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Mathematical modeling and simulation are moving from being powerful development and analysis tools towards having increased roles in operational monitoring, control and decision support, in which models of specific entities are continually updated in the form of a digital twin. However, current digital twins are largely the result of bespoke technical solutions that are difficult to scale. We discuss two exemplar applications that motivate challenges and opportunities for scaling digital twins, and that underscore potential barriers to wider adoption of this technology. Development in digital-twin technology has been rapidly growing across a range of industries and disciplines. However, to ensure a wider and more robust adoption of such technology, various challenges must be addressed by the computational science community.

Cladosporium spp. are omnipresent moulds that grow on multiple substrates. Their spores possess a high allergenic potential. Currently, little is known about the incidence and the sources of airborne Cladosporium spores in Denmark. Air samples were collected between 31 May and 22 September 2015 in Viborg (Jutland, western Denmark). Eighteen out of 21 days with daily average concentrations exceeding the health-relevant threshold of 3000 Spores m−3, including the day with peak daily (13,553 Spores m−3) and 3-h concentrations (35,662 Spores m−3), occurred in August. The air masses that approached Viborg during the longest episode of elevated spore concentrations originated from northern Poland, the Baltics, passing over southern Sweden and the eastern Danish island of Zealand. The Cladosporium spore concentrations from Viborg were compared with the Cladosporium spore concentrations from the operational monitoring station in Copenhagen (Zealand, eastern Denmark). During the episode, concentrations in Viborg were on average 2268 spores m−3 higher than in Copenhagen. On the peak day between 8:00 and 15:00, concentrations in Viborg were 4–7 times higher than in Copenhagen, which we associated with grain crop harvesting in eastern Jutland. Elevated day time concentrations in Viborg on the days with daily average concentrations exceeding the threshold also indicate the local character of the sources.

A practical example of a hermetic cable gland for nuclear power plants is described. A model is constructed for performing diagnostics of the parameters of the hermetic cable gland and a procedure for performing operational monitoring of its state is developed. The proposed device makes it possible to reduce the development risk of emergency situations in the system by increasing the operational reliability of the hermetic cable gland. For this reason, operation monitoring of the electrodynamic state of a hermetic gland in NPP on the basis of an equivalent model is significant and urgent.

The SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) has the capabilities for all-weather day and night use. In the case of determining the effects of oil spill dumping, the oil spills areas are shown as dark spots in the SAR images. Therefore, using SAR data to detect oil spills is becoming progressively popular in operational monitoring, which is useful for oceanic environmental protection and hazard reduction. Research has been conducted on the polarization decomposition and scattering characteristics of oil spills from a scattering matrix using allpolarization of the SAR data, calculation of the polarization parameters, and utilization of the CPD (Co-polarized Phase Difference) of the oil and the sea, in order to extract the oil spill information. This method proves to be effective by combining polarization parameters with the characteristics of oil spill. The results show that when using Bragg, the oil spill backscattering machine with Enopy and a mean scatter α parameter. The oil spill can be successfully identified. However, the parameter mechanism of the oil spill remains unclear. The use of CPD can easily extract oil spill information from the ocean, and the polarization research provides a base for oil spill remote sensing detection.

A method for the operational monitoring of the spatial distributions of the structural-morphological parameters (SMPs) of the mucosa of internal organs is developed. This is important for early diagnosis of oncological illnesses. The method is based on obtaining endoscopic images of tissue in diffusely reflected light with wavelengths 450, 480, 577, 600,660, and 700 nm and processing the pixels of the images obtained using the stable regressions between the relative spectral characteristics of the images and the tissue parameters.

The use of a monitoring system, designed to monitor the condition of hydroelectric plants from the vibrational, mechanical and magnetic characteristics under different operating conditions, is considered. The results of a comparative analysis of similar and different types of plants, obtained using the “ALMAZ-7010-GES” steady monitoring and diagnostics system and new sensors developed by the “DIAMECH 2000” Company, are presented.

This article is devoted to the development, manufacture, and use of special measuring means for startup-adjustment and operational monitoring of equipment in nuclear power plants with VVER reactors. The characteristics of the measuring means developed by the Experimental Design Office Gidropress are presented.

“New” advertizable injection methods of enhancing the bearing capacity of soils by the “ geomass” and “geocomposite” methods with use of high-pressure injection of cement and cement-sand grouts, as well as stabilization of sandy soils with “microdur” cement are analyzed. Significant drawbacks of the “geomass-geocomposite” methods, which do not permit prediction and operational monitoring of results of changes in the physico-mechanical properties of the soils in a mass, are noted.

Technology will soon allow the world to be mapped in near-real time and at high resolution. Declan Butler investigates the potential for operational monitoring of the planet.

An analysis is made of sources of methodological error encountered in the design of differential manometers and in operational monitoring of the discharge of materials and energy carriers. It is shown that these sources of error can be eliminated.

The Zagorsk pumped-storage power plant (PSPP) in Russia is sited on a geologically complex bed. The bed required new design structures for the PSPP. The class of structures, complex hydrogeological conditions, and new structural designs required the development of a system for operational monitoring during construction and operation. The system and its performance are detailed in this article. 6 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

Joint statistical processing of the values of recorded refusals of a ram and results of tests of prepared foundations by impressing loads enabled the authors to establish a correlation between the bearing capacity of foundations in rammed excavations and refusals of a ram at the end of ramming, with fixed values of the heights to which the latter are lifted. The derived correlations can be used to monitor the bearing capacity of foundations in rammed excavations during their construction.

The experience of on-site observations and investigations at large dams, particularly at the Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskoe, shows that the main problems of improving the organization and conduction of such observations and investigations to increase their effectiveness are: 1. The development of an optimal (unified for construction and operational monitoring) layout of the telemetric MMA, which should lead to a reasonable reduction of the number of instruments. 2. Provision of high-quality installation of MMA and equipment of the control panels at all hydrostations under construction. 3. Improvement of the quality of sensors and frequency meters (periodometers) being manufactured. 4. Acceleration of the development of automated systems providing for both automation of measurements and processing and analysis of the data of on-site observations with delivery of signals about emergency and preemergency situations. 5. Provision of skilled inspection of the safety of hydraulic structures starting from the instant of the first filling of the reservoir.

The reliability in operational checks can be improved by proper organization of twostage monitoring, in which operational monitoring is performed in the first stage, with more accurate but less rapid and more laborious checking in the second one [i]. Also, in the second stage one can check not only those parameters that are monitored in the first stage but also the intermediate ones governing them.