, terrestrial features like the natural contours with hills, mountains, river and ocean can hamper the data collection. Consequently, there is a requirement for the development of data collection system that can overcome this challenge without the impact of terrestrial features. This work proposes the solution as developing a data acquisition system with the help of DHT11 sensor to sense humidity and temperature information and uses a data processing unit as Arduino microcontroller. Server displays the collected information as graph or Graphical User Interface (GUI). Furthermore, this paper depicts the merits of smart sensors to overcome the issues during data collection of humidity/temperature as compared to other sensors. It is also appropriate for designing the other embedded systems to monitor ecological constraints. The results show the potential of the developed system in data acquisition.

An embedded web server is an integration of an embedded system and web server. An embedded system is related to a microprocessor which comes under IoT (Internet of things) and VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration). As technology is still improving rapidly and it is possible to fabricate the number of the component in a small area by that size of a microprocessor is reducing. And parallelly speed of the Internet also covering and hope after launching of 5G network, Internet speed will be improved, and with high-speed internet, the management of device and network troubleshot will improve, we can come out from the buffering problem and it will provide remote access to the webserver. This day EWS application is in trends due to its performance and effective time management and fixing of problems automatically without informing the lord of the device. In this research article authors study the systematic growth of EWS, its feasibility, suitability for various applications and deeply study about positive and negative including future scopes.

This paper reviews the performance analysis based on image security for digital watermarked images using different techniques in transform domains. Digital watermarking is a technique of embedding data like text or image which is called watermark into digital data. It can be done by using different methods depending upon the digital data. It is examined that the most robust method in providing the security for watermarked images can be achieved by combining DWT with SVD when compared to other methods. Though DWT itself maintains good authenticity, when SVD is added to DWT, it increases the robustness in extracting watermark image. Firstly, DWT is applied to the original image and then SVD is applied to the resultant of DWT image. The steps involved in the algorithm to embed and extract the watermark are explained. Finally, the performance analysis of DWT and DWT with SVD is compared and quality of the image is examined.

Feature extraction has more importance in fault diagnosis and also to identify the important changes of rotary machines. Rolling elements are an important part of a rotary machine. The working condition of the rotary machine is based on the performance of rolling elements. Rolling element produces the fault vibration signals which are non-stationary so time-frequency distribution (TFD) is used. And time-frequency distribution is depending on Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT). This paper combines the concept of TFD and STFT. This paper also presents the different approaches of the Short-Time Fourier Transform. Another thing discussed in this paper is the real-time spectrum analysis of discrete short-time Fourier Transform. This paper is a simple analysis of the rolling element fault diagnosis problem of a rolling element with the use of TFD and STFT.

In recent years, Personal computers (PCS) and mobile phones (MP) are more used in the world but still now very fewer researchers focus to structure the low power (LPW) and high speed (HS) Multiplier (MUL) and accumulate unit (MACU). MACU is a main arithmetic component in PCS and MP for doing any math work. In MACU main components are MUL and adders and also adder is one main component in MUL unit. So, in this paper mention recent XOR-XNOR based adders and also mention techniques for optimizing the performance constraints. This thorough investigation incorporates the deliberate improvement, looks at the most recent design of each adder, and advocated what one is better over other revealed viper is likewise featured.

In present years, integration technology is drastically changed and urgently needs the high-speed adder circuits for the image processing (IP) applications (APL) like image smoothing (IS) and image sharpening (ISH), but unfortunately any exact adder circuit did not use IS and ISH, so few researchers proposed approximate adders (AA) for IP APL and also improved the speed compare to exact adder circuits (CKT), and still there is no systematic literature survey about AA. This paper gives the one root map for AA, and this is more useful for some of the researcher’s work in this area. Finally, the performance analysis of AA in terms of power consumption, delay, area, PDPm, and error is provided.

A very urgent need for high-speed adders needed in signal processing applications (SPA). Due to parallel addition circuits play a major role in SPA but it appears the errors after adding the input bits. So, few researchers focus to reduce the error in recent years, and also few researchers focus to improve the speed and reduce the area, also they develop the Compressors (COMP) to compare with the conventional methods. COMP is also more useful in image processing application like edge detector method and it also plays a major role in approximate multipliers (MULP’s). In this paper, we mainly focus to give the review of how to improve the performance of COMP. In the last few years which were developed by different researchers work in this area. Finally, this paper gives some recent COMP performance analysis in terms of Delay, Power consumption (PC), and power delay product (PDP).

