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The effect of LaB6 (7, 10, and 14 vol pct) addition on oxidation behavior of spark plasma-sintered ZrB2–20 vol pct SiC composites involving heating under non-isothermal condition till 1400 °C, and isothermal and cyclic exposures at 1300 °C to 1500 °C have been examined. The mass gain of the composite with 14 vol pct LaB6 is found as the highest during non-isothermal oxidation, whereas it appears as the least on isothermal exposure for 24 hours at 1400 °C or 1500 °C. The mass gain after 24 cycles of 1-hour exposure at 1300 °C to 1500 °C is found to be lower than that recorded under isothermal condition for all the composites, with the difference decreasing with LaB6 content. The oxidation exponent (n) is found to decrease to near parabolic rate law with the increase in cyclic exposure temperature. The parabolic rate constant (kp) is found to decrease with the increase in LaB6 content after a few cycles of exposure at all the investigated temperatures. The oxide scales formed on isothermal exposure at 1400 °C or 1500 °C have shown a thin La2Si2O7 layer with borosilicate glass (BSG) as the outer layer, followed by layers containing BSG along with coarse and fine ZrO2, and a SiC-depleted ZrB2 layer. The oxide scales formed during cyclic exposure contain an outer compact layer comprising BSG, La2Si2O7, and ZrSiO4, followed by ZrO2 + BSG. Additionally, a SiC-depleted layer is found at the oxide–composite interface on cyclic exposure at 1500 °C for 24 hours, and at 1400 °C for 100 hours. The outer compact layer appears to have a critical role in protection against oxidation, with kp decreasing with the increase in its thickness.

The glass system was fabricated using traditional procedures. Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and radiation techniques were used to characterize the glasses. In an experiment, XRD was used to assess the system’s amorphous state. As the density of the manufacturing glasses rises, the molar volume declines. Borosilicate network is unaffected due to incorporation of BaO. With incorporation of BaO, FTIR results show a conversion from BO3 to BO4. The gamma ray shielding constraints were defined using the Phy-X software. Finally, adding BaO to the glass network improved the gamma shielding characteristics. As a result, this glass system should be used to shield against radiation.

Fracture toughness is an important index in safety evaluation for materials and structures. Its convenient and accurate characterization has attracted extensive attention. For small specimens, traditional testing methods of fracture toughness are not suitable due to limitations in sample size and shape. In this work, a new formula is proposed to determine the fracture toughness of glasses using scratch tests with a Vickers indenter based on dimensional analysis and finite element analysis. Fracture toughness of glasses could be calculated with elastic modulus, crack depth of scratched materials and normal force applied during the scratch tests. The effects of plastic deformation and interfacial friction between the Vickers indenter and scratched materials are considered, and the crack shape is consistent with experimental observations. The proposed formula is verified by comparing the fracture toughness of soda-lime and borosilicate glasses obtained from scratch tests with those obtained via indentation tests. This work provides an alternative method to determine the fracture toughness of glass materials.

During the thermoplastic forming of TC4 alloy parts, the surface of TC4 alloy billets will be severely oxidized, so it is necessary to prepare anti-oxidation lubrication coating on the surface of billets. By comparing the standard free energy of formation of TiO2 and taking the intermediate value of mass percentage of the corresponding oxide in some literatures, the appropriate oxides such as 44.0% SiO2, 25.0% B2O3, 10.0% Na2O, 7.5% CaO, 6.8% MgO, 1.7% Al2O3 and 5.0% TiO2 were selected to prepare the borosilicate glass powder with high temperature solid-state reaction method. Then, the glass coatings with thickness of 0.15-0.3 mm were prepared on the surface of ϕ17.5 mm × 7.5 mm TC4 alloy cylindrical samples, by dip coating method with the glass powder. It is found that the glass coating has excellent high temperature oxidation resistance by oxidation experiments holding for 2 hours at different temperatures from 500 to 1050 °C. The observations of surface morphology and phase of the glass coating by SEM and XRD found that the glass coating particles with holes between each other, began to melt into amorphous phase at 650 °C. With the increase of temperature, especially above 850 °C, the glass coating gradually melted into a compact film composed of CaMgSi2O6 and a small amount of CaMg(SiO3)2 or Na(AlSi3O8). It can tightly enwrap the substrate and physically isolate oxygen from the furnace gas, so can effectively prevent TC4 billets from oxidation in the range of hot working temperature.

Low-alkali borosilicate glasses are widely used in electronic packaging applications due to their low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and excellent matching of thermal expansion coefficient to silicon. This paper presents information about structural, thermal and dielectric investigations of low-alkali borosilicate glass compositions for potential electronic packaging applications. Different bulk borosilicate glass samples were fabricated by conventional melting and quenching technique followed by powder processing. Total alkali oxide content in the composition was kept at 2–3 wt% to achieve high dielectric performance. The glass structure was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to investigate crystallization behavior. Thermal properties were investigated by a heating microscope as well as a push-rod dilatometer. The dielectric properties were investigated by an impedance analyzer at room temperature. The results indicated that the glass structure connectivity has a significant effect on thermal and dielectric properties. Reduced glass structure connectivity due to the lower amount of tetrahedral BO4 units resulted in decreased bulk density, dielectric constant and characteristic temperatures as well as glass transition temperature (Tg). Sample D is a promising candidate for electronic packaging application due to its excellent matching of thermal expansion coefficient (3.3 ppm/°C) to Silicon, relatively low softening point (720 °C) and Tg (450 °C), low dielectric constant (4.07) and low dielectric loss (0.0029).

