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One of the most pressing concerns related to seed supply mechanisms of improved varieties of rainfed crops is how to establish sustainable seed provision systems for commodities that cannot be economically supplied through a centralized, formal seed industry. The seed supply bottleneck primarily affects self-pollinating crop seeds saved and sown year after year in local systems. The restrictions imposed by national seed authorities on free exchange and marketing of seed, especially compulsory variety registration and seed certification, as practiced by many developed and developing countries are constraints on the efficient functioning of the formal seed sector and on the development of alternative seed systems. A good quality and improved variety seed can enhance production by 20% and with improved crop production practices can increase yield by 30–40%. Availability and accessibility to improved variety seed is a big task. Sorghum seed system is very unique in India with contrasting situations and systems. In the case of post-rainy season sorghum cultivated on black soils under residual moisture condition, open-pollinated varieties are the cultivar choice because of stringent quality considerations and lack of appropriate hybrids and inadequate hybrid seed production and supply chain. Ways of strengthening seed systems that could potentially address the needs and counter the vulnerabilities of smallholder farmers in these areas using specific seed delivery models need to be explored. Research and development programs of State Agricultural Universities (SAU) have developed improved varieties and are available in public domain for several years. To augment seed production and for dissemination of improved varieties, “seed consortium” model was developed with various partner institutions like the Department of Agriculture, agriculture universities, seed certification agency, state and national seed development corporations, private seed companies, NGOs, SHGs, and KVKs was brought onto one platform with a basic objective to enhance availability and accessibility of improved variety seed at right time and for right price to increase production and productivity of post-rainy sorghum. The present chapter discusses the successful implementation of seed consortium model to suggest the way forward for developing sustainable seed systems for higher productivity in sorghum.

Interaction of plants with environmental factors and microbial world is a dynamic process. As part of this ever-changing process new disease emerges or minor disease may become major with time. This chapter presents a very brief account of well-studied old diseases of sorghum and emphasizes on emerging diseases with particular reference to India. Description of sorghum diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and their transmission through seed implies quarantine significance. Thus, awareness about the quarantine pests of different countries is essential for facilitation of smooth germplasm exchange. Diseases distribution, losses, symptomatology, and management options have been discussed in detail. In this chapter, we have generated environmental (ecological) niche model for the pathogens causing sorghum diseases due to fluctuations in environment caused by climate change. Ecological Niche Model using Maxent is a class of method that uses occurrence data in conjunction with environmental parameters to make a correlative model of the environmental conditions that meet pathogens’ ecological requirements and predicts the relative suitability of habitat.