In earlier days, we used a CMOS-based subtractors; these are having lower specifications in terms of power dissipation, switching speed, and area. In this era, we are having nanotechnology which is of range 10−9, to reduce the overall specifications of the circuit. For this, we are having many tools for designing of circuits instead of using bulky circuits, and we have QCA Pro tool for the designing of different layouts and architectures of a particular circuit. In this paper, different subtractors are compared, these designs are because of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), and also the basic concept of the full-subtractor is discussed. QCA is emerging nanotechnology in digital circuits. QCA can also be used in computational architecture. This tool is to check the power dissipation and several clock delays, and the area is verified. The drawbacks of CMOS technology like area, switching speed, complexity are overcome by QCA technology.

The main objective of the signal processing is to acquiring higher-order derivatives (HOD) of low-frequency (LF) signals with higher signal-noise-ratio (SNR). The proposed method comprises of the oversampling to convert the signal from analog to digital by using multi-stage downsampling (DS). In the multi-stage processing (MSP), the digital-differentiator FIR follows the decimation by two. In the cascaded multi-stage processing, each stage contains a simple half-band low-pass FIR filter followed with decimation by two. In the majority of the research works recently done here, the important goal was to accomplish better exactness (SNR) even by using quite high-order algorithms. It is not only for accurate values but also in the simplicity of the algorithm with requiring significantly less memory space and computational complexity in comparison with the single stage.

This paper mainly discusses the smart greenhouse farming at low cost. This farming is based on wireless multi-sensor network technology using ZigBee. It helps in the growth of plants in any climate by providing plant-friendly environmental conditions. A greenhouse environment measurement in GSM-SMS was known in this paper. GSM-SMS is a technique that gives a notification to our mobile through sensors. This GSM-SMS system includes mobile dialogue and microcontroller. The greenhouse environment is a thing that plants grow at a certain place under highly protected conditions such as a glass-covered area. The greenhouse environment is a special application of wireless sensor networks, wireless sensor network control is the key point. By monitoring and controlling the greenhouse environment, we can see many major improvements, such as it provides good quality of crops. The key factors for the good quality and productivity of crop growth in the greenhouse are monitoring and controlling them. Plant growth is facilitated by maintaining humidity, temperature, CO2 concentration, and light intensity. This event could be happened easily by using a multi-sensor technique. The temperature sensor, humidity sensors are present to control and monitor. This will lead by giving more outcomes and fewer costs when comparing it with regular farming techniques. Here we use LoRa technology which means LoRa (short for long range) is a spread spectrum modulation technique derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology.

In wireless environments, latency and noise must be included in the system plan for continuous control of dispatch vehicles. A compact, wearable, lovable, ergonomically, and at low-cost WLAN node, suitable for detecting a variety of different physical phenomena was the main focus of the research work. It is important to build a large-scale wireless sensor network through an efficient network connection mechanism. For example, ZigBee can assemble a WSN dependent on the bunch tree utilizing a straight-forward system association, address, and steering component. In any case, it cannot offer alluring availability for the hub principally due to the misuse of system profundity and systems administration contortion when applied to huge-scale WSN. In this paper, we consider organization of WSN and try to explained utility and applications of wireless network in innovative and creative manner which shows remarkable performance improvements in large-scale WSN compared to conventional ZigBee.

This paper contains the performance analysis of various available designs of full adders. It is observed that the full adder is designed for 1 bit, and later it is extended for 32 bits also. The circuit is designed by using 180 nm technology at 1.8 V supply and technology using 90 nm at 1.2 V supply using Cadence Virtuoso tools. High speed, low consumption of power, better power–delay product (PDP), layout area, better propagation delay, these are the performance parameters that are compared for various full adders. The circuit performs better in case of improvement of the full adder circuit in terms of parameters like speed and power.

Distracted driving due to using smartphone like texting, browsing Web, etc. increases the risk of accidents. To prevent this distracted driving, many suggestions have been proposed, but out of them, none addressed completely and efficiently to prevent this distracted driving. This work presents a concept called as mechanized recognition of driver’s smart phone exploiting common vehicle-riding actions to overcome above said deficiency concept. The fusion of the driver’s smartphone with phone’s sensory provides the information related to rider’s actions. This information can be obtained by sequence of steps such as walking toward the vehicle, opening the door from driver’s side, closing the door, standing near the vehicle, entering into it, sitting, and kicking of the engine. The recognition of the smartphone depends on the position of the smartphone placed in the vehicle. This concept identifies the driver’s smartphone just before it leaves out of the parked location. It differentiates between the seated rows by detecting the electromagnetic (EM) spikes occurring when the vehicle starts. By conducting all these sequences of steps, this concept will effectively identify the driver’s smartphone and which efficiently prevent distracted driving.

A detailed explanation on the design of low-noise amplifier is given in this paper. The wideband low-noise amplifiers are implemented in 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The various designs of low-noise amplifiers, such as the LNAs which reduce power dissipation, occupy less area, and consume less power, are presented in view of this paper. A low-noise amplifier design employs different methods, such as using center-tapped inductors, by interconnecting the stages, which are explained in this paper.