The fabrication and spectroscopic characterization of varying content of Y3+ doped bismuth titanate borosilicate glasses by the melt quenching technique are described. The nature of glass system composition was established using XRD spectra analysis. The manufactured glasses’ molar volume reduced while their density and refractive index continued to increase. UV transmission, absorption, polarizability, and basicity are all found to be highly sensitive to Y2O3 content. The optical bandgap and Urbach energy have been discussed in detail. It was observed that, as Y2O3 increase, the optical bandgap increases, while Urbach energy decreases. Based on the results of the calculations of molar Refractivity, molar polarization, polarizability, optical basicity and dispersion, the fabricated glasses are thought to be very semi-covalent. Metallization of the present glasses are increased.

In this paper, porous SiC parts were produced by the low-pressure injection molding method. The effects of two different silicate-based additives, initial additive content, powder size, and sintering temperature on the morphology, porosity, and mechanical strength of the porous SiC parts were investigated. Aluminum silicate and borosilicate glass were used as the additive materials with different contents of 5–20 wt%. SiC powder with grain size of 3 μm and 15 μm was used as the main material, and the injected parts were sintered at 1200–1400 °C in air. The design of experiment method was used to analyze the results of the experiments. Fracture surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the crystalline phases of the specimens after sintering were identified using X-ray diffraction.

Glass composition of (0.15-x)LiF–0.15NaF–0.01Al2O3–0.24SiO2–0.45B2O3–xTm2O3, in which x varies from 0.01 to 0.08, has been prepared by melt-annealing technique. The glass density values increased as thulium content increases from 2.359 to 2.735 g/cm3. The structure of glass showed the presence of trigonal BO3, O2B–F, tetrahedral BO4, O3B–F units, Si–O–Si, B–O–Si, and B–O–B linkages. The optical properties of the prepared glass were investigated. The optical absorption spectra revealed four characteristic bands in the ultraviolet and near-infrared regions for thulium ions. Judd–Ofelt parameters such as Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6 were calculated and took the order of Ω2 > Ω6 > Ω4. The radiative transition probability, branching ratio, and radiative lifetime were deduced from the Judd–Ofelt parameters. Moreover, the optical transition, refractive index, and phonon energy were calculated to show the effect of thulium content on borosilicate glass.

Significant effort has been devoted in this work to convert bare glass substrate with high transmittance, into reflective layers to know its suitability for modern applications. The glass substrate has been carefully chosen for its durability, high permeability, and ability to withstand any external stresses as a result of the accumulation of layers that reduce its permeability to convert it with the thin films coated on it into reflective materials. In parallel, the thin layer to be coated on the substrate is selected from films that can withstand external influences and their great optical properties, not to mention that they are cheap and can produce highly reflective surfaces. The optical measurements (transmittance and reflectance spectra) have been performed in the UV, Vis and NIR regions of the spectrum, that is, in the range between 300 and 1200 nm. Such measurements have been made for the bare glass substrate, the glass substrate with the Al (top side), and the glass substrate with Ag on it (bottom side), and then the optical measurements have been made for the three layers. The corresponding optical parameters of each layer have been calculated and ultimately a reflective layer with high electrical conductivity and excellent optical properties has been obtained that can be adapted for different application purposes.

This paper reports selective etching process of borosilicate glass by laser-induced deep etching (LIDE) for through glass via (TGV) applications. Picosecond laser is used to modify the glass substrate, and then, with the help of the laser-induced selective etching (LISE), the modified glass samples are etched by hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution to complete the manufacture of TGV in the present experiments. Here we experimentally study the micro mechanism of LISE on borosilicate glass. At the laser affected zone (LAZ), a series of nanovoids along the path of laser beam propagating are observed, which contribute to enhanced etchability of LAZ when the glass sample is immersed in HF solution. Further, the mechanism of the fabrication of TGV is investigated, and the effect of key factors, including laser pulses, the concentration of HF solution and the chemical composition of borosilicate glass on TGV profile are studied. When compared with laser pulses, the effect of concentration of HF solution and the chemical composition on TGV profile is more remarkable. Optimized results show that vertical vias (~ 90 $$^\circ$$ ) can be achieved on borosilicate glass.

Glasses with the chemical composition of 52B2O3 – 12SiO2–26Bi2O3 – (10 − x)TiO2 - xY2O3, :(0 ≤ x ≤ 10) prepared using the melt-quench method. The goal of this study is to investigate the structural, mechanical, and radiation shielding characteristics of these samples. XRD analysis has explored the nature of the glass system. Molar volume obtained reduced while the density denotes increased in the present system. As the molar volume decrease inter-ionic distance, polaron radius, inter-nuclear distance, and Y-Y separation of the investigated glasses decreased. The mechanical characteristics depend on the glass structure of the current glasses sample. Ultrasonic velocities and elastic moduli (experimental and theoretical) for these glasses obtained they were observed to get enhanced. The radiation shielding efficiency was investigated by Phy-X/PSD software. The mass attenuation coefficient, mean free path, half-value layer, tenth value layer, and effective atomic number of glasses have been designed to simulate gamma photon energies between 0.015 and 15 MeV.

Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation (TDPAC) has been used to investigate the local structural changes (if any) in Sodium borosilicate (NBS) Glass and Simulated Waste Oxide loaded sodium borosilicate glass (SNBS) used for immobilization of high-level liquid waste at Trombay, Mumbai. The glasses were doped with 181Hf tracer as TDPAC probe and irradiated with varying dose (1–50 MGy) of gamma radiation using 60Co (average γ energy 1.25 MeV) source. Hyperfine interaction parameters (quadrupole interaction frequency, its distribution and asymmetry of electric field gradient) were obtained for irradiated NBS and SNBS glasses from fitting of TDPAC data using DPAC software. The data was compared with the corresponding unirradiated glasses. Results do not show any micro-crystallinity upon irradiation in both the NBS and SNBS glass even at the highest gamma dose of 50 MGy even though small changes were observed in quadrupole interaction frequency at doses beyond 30 MGy. This suggests that the sodium borosilicate glass used for immobilization of high-level waste at Trombay is stable towards gamma radiation at least up to a gamma dose of 50 MGy.

An attempt was made to increase the solubility of High Level liquid Waste (HLW), mainly Cr and Mo, by addition of P2O5 to sodium borosilicate glass. A total of seven different phosphorus containing alkali borosilicate glass samples were in-house fabricated. As a part of chemical quality control, concentrations of four low Z elements namely Si, Na, B and P were determined by in situ current normalized external (in air) Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) method using low energy proton beam from Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA), BARC. PIGE method was validated by analyzing synthetic elemental standards and suitable certified reference materials. Phosphorus has shown thermal losses during fabrication.

Effect of substitution of CuO with Fe2O3 on the iron oxidation state and electrical conductivity of some lithium borosilicate glass samples studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), and Mossbauer spectroscopy (MS). Infrared results show that the homogeneity of the glass increases with the iron concentration increases. X-ray electron spectroscopy measurements showed that the ratios of Fe+2/Fe+3 depend on CuO. The results also indicated that the iron ions in the glass samples under study contain Fe2O3 more than 7.5% in the ferrous state. By studying the electrical conductivity, it was found that the conduction of samples depends on the oxidation state of copper and the mixed transition metal effect.

Effects of TiO2 addition on the spectroscopic and nuclear shielding properties of lithium fluoride zinc titanate borosilicate glasses with the form 59B2O3-29SiO2-2LiF-(10 − x)ZnO-xTiO2 x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mol % labelled as G1-G6, respectively were investigated. The amorphous state of this system was experimentally evaluated using X-ray diffraction. The spectroscopic properties of the recent glasses positively correlated to the increase in TiO2 content. Molar Refractivity (Rm), molar Polarizability (∝m),reflection loss (RL), metallization criterion (M), electron Polarizability (α°), ionic concentration (Ni), titanium-titanium separation (dTi – Ti), inter ionic distance (Ri), inter-nuclear distance (ri), and polaron radius (rp)of the synthesized glasses were determined. Our results show that both the band gap and refractive index increased with TiO2 content while Urbach energy decreased. The nuclear radiation shielding properties of these glasses were explored by utilizing Phy-X/PSD simulations. The lower value of the (MFP) sample contains higher TiO2 content, so good glasses for γ radiation attenuation are accessible. Fast cross section neutron removal of these glasses enhanced as the concentration of TiO2 increased. Gamma-ray shielding properties of these glasses were compared with different conventional shielding materials and commercial glasses. Therefore, the investigated glasses have potential uses in gamma shielding applications.

In the composition space for Hanford low-activity nuclear waste glass, the waste loading of some formulations is limited by poor incorporation of sulfate. In particular, certain elements identified in previous studies tend to raise or lower sulfate solubility in borosilicate glass. The aim of the current study is to understand how vanadium and chromium each affect a sulfate-containing sodium aluminoborosilicate glass structure. Glass transition temperature, mass density, visible absorption, and Raman scattering were measured to investigate changes in the glass structure. Both Cr6+ (CrO42−) and Cr3+ were found in the chromium-containing glasses while vanadium primarily existed in the 5+ oxidation state in the vanadium-containing glasses. Electron probe microanalysis determined elemental compositions to assess retention of components. Increasing Cr2O3 caused saturation of Cr concentration within the glass and formation of crystalline eskolaite (Cr2O3). On the other hand, all the targeted V was incorporated into the glass. A fraction of batched S was not incorporated in any glass, presumably due to volatilization during melting. Apparently, the details of incorporation of Cr, and to an extent V, are different depending on whether sulfur is added as in this study or in oversaturated conditions as described in the literature, where Cr partitions to a sulfate-containing salt phase.

Cure shrinkage of the polymer matrix during the composite manufacturing process leads to residual stresses, which can adversely affect the structural integrity and dimensional stability of composite structures. In this paper, a novel approach is developed for measuring the resin shrinkage and strain evolution of an epoxy resin (EPON-862) in the composite manufacturing environment. The resin is cured in a custom designed autoclave with borosilicate viewports, while digital image correlation (DIC) is used to analyze the strain evolution throughout the cure cycle. These processing induced strains are correlated to the cure-state using differential scanning calorimetery (DSC). The different mechanisms involved in the polymer strain evolution during composite processing are discussed.