IoT means connecting, establishing communication between objects by using the Internet. This paper presents a study reports on how bicycling by using IoT becomes an exact health tool and major benefit in terms of health monitor. Nowadays, the bicycle is the most popular exercise in metro cities. At the same time, high-speed Internet and various sensors combination based on IoT devices are widely used. Although, bicycles have all known benefits to health but they fail to provide cyclists person exact health benefits information. If no information, people lose charm to do cycling in the long term. Therefore, this system introduced bicycle-based real-time data feedback system based on combining smartphones and IoT. After completing cycling exercise, the person can see the cycling-related data through the software. This methodology has used various types of sensors for collecting data like handling, orientation, and balancing sensors. This system is to provide real time, correct, and complete data to cyclists for the best experience and to improve their fitness. Data on heartbeat, cycling speed, total time taken to complete, distance traveled, and energy levels are calculated.

Crop damages inflicted by animals are one of the biggest challenges throughout the world. Animals such as pigs, monkeys, and many others may cause Spartan damage to crops. They can damage the plants by feeding on plant parts or only by organization more than the field and squashing in excess of the crops. Therefore, animals may easily cause significant yield losses and incite additional financial problems. In order to decrease the problems or damages caused by animals to the farmer which destroys the farm, there are many ways. The ways include haunting the animals, producing the sounds manually, and using chemical compounds for repelling birds and animals; some are regulated by state and federal laws while others are untested. So, the actuation of ultrasonic devices can repel hazardous animals by using the principles of bioacoustics. Humans have a hearing range of 20 Hz–20 kHz. Similarly, each and every animal as its individual hearing range like rats can hear from 200 Hz to 90 kHz; snakes can hear from 80 Hz to 1 kHz, now over the whole hearing range only in a certain range, known as a most sensitive hearing section which helps to repel animals. An up-gradation to the preexisting methods, utilizing ultrasonic frequencies has been processed to deter animals. Ultrasonic animal repelled produces different sound frequencies depending on the animal species to repel at a particular time. Hence, the high-frequency and high amount sound waves are used to drive away from the animals, which cause harm to farms. Those ultrasonic sounds can repel animals or rodents (including rats, pigs, and monkeys). For repelling different animals, separate electronic circuits will be designed to produce sound waves of different frequencies. These frequencies are time-multiplexed using Arduino UNO and radiate into the air to repel animals. These signals are to be amplified using an amplification circuit. These amplified signals are given to the speaker to produce different sounds at different time intervals. However, these frequencies do not disturb the hearing ability of persons.

In digital signal processing (DSP), the power consumption is more so, to decrease power and latency without affecting the other parameters, and mostly, the filters are designed using finite state machine (FSM). This paper gives a view of the multiplier architectures and its design issues for the expected level of performance. Literature states that the FSM approach is also a good choice in designing the multiplier architectures. In this paper, various design approaches are also described with the HDL modeling language, like in Verilog HDL, in building efficient multipliers. High-speed multipliers like Vedic multipliers are good in terms of speed and are considered as fastest and low-power multipliers.

Security and privacy are the two main required factors for home automation. Nowadays, human can operate devices using the Internet of things. These are sensor-based and network-based devices. At the same time, the user wants his information to be secured while he is accessing the devices through the Internet. In the process of transmission of data, the hackers could easily breach the security even if there is a minimum possibility. In this paper, the security challenges that a user faces while monitoring and controlling devices are discussed. The challenges are resource and energy constraints, unauthorized access to data during transmission and physical access. In this paper, we also discuss the techniques which ensure security to the user data. These provide user and device authentications. These systems are formed by using some schemes and algorithms according to the security challenges it deals with. By installing these techniques, the user can easily detect the intruder through the surveillance system, using PIR sensor and triggering circuit, the surveillance system can be operated which reduces the storage space for footage and by information stamping, at the corner of the footage, it can be used for future use. The user can use a smartphone to operate the smart devices by connecting through servers even the user is far away from home. The system sends the message alerts and generates alarms if any intrusion is detected. The data will be encrypted to ensure security while transmitting the report to the user. The techniques and methodologies discussed in this paper help ensure security for home automation.

IoT is one of the best among the emerging technologies. Its scope has into the field of agriculture in which farmers learn to control his farm using IoT. Due to the lack of continuous human effort and optimal climatic conditions, many crops go waste every year. This paper discusses various methods that prevent manual action and added automatic control of the farm by using machine learning algorithms and IoT sensors. For example, support vector machine (SVR) is the method to check the weather conditions in every interval of time and gives data to the farmer and automatically takes the respective action. To detect the pests, image processing is the best-used technique. For controlling pests, we use pesticides spray by Drones and agricultural robots. This reduces costs, human effort and saves time. Irrigation can also be controlled by using the k-means clustering algorithm. Greenhouses are the best technique, which is being used nowadays in the precision agriculture that takes information about the growth of a particular plant and gives that information to the farmer. It also checks the internal climatic conditions.