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of model nuclear waste glass composition on the corrosion of Monofrax® K-3 refractory, using machine learning (ML) methods for data investigation and modeling of published borosilicate glass composition data and refractory corrosion performance. First, statistical methods were used for exploration of the data, and the list of features (model terms) was determined. Several model types were explored, and the Bayesian Ridge type was the most promising due to low mean average error and mean standard error as well as high R2 value. Parameters and model results using previously identified model features and those from this study are compared. ML methods appear to give results at least as good as previously available models for describing the effects of glass composition on refractory corrosion.

Electrochemical discharge machining process (ECDM) is a non-traditional machining process which has widely used in medical, electronics and aerospace industry. This paper discuss about the various different methods using same process i.e. electrode immersion depths along with electrolytic stirring effects in ECDM are discussed. The various process parameters considered during the experiment (applied voltage, electrolyte concentration and electrode immersion depths); on the other side response parameters consider as material removal, tool wear and surface finish. Experimental results indicate the adequate material removal with equivalent electrode cross sectional areas as well as fine immersion depths. Electrode immersion depth ratios, electrolyte concentration and electrolyte-stirring effect on borosilicate glass using NaOH as the electrolyte mediums show some improvement in process results. The addition of stirring effect to the electrolyte along with proper immersion depths of the electrodes resulted in improvement of the process performance mainly the improvement in surface finish values up to around four times than the normal ECDM process. The FESEM micro graphs of the fabricated micro channels reveal some interesting modes of material removal. EDS were studied for analysis of debris through this process.

Micro-Electro Chemical Discharge Machining (μ-ECDM) has proved its potential to generate features, structures, and textures on various engineering materials, particularly glass. Researchers have recently explored the process of generating conducting nanoparticles but still completely lacks non-conducting nanoparticles like that of glass. However, glass nanoparticles find wide applications as nanofillers, supplementary cementitious material, heat-insulating additives, density reducing agent, catalyst support, etc. The novelty of the present work lies in the generation of borosilicate glass nanoparticles by an in-house developed μ-ECDM setup with a DC motor actuated gear reduction tool feeding mechanism. Experimentation was carried out based on the face-centered central composite design of response surface methodology (FC-CCD-RSM) to obtain an individual, combined effect of parameters, their significance, and contributions by analysis of variance. The contribution was 73.77% of voltage (V) followed by 14.76% concentration (C), and 6.05% duty factor (DF). Parametric combination of 40 V, 20 wt% C, 40% DF resulted in a minimum average diameter (AD) of 46.51 nm as the response. An empirical model is developed to predict the desired parametric combination responses with a 5.63% average error.

Miniaturization of products has become a major technological challenge in production industries. Material removal in microscopic and sub-microscopic level has become a demand for producing such products. Electro-Chemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is one of the hybrid non-conventional machining processes to machine materials that are electrically conductive and non-conductive at a micro-level utilizing the principles of Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) and Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM). The most common nonconductive materials machined with this process are various types of glasses, ceramics, composites, etc. In the current paper, a Finite Element Model (FEM) of the ECDM process is carried out in the discharge regime (less than 300 μm) with pulsed DC in a 2D domain to characterize the Material Removal Rate (MRR) as a process output response in borosilcate glass machining. From the model and experiements the value of MRR is found to be 0.373 mg/ min and 0.414 mg/min. It can be considered that there is almost negligible difference in MRR between experimental and model values with 9.9% error variation. Hence the results are validated with experimentation, and there is a good agreement observed between the results.

The influence of nanosized ZrO2 and Al2O3 particles on the physicomechanical properties (elasticity modulus, flexural strength, microhardness), phase composition, and microstructure of materials based on Si–B4C–ZrB2 was studied. A borosilicate glass-forming melt that encapsulated the starting components was obtained by reactive heat treatment in air in an electric furnace [1]. Gradient materials in which the glass-ceramic surface layer protected underlying layers from oxidation were obtained. This approach could be used to obtain protective coatings for carbon materials. The additives were shown to improve the mechanical properties of composite materials.

Several oxide glasses in the xFe2O3.25SiO2.(43-x)B2O3.30Na2O.2Al2O3 system were synthesized by the melt quenching technique. The effect of changing concentration of both BO4 and FeO4 tetrahedral building units on conductivity behavior has been studied. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to shed more insight into the iron ions’ structural role in borosilicate glasses. The two valance states of iron ions (Fe2+ and Fe3+) were detected by EDAX spectra. The conductivity and associated activation energy were found to be affected by changing B4 (BO4 and FeO4) concentrations. The conductivity increases and the corresponding activation energy decreases as the B4 fraction increases. The concentration of tetrahedral (BO4) units decreases and of (FeO4) is increased with increasing FeO2. Increasing the concentration of FeO4 is assumed as the main reason for conductivity improvements.

Melt-quenching technique was used to prepare borosilicate glasses of composition xSiO2- (75-x) B2O3–24.7Li2O-0.3Cr2O3 (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mol%). With increasing the former content, both Cr6+ and Cr3+ optical transitions undergo strong intensity variations. The crystal field strength (10Dq) is increased, while Racah parameters (C,B) are decreased with increasing SiO2 content. The ratio estimated Dq/B values confirmed a weak crystal field environment for Cr3+ions, and further suggest a more covalent bond character. The ESR results revealed that Si-contained samples exhibit a strong microwave absorption signal, and justified the presence of both Cr3+ and Cr6+(charge transfer into 3d0 2p6+ = 3d1Cr5+) oxidation states. The fingerprints of borate and silicate relevant structural groups were clearly identified from FTIR spectroscopy.

This article aims to investigate the effect of Al2O3 in borosilicate glass on the sintering densification and properties of the borosilicate glass/Al2O3 LTCC composites. A series of CaO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 (CABS) glass with different concentrations of Al2O3 was synthesized, as well as the CABS glass/Al2O3 LTCC composites. The influence of Al2O3 on the sintering densification, phase composition, microstructures and properties of the CABS glass/Al2O3 LTCC composites was then systematically investigated. Result indicates that a proper amount of Al2O3 in CABS glass not only can strengthen the structural stability of the borosilicate glass, but also can promote the sintering densification and improve the properties of the glass/ceramic composites. CABS glass/Al2O3 composites prepared with CABS glass of 4 wt.% Al2O3 sintered at 875 °C exhibits excellent properties of a sintering density of 3.13 g/cm3, a Z axial shrinkage of 15.5%, a dielectric constant (er) of 8.08, a dielectric loss (tanδ) of 0.9 × 10–3 (at 7 GHz), a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 5.35 ppm/°C, a flexural strength of 206 MPa, demonstrating its great potential for LTCC applications.

The machining characteristics of glass substrates containing chemical components were investigated for the purpose of femtosecond laser helical drilling. A femtosecond laser of wavelength 1552 nm and pulse duration 800 fs was adopted in the laser machining system. The substrates investigated were aluminosilicate, soda-lime, and borosilicate glass. The chemical components contained in each glass substrate were quantitatively analyzed by laser ablation-induced chemical plasma mass spectrometry. The characteristics of the drilling conditions for each glass substrate were affected by its chemical components. As the wt% of Al2O3 and MgO components in the glass substrates increased, the ablation threshold energy of each substrate decreased, resulting in greater vertical speed of the laser head.

Distillation columns can have high economic impact on small-scale ethanol production because their capital cost and, therefore, a lower investment in this equipment may turn it more feasible. The present work aims to assess the substitution of stainless steel and borosilicate glass by polymeric materials in the manufacturing of distillation columns. A decision tree was proposed, considering chemical, mechanical, thermal, and economic aspects. In addition, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate potential reduction on environmental impacts from columns manufactured with polymeric material. Tests were performed to investigate chemical resistance, including determination of the degree of swelling and characterizations by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, and exploratory scanning calorimetry. Mechanical properties were evaluated by 3-point bending tests. Polymeric materials were selected due to their lower cost in comparison with stainless steel, e.g., polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, and glass fiber-reinforced polyester resin. Results showed satisfactory chemical and mechanical resistance of these three polymers after contact with ethanol, and a 68% reduction in capital cost related to a manufacturing of distillation column with polypropylene. LCA results showed that replacing stainless steel and borosilicate glass by polypropylene in distillation column manufacturing would result in lower environmental impacts in all impact categories considered. A reduction in CO2eq emissions of 85% and 59% was observed when polypropylene replaced stainless steel and borosilicate glass, respectively.

An external particle induced gamma-ray emission (in air) PIGE facility has been set up for the first time at FOTIA, BARC for rapid and non-destructive quantification of low Z elements. Proton beam of energy of 3.5 MeV was obtained on the target using a 25 μm Tantalum window and Ta collimator of 5 mm diameter. The in situ current normalized PIGE method was validated by quantifying low Z elements in a mixed synthetic standard and in two (certified / standard) reference materials namely USGS CRM G2 and NIST SRM 620. The external PIGE method was applied to lithium-based ceramics, boron carbide and soda-lime and borosilicate glass samples for quantification of low Z elements.

The authors reported the data found by FT-IR spectroscopy, ultrasonic velocities, DTA and, optical investigations of (50-x) Na2B4O7–30PbO2–20SiO2–xTiO2 where x = (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 45) mol%. The structure changes of these glasses will be studying by FT-IR spectra. The mechanical properties have been associated with the results of FT-IR spectra. It was noted that the ultrasonic velocities, elastic-moduli, and density physical properties of these samples increased. The obtained results will discuss in terms of structural changes due to the addition of TiO2. Optical feature spectra are recorded at room temperature. The Urbach’s energy (Eu) of the prepared samples has been estimated. Polarizability and basicity of the prepared glasses according to the refractive index and optical bandgap have been investigated. The nature of the produced glasses and glass–ceramics was examined by (XRD) analysis.

Fluoride containing borosilicates find interesting applications in biomedical transplants and dentistry, wherein calcium and magnesium play pivotal role in human bone formation. In the present work, calcium and magnesium fluoride containing borosilicate glass matrix composites were synthesized via sol-gel route. The as synthesized and heat-treated samples were characterized using various techniques such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The samples were stabilized at suitable temperature based on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD patterns of as prepared samples showed various crystalline phases with varied degree of crystallinity. Heat-treated samples were tested for their in–vitro bioactivity. Interaction at sample-SBF interface was investigated by dipping the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. The analysis of the samples dipped in SBF and that of the residual SBF was carried out using various characterization techniques. Increasing the ageing time, the samples exhibited better in-vitro bioactivity.