Face recognition describes a surface framework, which is capable of processing image and detection. The proposed paper demonstrates three contributions: the first is to introduce the image representation, known as an integral image, the second application of Ada Boost learning algorithm, and the third is the cascaded framework. This includes observation, bio-metrics and video coding. Here, the primary objective is to implement a real-time system using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to track and detect human expression. The expression recognition involves colour-shaped coating separation and image purifying. Moreover, it involves different types of search engines which are based on computer vision. A computer controls Pan Tilt Zoom (PTZ) cameras in CCTV for surveillance systems for the face. The multi-view face tracking on a mobile platform has three methods (local binary patterns) and enhancing procedure. These face detectors are adaptable, extended for multi-opinion face recognition over the revolution ability and face matrix partition scheme is proposed to accelerate the face tracking process.

The people in the present scenario are leading a busy life which is filled with modern technology that changes rapidly. In such a rapid growth of the human race, technological developments were also increasing rapidly. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, technology turned its focus towards automation which leads to the development of new innovative technology called IoT. But it is a bit harder to implement because IoT is not just connecting hardware devices with the Internet, but it is the interconnection of devices with the Internet that should work with intelligence. To do that, we should require gateways and a cloud to store data. The main key element in the complete success of IoT is the gateway. A gateway is a device either a hardware device or a software program that connects the client and the server. The server or the cloud consists of data and this data from the cloud to server and vice versa can be done through these gateways. The functioning of a gateway is not only to relocate the information between the consumer and the server but also to maintain protocols and to ensure security to the continuous flow of data that is exchanged between the client and the server. In the above paper, we gave a complete gist regarding the IoT gateways and explain the working or functionalities of different gateways in different applications.

Agriculture is the backbone of most of nation. A nation’s economy mostly depends upon the growth of agriculture. It is a combination of several processes which include a lot of manpower and hard work. Internet of things (IoT) is the process of connecting several devices over a single network. It ensures the connectivity of several devices. Data can be transferred easily from one device to the other. Hence, the integration of IoT with agriculture seems to be an effective way to improve the productivity of agriculture. It reduces the problems faced by the farmers thereby increasing the profits. Agriculture seems to be a risky job as it mainly depends upon the unpredictable environmental conditions. During the production process, IoT devices like sensors could be used to monitor the environmental factors periodically and thereby take the remedial action. Harvesting is another phase in agriculture which involves much labour. But with the application of IoT, robotic arms along with few sensors could be used to harvest the crop. With the use of RFID technology, we could easily collect the data regarding the product from time to time. During the process of packing and grading, a few sensors which detect the ripe crop could be used. While transporting the produce to the required location, IoT plays a major role. The products could be tracked easily by using GPS and the products reach the destination without any wastage. Even after reaching the retail stores, IoT makes the job of the retailer easy by regularly giving the data about the products available to the server so that the order could be placed easily. So, IoT helps to observe and study the complete cycle of agriculture from the process of growing the crop to selling. The existing techniques of IoT in agriculture are briefly explained in this paper.

Image fusion is a technique of fusing multiple images for better information and a more accurate image compared to source images. The applications of image fusion in the modern military, multi-focus image integration, pattern recognition, remote sensing, biomedical imaging, etc. In this paper discussed, advantages and drawbacks of newly arrived existing methods in the transform domain and spatial domain image fusion, universal acceptable flowchart for image fusion obtained from literature, different helpful datasets that are accessible to assess extensively image fusion algorithms, many performance metrics used to measure the performance of image fusion techniques and finally suggestions are made as per present research necessities of respectable performance with acceptable effort in image fusion.

This paper discussed a framework for the detection of breast cancer cells by using various techniques. Dangerous cancer is mostly observed in women’s breast. The mortality rate can be decreased when breast cancer is detected at an early stage. By using different techniques, breast cancer cells can be detected. From the past decade, to detect and identify the stage of the cancer, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system has been initiated. This system consists of different steps like preprocessing, nuclei detection, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification to detect breast cancer cells. The approaches and methodologies in each step of the CAD system are applied to the images for cancer cell detection. Classification is done by using different classifiers. Features and classification results of different techniques for various images for detecting breast cancer cells are reviewed.

Speed and precision are two important metrics which plays crucial role in real-time video processing systems. Detection of objects is a fundamental process of an intelligent video processing system. Due to increased price and complications of serial implementation of general purpose processors, it does not lead to a good choice for real-time surveillance system. The parallel processing capability and flexibility of field programmable gate array (FPGA) are a big advantage in this field. The aim of this paper is to present the hardware design prospective of object detection by using background subtraction techniques implemented on FPGA which can be used in a video processing system.