Cd1−xZnxTe films were prepared on borosilicate glass substrate using RF magnetron sputtering in this work. The effects of sputtering power, sputtering pressure and substrate temperature on the properties of the films were investigated in detail. The films were annealed in CdCl2 atmosphere for 2 h at 200 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C, respectively. The effects of annealing treatment on the properties of the films were also investigated. The properties of the films were investigated by x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and current–voltage (I–V) characterization. The results indicate that crystalline quality and the average grain size of the films increases with the increases of sputtering power. The grain size of the films becomes larger as the substrate temperature increases. The Zn concentration of the films rises as the sputtering pressure increases. After annealing, the grain size of the films becomes larger, furthermore, the resistivity decreases.

The sintering characteristics, microstructures and dielectric properties of Ca–B–Si–O glass/alpha-Al2O3 materials at different MgO and Na2O contents were studied. The addition of MgO and Na2O in glass could regulate and manage the glass softening and crystallization, and further improved the sintering characteristics and dielectric properties of Ca–B–Si–O/Al2O3 glass + ceramic composites. The bulk density, thermal conductivity and dielectric constant curves elevated from 0 to 2 wt% at MgO and Na2O content, and then declined with the further increase of MgO and Na2O content, while the dielectric loss curve exhibited the converse varying trend. Phases and microstructures analysis showed that Ca–B–Si–O/Al2O3 glass + ceramic composites with 2 wt% MgO and Na2O content were composed of glass with amorphous structure, pores, crystalline phases of alpha-Al2O3 and CaAl2SiO8 with the triclinic unit cell that was formed by the typical chemical reaction of Ca2+, Al3+, Si4+, O2− ions in the glass. By contrast, Ca–B–Si–O /Al2O3 glass + ceramic composites with 2 wt% MgO and Na2O content at 850 °C exhibited better properties of ρ = 3.06 g/cm3, λ = 3.23 W/m K, er = 7.82 (at 7 GHz), tan δ = 1.3 × 10− 3 (at 7 GHz), and a well chemical and co-fired compatibility between glass + ceramic composites and Ag electrodes.

Application of microwave energy at 2.45 GHz frequency has the potential to provide thermal energy-based alternative solution to drilling of glass in the sub-millimeter domain. In this process, the concentrated microwave energy around a concentrator (tool) is utilized to melt or ablate the target material from the workpiece. The present study discusses the effect of parameters like tool shape, tool immersion depth, feed rate, and machining gap on the quality of hole in terms of thermal damage, overcut, and amount of material removed while drilling borosilicate glass using a graphite concentrator. It was found that the concentrator with a conical tip performs better compared to the concentrator with cylindrical tip due to concentration of thermal energy at the tip. Further, it was observed that the thermal damage, overcut, and amount of material removed decrease with the increase in immersion depth and feed rate. A machining gap (~ 300 μm) between the concentrator tip and the workpiece is essential as it facilitates flushing the glass residue from the machining zone. Effective flushing also reduces thermal damage and roundness error around the hole drilled. However, overcut and amount of material removed increases with increase in the machining gap due to increased plasma zone area and interaction time between plasma and the workpiece. The results of heat-affected zone obtained from this research were significantly less compared to that in published results. The approach was found to be promising while drilling borosilicate glass, though further study will be needed to improve precision.

Grinding is known as the most widely used method of forming borosilicate optical glass (BK7). Due to the brittle nature of the BK7 glass, the predominant mechanism of material removal will be fracture. So, the surface under grinding will have surface (surface roughness) and subsurface damage. These damages will cause a decrease in mechanical resistance and performance. Modeling of surface and subsurface damages due to the grinding process using cup grinding tool has not been subjected in recent investigations. To do this, the surface roughness effects are investigated by changes in grinding parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, cutting depth and table speed. Moreover, based on the experiments, the relationship between surface roughness and grinding parameters is simulated and the average error was 5.77%. In the second phase of the experiments, angular polishing method is used and subsurface morphologies are investigated by SEM and the depths of these damages are measured. Experimental results are compared with that of the Li theoretical model. Based on the results, the experimental and theoretical results have well consistency. In the end, based on the Li model, a new model based on the relationship between subsurface damage and grinding parameters is conducted.

Eu3+-doped borosilicate glasses were prepared by the melt-quenching method. Optical, physical and nuclear shielding properties of these glasses were studied. The FTIR measurements indicated that the continuous increase of europium concentration helped conversion of [BO4] to [BO3] groups. FTIR spectroscopy results were in good agreement with optical band energy gap, density and molar volume values revealing network modifications caused by europium ions in the glass structure. The amorphous natures of the samples were ascertained by XRD studies. Optical properties of the glass samples are studied before and after neutron at room temperature. The absorption spectra of all glasses indicated that there is a decrease in the optical band gap values due to the enhancement of the number of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) atoms with the addition of Eu2O3. Nuclear shielding properties of these have been investigated. The mass attenuation coefcients have been calculated using the XCOM program.

Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) is considered to be an ideal material for manufacturing high-energy radiation detectors with large scale and long-term stability. To solve the problem of film fragmentation during the process of preparing CdZnTe thick films using the close-spaced sublimation method, Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) was chosen as the substrate for CdZnTe film growth, since it has a similar thermal expansion coefficient, lower lattice mismatch, and better adhesion compared with CdZnTe. For comparison, borosilicate glass and fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates were also used to deposit CdZnTe under the same preparation conditions. The structure and physical properties of the CdZnTe film were investigated in detail by using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, x-ray diffraction analysis, and current–voltage (I–V) measurements. The results indicated that CdZnTe film grown on GZO film substrate has large grain size, high growth rate, high quality, and good adhesion.

The paper briefly reports on a contemporary view of the fractal structure of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)- derived sol–gel synthesis products including in the presence of inorganic dopants and organic modifiers (H3PO4, polyionene, i.e., a high molecular weight quaternary ammonium compound, and epoxy resin), relying on the author’s and literature data. Morphological features of thin film surfaces and the effect of additives of inorganic salts and acids (Co(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3, H3BO3, HNO3, and HCl) thereon were analysed. The influence of spin-coating conditions (temperature and relative humidity) was also investigated, as exemplified by borosilicate “spin-on glass” films. The major components of film-forming TEOS-derived sols (TEOS and H3BO3, TEOS and epoxy-resin) were considered as morphogens. Moreover, their contribution to the formation of 2D and 3D stable spatial structures that were close to Turing patterns according to their configuration was assayed. An opportunity of formation of triply periodic minimal surfaces in thin-layer structures in the result of self-organization of viscous epoxy-siloxane sols has been discussed.

The particulars of the effect of focused femtosecond laser pulses on antimony silicate glass with the composition 25Sb2O3∙75SiO2 % (molar content) in thermal and athermal regimes were studied. It was found that in contrast to quartz, alkali silicate, and some borosilicate glasses the birefringence of the form characteristic for the formation of nanogratings does not arise in the laser-modified zones of the studied glass. Weak birefringence with slow axis parallel to the polarization plane of the writing laser beam, accompanied by precipitation of crystalline phases, seemingly including the cubic modification of Sb2O3, arises in the modified zones under irradiation by 106 pulses with energy > 100 nJ and repetition frequency 10 and 200 kHz.

2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresorcinol (CDNR) is detrimental to the environment and human health owing to its high toxicity and poor biodegradability. To demonstrate the feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of CDNR from industrial salty wastewater by borosilicate glass supported TiO2 under UV light irradiation, borosilicate glass supported TiO2 was prepared successfully by a novel sol-gel route via dip-coating method and characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and XPS analysis. The results showed that TiO2 catalyst has the anatase phase structure with crystallite size of 11.5 nm and coats uniformly on the borosilicate glass. Also, the effects of reaction time, pH value, TiO2 dosage, CDNR concentration, and Cl− on the degradation efficiency of CDNR were investigated. The results indicated that at pH 2, reaction time 3.5h, CDNR concentration 10mg/L, NaCl concentration 5.85% (w/w) and TiO2 dosage 1.0g/L, 97.7% of CDNR was degraded in the presence of Cl−, this corresponded to a rate constant of 1.05 h−1, illustrating the feasibility of photocatalytic degradation process. This contribution provides a basic investigation regarding the potential application of borosilicate glass supported TiO2.

Glass has many attractive properties including transparency, durability, low electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance, but its brittleness still limits the range of its applications. Three-dimensional laser engraving has been explored to generate three-dimensional (3D) networks of weak interfaces within the bulk of glass. These interfaces deflect cracks and dissipate energy by friction, with mechanisms that are similar to fracture in mollusk shells or teeth. Confocal microscopy was used to characterize the morphology of laser-induced microcracks in borosilicate glass and ceramic glass, and the effective toughness of laser-engraved interfaces was measured. The effect of microcrack spacing on interface morphology, damage parameter, fracture surface, and fracture toughness was explored. Architectured borosilicate glass panels based on a simple grid pattern were then fabricated. These all-brittle panels do not require mechanical confinement and can absorb significantly more impact energy than monolithic glass provided that the interface toughness is tuned properly.

The large-scale cold crucible induction melter (CCIM) with productivity of 12 kg/h was created for melting borosilicate glass containing 20 mass. % of high-level liquid wastes (HLLW) simulators. Tests were carried out to study the effect on the CCIM operating parameters during sedimentation of metallic silver, at the content of 3.8 mass. % Ag2O in glass. Post-test analyses of the glass shows the sedimentation of silver in the bottom layers of the molten pool. Experiments have confirmed that the presence of noble metals in the form of undissolved sediments in the bottom layers of furnace leads to a changes in the properties of the melt, the aggravation of its drain conditions, an increase in the thermal conductivity of the skull and heat losses during melting.

The three generically accepted stages of glass corrosion are reviewed with focus on final stage termed alteration rate renewal (or resumption) stage when the glass may re-start corroding with the rate similar to that at the initial stage. It is emphasized that physical state and physical changes that occur in the near-surface layers can readily lead to an effective increase of leaching rate which is similar to alteration rate renewals. Experimental data on long-term (during few decades) corrosion of radioactive borosilicate glass K26 designed to immobilize high-sodium operational NPP radioactive waste evidence on resumption-like effects of radionuclides (137,134Cs) leaching. The cause of that was however related not to chemical changes in the leaching environment but rather to physical state of glass surface due to formation of small cracks and new pristine glass areas in contact with water.

Alkali-borosilicate glasses (ABS) are used as host immobilization matrices for different radioactive waste streams and are characterized by their ability to incorporate a wide variety of metal oxides with respectively high waste loadings. The vitreous wasteform is also characterized by very good physical and chemical durability. The durability of three ABS compositions were analyzed by investigating their leaching behavior using the MCC1 test protocol and these data were used to investigate the waste components retention in the altered layer and the evolution of the interfacial water composition during the test. The results indicated that the Mg species evolution is exceptional with respect to other alkaline elements and dependent on glass matrix composition and leaching progress, while transition elements speciation is fairly constant throughout leaching process and independent on glass compositions. Si and B species are changing during leaching process and are affected by waste composition. For modified wasteform sample, evolution of Mg, Si and B species is respectively constant, whereas at highest waste loading, these elements have fairly constant speciation evolution within the first 2 weeks of leaching.

A thorough study of phase separation in borosilicate glasses synthesized in the material system soda – colemanite – quartz sand was performed. The ranges of crystallization-resistant glasses and phase separation prone glasses were determined. It is shown that the complex raw material colemanite can be used to obtain glasses that are transparent or opaque in the bulk. The limiting content of raw materials in the material makeup of glass batches are recommended.

Bioactive glasses are among the most preferred candidate materials for use in orthopedic applications, thanks to their outstanding properties. However, their low toughness and electrical conductivity are the main disadvantages of their biomedical uses. To improve these mentioned drawbacks, 20Na2O–25CaO–5SiO2-xAg2O–(50 − x)B2O3 glasses, x = 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt.%, were prepared by melt-quenching method. The amorphous structure together with the chemical composition of these glasses was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Then, physical, mechanical, optical and dielectric properties of the prepared glasses were measured. The bioactivity of the prepared samples after being dipped in simulated body fluid was evaluated using the XRD technique. The obtained results showed that increasing the Ag2O content was responsible for improving the fracture toughness of the sample to about 83% without dramatic decreases in other mechanical properties indicating that the prepared samples are desirable for load-bearing sites applications. Also, this increase in Ag2O content was responsible for the improvement in electrical conductivity and all optical properties. Moreover, the presence of Ag2O had a positive role in enhancing the bioactivity of the glass samples. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the prepared glass samples are promising for orthopedic applications.

Glass samples of structural formula (55B2O3–15SiO2–30Na2O: xWO3; with x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 weight percent) were prepared by melting and rapid quench route. Quantities of H3BO4, SiO2, Na2CO3 and WO3 were calculated, well milled and then placed in a muffle oven at a temperature of 1050 °C for 30 min. The stainless steel mold heated at 200 °C and then the melt poured between the plates to get transparent glass disks. The X-ray diffraction technique applied to glass samples with the Rigaku XRD-6000 diffractometer confirmed the amorphous structure of these glass samples. Both indirect and direct Eg show a gradual decrease trend as the concentrations of WO3 content. Makishima–Mackenzie's theory was applied to evaluate the elastic properties of the present glass system, and then, the obtained results were compared with different theoretical models. Additionally, the radiation shielding efficiency of the prepared borosilicate glass system was evaluated and interpreted based on the electromagnetic models via Geant4 simulations. The results obtained by Geant4 were compared with the predictions of theoretical values calculated by PSD software in terms of mass attenuation coefficients (MACs). The results reveal that our prepared borosilicate glass system has potential use in radiation shielding applications, wherein the balance between elastic and shielding properties can be controlled by changing the concentration of WO3 according to the desired application.

The present work reports data for TiO2 thin films on borosilicate glass and (001) single-crystal TiO2, annealed at 200–550 °C for 8 h. Characterization included GAXRD, laser Raman microspectroscopy, AFM, UV–Vis, XPS, SIMS, TEM, ellipsometry, and methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. The substrate determined the TiO2 polymorph that formed, while the annealing temperature and boron contamination from the substrate determined most of the associated properties. The films on glass substrates were amorphous following annealing at 200 °C but were anatase at higher temperatures. The films on rutile exhibited epitaxial growth at all annealing temperatures. Annealing caused diffusion of glass component elements into the films and counterdiffusion of Ti into the glass substrates. Since aqueous MB testing caused decreased glass ion concentrations, the diffusion mechanism is via the grain boundaries. Volatilization of boron occurred during annealing at 550 °C. The morphological features dominated the optical properties; the anatase films exhibited high transmissions and low reflectances, while the rutile films exhibited the converse. The band gap decreased slightly with increasing annealing temperatures, reflecting increasing crystallinity. The refractive indices showed an anomalous trend of decrease with increasing annealing temperature and associated crystallinity; this is attributed to the effects of boron volatilization and associated air-filled pore formation. Although the anatase films outperformed the rutile films, the effect of annealing temperature is likely to have been dominant in that it determined the relative extents of crystallinity, grain size, RMS roughness, optical indirect band gap, and oxygen vacancy concentration.